Introduction into R for the European Historical Population Sample summerschool, Cluj-Napoca, Romana, 2015. Aimed at a public of historians with little quantitative skills
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Introduction into R for historians (part 1: introduction)
1. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Introduction into R
Richard L. Zijdeman
28 May 2015
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
2. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
1 Quantitave research methods
2 Statistical Software
3 Introducing R vocabulary
4 Getting help
5 Installing R and RStudio
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
3. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Quantitave research methods
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
4. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Why
To answer descriptive and explanatory questions on populations
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
5. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Workflow: PTE
problem (research question)
theory (hypothesis)
empirical test . . . with loops between T-E and P-T-E
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
6. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Research Questions
descriptive (to what extent. . . )
comparative (comparing two entities)
trend (comparison over time)
explanatory (focus on mechanism at hand)
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
7. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Theory
deductive reasoning
explanans
general mechanism
condition
explanandum (hypothesis)
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
8. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Empirical test
sample vs. population
random vs. stratified samples
testing technique, e.g.:
T-test, correlation, regression
Software required for faster analysis
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
9. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Statistical Software
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
10. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
The dangers of analysing with spreadsheets
(e.g. MS Excel)
tempting to input and clean data in the same sheet
difficult to track cleaning rules
defaults mess up your data (e.g. 01200 -> 1200)
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
11. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Why use syntax (scripting)
Efficiency (really)
Quality (error checking)
Replicatability
Communication
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
12. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
R
R is open source, which is good and bad:
anybody can contribute (check, improve, create code)
free of charge
but: R depends on collective action
cannot ‘demand’ support
sprawl of packages
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
13. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
RStudio
browser for R
provides easy access to:
scripts
data
plots
manual
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
14. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Introducing R vocabulary
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
15. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
R script
* series of commands to manipulate data
* always save your script, NEVER change your data
original data + script = reproducable research
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
16. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
R Session
* contains scripts, data, functions
* can be saved 'workspace image'
* prefer not to:
+ sessions are usually cluttered
+ only useful if running script takes time
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
17. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Assignment
* 'attach' values to an object (e.g. a variable)
x <- 5
y <- 4
z <- x*y
print(z)
## [1] 20
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
18. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Assignment II
Try and imagine the potential of assignment
x <- c(4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 27, 34, 35)
# 'c' for concatenate values
y <- -1
z <- x*y
print(z)
## [1] -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -27 -34 -35
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
19. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Data.frame
basically a table
contains columns (variables)
contains rows (cases)
“flat table” in Kees’ terminology
my.df <- data.frame(x,z)
str(my.df) # show STRucture
## 'data.frame': 8 obs. of 2 variables:
## $ x: num 4 3 2 1 0 27 34 35
## $ z: num -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -27 -34 -35
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
20. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Packages and libraries
base R (core product)
additional packages
CRAN repository
spread through ‘mirrors’
choose a local, but active mirror
Github
packages not on CRAN
development versions of CRAN libraries
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
21. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Getting help
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
22. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Build-in help: “?”
?[function] / ?[package]
e.g. “?plot” or “?graphics”
check the index for user guides and vignettes
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
23. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Cran website
Manuals
R FAQ
R Journal
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
24. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Online communities
Stackoverflow
Instance of Stackexchange
Reputation based Q&A
Specific lists for packages, e.g.:
ggplot2
R-sig-mixed-models
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
25. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Asking a question Getting an answer
Search the web: others must have had this problem too
If you raise a question:
be polite
be concise
short background
replicatable example
debrief your efforts sofar
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
26. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Installing R and RStudio
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
27. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
Download R
Instructions via http://www.r-project.org
Choose a CRAN mirror
http://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html
close, but active too!
Romania hasn’t gone (yet!)
Click on ‘Download R for Windows’
Follow usual installation procedure
Double click on R
You should now have a working session!
Close the session, do not save workspace image
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R
28. Quantitave research methods
Statistical Software
Introducing R vocabulary
Getting help
Installing R and RStudio
RStudio
RStudio is found on http://www.rstudio.com
Download the version for your OS (e.g. windows)
http://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/
Install by double clicking on the downloaded file
Start RStudio by double clicking on the icon
You do not need to start R, before starting RStudio
Richard L. Zijdeman Introduction into R