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Attitudes
1.
AttitudesAttitudes Evaluative statements or
judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Three components of an attitude: The emotional orThe emotional or feeling segmentfeeling segment of an attitudeof an attitude The opinion orThe opinion or belief segment ofbelief segment of an attitudean attitude An intention toAn intention to behave in a certainbehave in a certain way toward someoneway toward someone or somethingor something See E X H I B I T 3–1 See E X H I B I T 3–1 3-1© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
2.
Does Behavior Always
Follow from Attitudes?Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? Leon Festinger – No, the reverse is sometimes true! Cognitive Dissonance: Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes – Individuals seek to reduce this uncomfortable gap, or dissonance, to reach stability and consistency – Consistency is achieved by changing the attitudes, modifying the behaviors, or through rationalization – Desire to reduce dissonance depends on: • Importance of elements • Degree of individual influence • Rewards involved in dissonance 3-2© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
Moderating VariablesModerating Variables
The most powerful moderators of the attitude- behavior relationship are: – Importance of the attitude – Correspondence to behavior – Accessibility – Existence of social pressures – Personal and direct experience of the attitude. 3-3© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
Predicting Behavior from
AttitudesPredicting Behavior from Attitudes – Important attitudes have a strong relationship to behavior. – The closer the match between attitude and behavior, the stronger the relationship: • Specific attitudes predict specific behavior • General attitudes predict general behavior – The more frequently expressed an attitude, the better predictor it is. – High social pressures reduce the relationship and may cause dissonance. – Attitudes based on personal experience are stronger predictors. 3-4© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
What are the
Major Job Attitudes?What are the Major Job Attitudes? Job Satisfaction – A positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics Job Involvement – Degree of psychological identification with the job where perceived performance is important to self-worth Psychological Empowerment – Belief in the degree of influence over the job, competence, job meaningfulness, and autonomy 3-5© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
Another Major Job
AttitudeAnother Major Job Attitude Organizational Commitment – Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, while wishing to maintain membership in the organization. – Three dimensions: • Affective – emotional attachment to organization • Continuance Commitment – economic value of staying • Normative - moral or ethical obligations – Has some relation to performance, especially for new employees. – Less important now than in past – now perhaps more of occupational commitment, loyalty to profession rather than a given employer. 3-6© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
And Yet More
Major Job Attitudes…And Yet More Major Job Attitudes… Perceived Organizational Support (POS) – Degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. – Higher when rewards are fair, employees are involved in decision-making, and supervisors are seen as supportive. – High POS is related to higher OCBs and performance. Employee Engagement – The degree of involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the job. – Engaged employees are passionate about their work and company. 3-7© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
Outcomes of Job
SatisfactionOutcomes of Job Satisfaction Job Performance – Satisfied workers are more productive AND more productive workers are more satisfied! – The causality may run both ways. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors – Satisfaction influences OCB through perceptions of fairness. Customer Satisfaction – Satisfied frontline employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Absenteeism – Satisfied employees are moderately less likely to miss work. 3-8© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
More Outcomes of
Job SatisfactionMore Outcomes of Job Satisfaction Turnover – Satisfied employees are less likely to quit. – Many moderating variables in this relationship. • Economic environment and tenure • Organizational actions taken to retain high performers and to weed out lower performers Workplace Deviance – Dissatisfied workers are more likely to unionize, abuse substances, steal, be tardy, and withdraw. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the impact of job satisfaction on the bottom line, most managers are either unconcerned about or overestimate worker satisfaction. 3-9© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
Summary and Managerial
ImplicationsSummary and Managerial Implications Managers should watch employee attitudes: – They give warnings of potential problems – They influence behavior Managers should try to increase job satisfaction and generate positive job attitudes – Reduces costs by lowering turnover, absenteeism, tardiness, theft, and increasing OCB Focus on the intrinsic parts of the job: make work challenging and interesting – Pay is not enough 3-10© 2009 Prentice-Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
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