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The ethics of online anonymity or Zuckerberg vs. “moot” Robert Bodle   CEPE 2011  Milwaukee, WI
Five years of interoperability advances Facebook Developer (2006)   Facebook Platform (2007) Facebook Connect (2008) Open Stream (2009) Open Graph  (2010) Sharing one's 'social graph'
interoperable applications  mashups  widgets social games  desktop mobile  social plug-ins The “Like” button
Mark Zuckerberg
Facebook's real name only policy “ Impersonating anyone or anything is  not permitted . To encourage people to use their real names on Facebook, we limit the number of times names can be changed. Also, if a Facebook representative changes your name for you, this change is considered  final  and you can’t manually change your name afterwards.”
Definition of anonymity “ nonidentifiability by virtue of noncoordinatability of traits” (Wallace)
Zuckerberg vs. 'moot' “ having two identities for yourself is an example of lack of integrity” (Zuckerberg)
Zuckerberg vs. 'moot' “ having two identities for yourself is an example of lack of integrity” (Zuckerberg) “ I think that's totally wrong  . . . anonymity is authenticity”  (Poole a.k.a. 'moot')
Fully anonymous posts – by design
Anonymous collective action
Anonymous campaigns
Anonymous campaigns
Anonymous campaigns
Anonymous Campaigns
overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anonymity common in online communities? Anonymity - 90% of posts are completely anonymous  Ephemerality –  a discussion thread lasts “an  averages 5 minutes”  (Berstein, Hernandez, Harry, Andre, Panovich, and Vargas, 2011)
Anonymity common in online communities? “ One important social rule . . . that  Nobody  is anonymous.  Everybody  is required to attach their real userid to their postings. It is possible to use pseudonyms to create alternate identities . . . but the pseudonyms are always linked in every posting to the real userid” (Stewart Brand qut in Rheingold, p. 38, 2000).
Two-sided effects of anonymity Minimizes accountability Disinhibition Depersonalization
Limits of utilitarianism -doesn’t account for the underlying values,  and “ideals of justice and human rights”  (Spinello, 2003) -doesn't account for the “extended range of  our actions” in digital media (Ess, 2009).
Deontology and rights based ethics Immanuel Kant -  Absolutist moral principles generated from imperatives: -each of us should act according to the  principles that we wish other rational beings  to act on. -human beings should be treated as ends  rather than as means.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)  Article 12: N o one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or  correspondence  . . .  Article 19:  Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions  without interference  and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of  frontiers
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)  “ Indeed, throughout history, people’s willingness to engage in debate on controversial subjects in the public sphere has always been linked to possibilities for doing so  anonymously ” (La Rue, p. 15. 2011).
Human Rights on the Internet are interpreted and applied differently  -arbitrary blocking or filtering of content  -criminalization of legitimate expression  -imposition of intermediary liability
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
Sarkozy and Zuckerberg at G8
Critique of the Categorical Imperative  -inflexibility  -inability to “make room for justified and  important ‘exceptions to the rule’” (Ess, 181,  2009)
Meta-ethical Pluralism - a shared single norm applied “in diverse ways, in diverse contexts” (Ess, p. 191,  2009)
Ethical Pluralism – balancing human rights laws online Prima facie duties (W.D. Ross) Principalism (Beachamp and Childress) “ Principles of necessity and proportionality”  (La  Rue, 2011).
Summary - Ethics of Anonymity -benefits and positive effects -enables privacy and freedom of expression -flexible implementation
Conclusion – How to  ensure the “noncoordinatability of traits”   -identification should be opt in -anonymity should be the default -encourage a culture of responsible anonymity
Conclusion – How to  ensure the “noncoordinatability of traits”   -identification should be opt in -anonymity should be the default -encourage a culture of responsible anonymity  - embrace  anonymity & security tools - challenge  persistent user identity online
Anonymity revisited - FTW
Thank you for your attention.  [email_address] http://twitter.com/robertbodle
The ethics of online anonymity or Zuckerberg vs. “moot” Robert Bodle   CEPE 2011  Milwaukee, WI

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Cepe11 bodle upload

  • 1. The ethics of online anonymity or Zuckerberg vs. “moot” Robert Bodle CEPE 2011 Milwaukee, WI
  • 2. Five years of interoperability advances Facebook Developer (2006) Facebook Platform (2007) Facebook Connect (2008) Open Stream (2009) Open Graph (2010) Sharing one's 'social graph'
  • 3. interoperable applications mashups widgets social games desktop mobile social plug-ins The “Like” button
  • 5. Facebook's real name only policy “ Impersonating anyone or anything is not permitted . To encourage people to use their real names on Facebook, we limit the number of times names can be changed. Also, if a Facebook representative changes your name for you, this change is considered final and you can’t manually change your name afterwards.”
  • 6. Definition of anonymity “ nonidentifiability by virtue of noncoordinatability of traits” (Wallace)
  • 7. Zuckerberg vs. 'moot' “ having two identities for yourself is an example of lack of integrity” (Zuckerberg)
  • 8. Zuckerberg vs. 'moot' “ having two identities for yourself is an example of lack of integrity” (Zuckerberg) “ I think that's totally wrong . . . anonymity is authenticity” (Poole a.k.a. 'moot')
  • 9. Fully anonymous posts – by design
  • 15.
  • 16. Anonymity common in online communities? Anonymity - 90% of posts are completely anonymous Ephemerality – a discussion thread lasts “an averages 5 minutes” (Berstein, Hernandez, Harry, Andre, Panovich, and Vargas, 2011)
  • 17. Anonymity common in online communities? “ One important social rule . . . that Nobody is anonymous. Everybody is required to attach their real userid to their postings. It is possible to use pseudonyms to create alternate identities . . . but the pseudonyms are always linked in every posting to the real userid” (Stewart Brand qut in Rheingold, p. 38, 2000).
  • 18. Two-sided effects of anonymity Minimizes accountability Disinhibition Depersonalization
  • 19. Limits of utilitarianism -doesn’t account for the underlying values, and “ideals of justice and human rights” (Spinello, 2003) -doesn't account for the “extended range of our actions” in digital media (Ess, 2009).
  • 20. Deontology and rights based ethics Immanuel Kant - Absolutist moral principles generated from imperatives: -each of us should act according to the principles that we wish other rational beings to act on. -human beings should be treated as ends rather than as means.
  • 21. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
  • 22. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 12: N o one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence . . . Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers
  • 23. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) “ Indeed, throughout history, people’s willingness to engage in debate on controversial subjects in the public sphere has always been linked to possibilities for doing so anonymously ” (La Rue, p. 15. 2011).
  • 24. Human Rights on the Internet are interpreted and applied differently -arbitrary blocking or filtering of content -criminalization of legitimate expression -imposition of intermediary liability
  • 27. Critique of the Categorical Imperative -inflexibility -inability to “make room for justified and important ‘exceptions to the rule’” (Ess, 181, 2009)
  • 28. Meta-ethical Pluralism - a shared single norm applied “in diverse ways, in diverse contexts” (Ess, p. 191, 2009)
  • 29. Ethical Pluralism – balancing human rights laws online Prima facie duties (W.D. Ross) Principalism (Beachamp and Childress) “ Principles of necessity and proportionality” (La Rue, 2011).
  • 30. Summary - Ethics of Anonymity -benefits and positive effects -enables privacy and freedom of expression -flexible implementation
  • 31. Conclusion – How to ensure the “noncoordinatability of traits” -identification should be opt in -anonymity should be the default -encourage a culture of responsible anonymity
  • 32. Conclusion – How to ensure the “noncoordinatability of traits” -identification should be opt in -anonymity should be the default -encourage a culture of responsible anonymity - embrace anonymity & security tools - challenge persistent user identity online
  • 34. Thank you for your attention. [email_address] http://twitter.com/robertbodle
  • 35. The ethics of online anonymity or Zuckerberg vs. “moot” Robert Bodle CEPE 2011 Milwaukee, WI