The document discusses plate tectonics and how it explains biogeographic patterns and geological phenomena. It describes how Philip Sclater observed that the flora and fauna differed between the eastern and western Indonesian islands over a distance of just 15 km (Wallace Line). Alfred Wegener later proposed continental drift to explain similarities between separated landmasses. The theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining how convection currents in the mantle cause rigid tectonic plates to move and interact at boundaries.
7. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI divided the world in two parts - Eastern part to Portuguese and - Western part to Spaniards for looting and plunder, in the name of Christianity.
8. Dark Green = Spain’s Half Light Green = Portugal’s Half
67. Natural Evolution – “… species mutate and grow into another species by the process of Natural Selection and Imperfect species are eliminated & Perfect ones carry on.”
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69. … species evolve differently when they are separated geographically for great distance & time. So if two landmasses are diverse in their flora & fauna then it means that they are two separate blocks.
70. Eastern Islands & Western Islands - two different landmasses . But they are so near to each other. Then how is it possible?
71. The difference in the Indonesian islands come in just 15 kilometers. If we cross from Bali in the West to Lombok in the East, then we get to see the difference, as if a very thin boundary is running between them
78. II nd Break Now we have learnt that the difference between the two landmasses is just 15 miles wide And this is due to the Evolution. Wallace postulated that there was a large landmass in the past which then broke up into several smaller landmasses.
95. IIIrd Break This theory said that continents and landmasses float and drift, break apart and converge. Where they break away, cracks, rifts, trenches remain Where they collide, ranges of folded mountains appear.
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99. First time a rock solid explanation for continental drift had been given, which defeated the Church.
100. Discovery on the North Western US Coast of sea-floor spreading.
140. Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process
