1. DOCTORAL THESIS By : Raul Choque (raul.choque@pucp.edu.pe) Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Cristobal Suarez (cristobalsuarez@hotmail.com ) Peru, 2009 “ Use of computers and Internet in classrooms and skills development in information and communication technologies of high school students” Lima, Peru UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

2. “ Mind is not a recipient to be filled, but a fire to be excited” Plutarco

4. Research problem

5. In Lima, capital of Peru, 35% of houses have a computer and 23% have access to Internet (INEI, 2008). In Lima 95% of young people from 12 and 17 years of age, use Internet every day (APOYO, 2008). 89% of high school students use Internet to get information, 76% to communicate, 42% for entertainment and 19% for education (INEI 2008). In high schools of Lima, since 2002 the integration of computer and Internet has been developed in some high schools. This project was called “Huascaran” and now it is called “Aulas de Innovacion Pedagogica”, where students use the Internet more or less 150 hours during each academic year. There is no information about the effects of study with computers in high schools in Lima. How is the influence of the study with computers and Internet in the students skills of information and communication technologies? Research problem

7. Objectives

10. Variables Dependent variable Development of student´ skills in information and communication technologies. Independent variable Study with computers and Internet in the classroom.

11. Theoretical framework

13. Abacus 3000 B.C. Mechanical calculator 1500 A.C. Compasses 1579 Electronic speech synthesizer 1937 Electro mechanical computer 1940 Computer 1950 Personal computer 1981 Wall painting Newsletter 59 B.C. Chinese Paper 105 A.C. Printing press 1450 News paper 1502 Radio Broad-casting 1918 Color TV 1968 INFORMATICS INFORMATION Smoke and fire signals Trumpets 100 B.C. Chappe Telegraph 1794 Internet 1969 Trans-atlantic Cable 1856 Telephone 1876 Cellular 1984 Electro-magnetic Telegraph 1837 COMMUNICATION TV Trans-mission 1927 Theoretical framework Source: M. Hilbert

14. Written information Written information Linguistic information Linguistic information Language revolution Writing revolution Printing revolution Electronic revolution Linguistic information Written information Print information Electronic information Theoretical Framework Linguistic information Print information Source: Y. Masuda

16. Cognition of the person Distributed cognition Distributed cognitions Distributed cognition

17. Subject: students Object: ICT skills Outcome: good perform Rules: schedules Community: teachers, parents Division of labor Tools: computer, Internet, hypertext language Activity theory Source: Engeström, 1987 Reorganization of brain function Effects With: Courses Effectos Of: Cognitive residue

18. Information and Communication Technologies Skills The ICT skills are the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects that allow students to use ICT to access, get, organize, communicate and assess information. Also these skills help students to have a better performance. Theoretical framework

20. Methodology

21. DESIGN The research was quasi experimental with post test, nonrandomized control group, quantitative. G 1 = Experimental group G 2 = Control group X = Study with computers and Internet O 1 = Post test experimental group O 2 = Post test experimental group Methodology NR G 1 X O 1 NR G 2 - O 2

22. Hypothesis test Student’s t-test of difference of means was used to test the significance of the difference between two sample means. Student’s t-Test was used to compare the sample means between two independent samples . For this activity we used the software SP SS v15.0© We reject a null hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05, corresponding to a 5% chance.

23. Population and sample Experimental group Control group Grade I.E. 0087 José María Arguedas I.E. 0132 Toribio de Luzuriaga y Mejía I.E. 0137 Miguel Grau Seminario Sub Total 4to. 75 91 120 286 5to. 67 106 122 295 TOTAL 142 197 242 581 Grade I.E. 100 I.E. 0119 Canto Bello I.E. 0161 Moisés Colonia Trinidad I.E. 0169 Sub Total 4to. 109 61 27 76 273 5to. 132 60 27 68 287 TOTAL 241 121 54 144 560

26. Homogeneity of the groups Variables Experimental group Control group x 2 (gl) Value p N=581 N=560 % N % N Gender Male Female 45.6 54.4 265 316 47.5 52.5 266 294 x 2 (1)=0.409 0.522 Grade repetition Yes No 5.3 94.7 31 550 4.8 95.2 27 533 x 2 (1)=0.156 0.693 Socio economic level High Medium Low Very low 1.7 81.8 15.7 0.9 10 475 91 5 2.0 78.8 18.0 1.3 11 441 101 7 x 2 (3)=1.778 0.620 Educational level of household head University High school Primary school Without education 18.6 70.7 10.3 0.3 108 411 60 2 19.3 66.3 13.6 0.9 108 371 76 5 x 2 (3)=4.829 0.185

27. Homogeneity of the groups Variables Experimental group Control group x 2 (gl) Value p N=581 N=560 % N % N Activities after school To study To work Other 57.8 12.9 29.3 336 75 170 57.7 13.4 28.9 323 75 162 x 2 (2)=0.063 0.969 Have a computer at home Yes No 25.0 75.0 145 436 24.1 75.9 135 425 x 2 (1)=0.111 0.739 Have access to Internet at home Yes No 15.5 84.5 90 491 14.5 85.5 81 479 x 2 (1)=0.236 0.627 Average SD Average SD t(gl) Value p Age 15.34 0.9319 15.36 0.999 t(1139)=1126.30 0.748

28. Results

29. Place where students use Internet

30. Person that teaches about the use of Internet

31. Main activities when using Internet

32. * * * Skills to get information * * * * * *

33. * Skills for team work * * * * * * * *

34. * Skills to learn with Internet * * * * * * * *

35. Conclusions

38. Recommendations

41. Appendix

42. Validation by experts in ICT

43. Pilot test with students

44. Instrument application

45. Students that partcipated in the research

48. “ ...[I]f a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent”. Marshall McLuhan