Active and Passive Voice Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Grammar- Made Easy
Dr. RAVI KUMAR KOLA

2. Voice
• Mrs Rajani took Mani’s book.
• Mani’s book was taken by Mrs Rajani.
(Subject)
(Object)

3. What happened?
• Miss Rajani took Mani’s book.
• Mani’s book was taken by Mrs Rajani.
DOER
DOER
(Subject)
(Object)(Subject)
Emphasis – more
IMPORTANTRECEIVER

4. What happened?
• Mrs Rajani took Mani’s book.
• Mani’s book was taken by Mrs Rajani.
DOER
(Subject)
(Object)(Subject)
DOERRECEIVER

5. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Simple Present tense Sub+V1/V1+s+obj
Example
He speaks English.
Obj +is/ are +V3+by+sub
Example
English is spoken by him.

6. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Present Continuous
tense
Sub+am/is/are+V4+obj
Examples
She is writing a letter.
I am learning my lessons.
You are making a cake.
Obj +is / are +being+V4+by+sub
Examples
A letter is being written by her.
My lessons are being learnt by
me.
A cake is being made by you.

7. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Present Perfect tense Sub + has/have+V3+obj
Examples:
I have written a novel.
She has finished the job.
You have written letters.
Obj +has/have+been+V3+by+sub
Examples:
A novel has been written by me.
The job has been finished by her.
Letters have been written by you.

8. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Simple Past tense Sub + V2+obj
Examples:
I wrote a letter.
Ram broke a glass.
You missed the chance.
Obj +was/were+V3+by+sub
Examples:
A letter was written by me.
A glass was broken by Ram.
The chance was missed by you.

9. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Past Continuous
tense
Sub+was/were+V4+obj
Examples
I was learning my lessons.
She was writing a report.
They were making toys
Obj +was/were +being+V4+by+sub
Examples
My lessons were being learnt by me.
A report was being written by her.
Toys were being made by them

10. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Past Perfect tense Sub + had+V3+obj
Examples
I had finished the project.
She had learned her lessons
Obj +had+been+V3+by+sub
Examples
The project had been finished by me.
Her lessons had been learned by her

11. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Simple future
tense
Sub+will/shall+V1+obj
Examples
I will finish the job.
She will solve the problem.
Obj +will/shall+be +V3+by+sub
Examples
The job will be finished by me.
The problem will be solved by her.

12. Tense Active voice Passive voice
Future
Perfect tense
Sub +will/shall+have+V3+obj
Examples
I will have finished the job.
She will have solved the
problem.
Obj +will/shall+have+been+V3+by+sub
Examples
The job will have been finished by me.
The problem will have been solved by
her.

13. 1. He sings a song.
2. The boy killed the spider.
3. Help him.
4. Farmers sow maize in the rainy season.
5. Are you writing a letter?
6. The workers were digging a canal.
7. I will finish the job by the end of this week.
8. Have you finished your job?
9. They have informed him of his mother’s death.
10. They took all the necessary precautions.

14. 1. A song is sung by him. (Active verb – sings; passive verb – is sung)
2. The spider was killed by the boy. (Active verb – killed; passive verb – was
killed)
3. Let him be helped. (Imperative sentences in the passive voice begin with let.)
4. Maize is sown in the rainy season. (Active verb – sow; passive verb – is/are
sown)
5. Is a letter being written by you? (Active verb – is/are writing; passive verb –
is/are being written)
6. A canal was being dug by the workers. (Active verb – was/were digging;
passive verb – was/were being dug)
7. The job will be finished (by me) by the end of this week. (Active verb – will
finish; passive verb –will be finished)
8. Has your job been finished by you? (Active verb – has/have finished; passive
verb – has/have been finished)
9. He has been informed of his mother’s death. (Active verb – has/have informed;
passive verb – has/have been informed)
10. All the necessary precautions were taken by them. (Active verb – took; passive
verb – was/were taken)

15. 1. Who did the job ?
2. Can you break the door ?
3. Will she sing a song ?
4. Is he speaking English ?
5. Are you eating a banana ?
6. Why are you washing the car ?
7. When will he give the money ?
8. Where will he met you ?
9. How do you make a cake ?
10. Whom did you tell the story ?

16. 1. By whom was the job done ?
2. Can the door be broken by you ?
3. Will a song be sung by her ?
4. Is English being spoken by him ?
5. Is a banana being eaten by you ?
6. Why is the car being washed by you ?
7. When will the money be given by him ?
8. Where will you be met by him ?
9. How is a cake made by you ?
10. To whom was the story told by you ?

17. 11. He was struck by lightning.
12. I was quite shocked by the language that he used.
13. We were both filled with horror by the sight of that event.
14. I was much hurt by his voice and manner.
15. Should I be found t home by him, he would not be received by
me.
16. They were welcomed back by he city on their return.
17. He was punished by the master for speaking in class.
18. Many objections were raised by us to the plan that was
proposed by him.
19. Will he not be persuaded to work harder by a sense of duty ?
20. I was called upon by the meeting to give my reasons.
21. He was known by me by his voice, when I was spoken to by
him in the dark.
22. His return was not expected by us.

18. 11. Lightning struck him.
12. The language that he used quite shocked me.
13. The sight of that event filled us both with horror.
14. His voice and manner hurt me much.
15. Should he find me at home, I would not receive him.
16. The city welcomed them back on their return.
17. The master punished him for speaking in class.
18. We raised many objections to the plan that he proposed.
19. Will not a sense of duty persuade him to work harder ?
20. The meeting called upon me to give my reasons.
21. I knew him by his voice when he spoke to me in the
dark.
22. we did not expect him return.

19. Direct and Indirect Speech
1. Change of pronouns
• Direct Speech
John said, “I am coming.”
• Indirect Speech
John said that he was coming.

20. Direct and Indirect Speech
2. Change of tenses
• Direct Speech
John said, “I am coming.”
• Indirect Speech
John said that he was coming.

21. S.No Sentences Direct Speech Indirect
Speech
Conjunctions
1 Assertive sentence said
said to
said
told
that
2 Interrogative sentence
(helping verbs + wh )
said
said to
said to
Asked
questioned
enquired
if/whether
wh words
3 Imperative sentence
(positive +negative)
said
said to
Requested
ordered
commanded
instructed
warned
suggested
positive(to)/
negative(not to)
4 Exclamatory sentence said
said to
Exclaimed that

22. Direct speech Indirect speech
Simple present
Am, is, are, have, has
simple past
was, were, had
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past (ate V2)
Past continuous
Past Perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect (had eaten V3)

23. 3. Change of situations
Direct Speech
John said, “I did this exercise last night.”
Indirect Speech
John said that he had done that exercise the
previous night.
•'this' becomes 'that'
•'last night' becomes 'the previous night'

24. other examples are as follows :
Direct Speech
this
here
now
today
yesterday
tomorrow
last week
next month
ago
Indirect Speech
that
there
then
that day
the day before / the previous day
the next day
the week before / the previous week
the following month
before

25. MODEL-I
ASSERTIVE SENTENCE (D.S to I.D.S)
He said “I am busy today” (D.S)
He said that he was busy that day. (I.D.S)
Raju said to rani “I will come to your house tomorrow”. (D.S)
Raju told rani that he would come to her house the next day. (I.D.S)
My uncle said “I take the idlies this morning”. (D.S)
My uncle said that he took idlies. (I.D.S)
Sita said to her husband “I like sweets”. (D.S)
Sita told her husband that she liked sweets. (I.D.S)
My grandfather said “I drank coffee”. (D.S)
My grandfather said that he had drunk coffee. (I.D.S)
A wife said to her husband “I have seen this film twice”. (D.S)
A wife told her husband she had seen that film twice. (I.D.S)
The porter said that “The train will be late by tomorrow”. (D.S)
The porter said that the train would be late by the next day. (I.D.S)

26. 4. Questions and answers
Direct Speech
1 John asked her, “Are you coming?” (yes/no question)
2 John asked, “Where is Mary?” (wh-question)
Indirect Speech
1 John asked if / whether she was coming.
2 John asked where Mary was.
•yes/no questions - use if/whether
•wh-questions - use the wh-word

27. 5. Actions : promises, orders, requests,
advice etc.
Direct Speech
John ordered Bill, “Clean my boots.”
Indirect Speech
John ordered Bill to clean his boots. (object + to + infinitive)

28. 6. Report using present and future tenses
Direct Speech
John said,'The sun rises from the east.'
Indirect Speech
John said that the sun rises from the east.
•if the original speaker’s present and future is still present and
future
•in other words, the tense is unchanged

29. 7. Modals verbs
Direct Speech
John said,'I must do my homework now.'
Indirect Speech
John said that he must do his homework then.
•would , should, could, might, ought to and must are
unchanged

30. 8. Wh- Questions
Direct Speech
My friend asked,"Where is Venus?"
Indirect Speech
My friend asked where Venus was.

31. Other examples of WH-questions:
Direct Speech
My friend asked "How are you?"
Indirect Speech
My friend asked how I was.
TRANSFORMATION PROCESS:
1) Put the subject before the verb.
2) Change the pronoun: you to I
3) Join the clauses using the how,
who, whom, where, when, why
4) Adjust the 2nd verb to
the time frame of the 1st verb.

32. examples of WH-questions
• My friend said, "Where are you going?"
• My friend asked where I was going.
• My friend said, " Whom did you call?"
• My friend asked whom I had called.

33. examples of WH-questions
• My friend said, " Whom I was calling?"
• My friend asked whom I had been calling.
• My friend said, " Where have you been?"
• My friend asked where I had been.

34. examples of WH-questions
• He asked me, "What did she say?"
• He asked me what she had said.
• He asked me, "When are you leaving?"
• He asked me when I was leaving.

35. examples of WH-questions
• He asked me, "Who is coming for dinner?"
He asked me who was coming for dinner.
• He asked me, "How many times have you seen
that movie?"
• He asked me how many times I had seen that
movie.

36. examples of WH-questions
• He asked me, "What time is it?"
• He asked me what time it was.
• He asked me, "How old are you?"
• He asked me how old I was.

37. MODEL 3
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Eg:-1.She said to me, “Please shut the door”
She requested me to shut the door.
2. The lecturer said to the students, “Use the Oxford
dictionary.”
The lecturer advised the students to use the Oxford
dictionary.
3. The teacher said, “Keep your clothes clean.”
The teacher advised to keep your clothes clean.

38. MODEL 4
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Eg:- He said, “How beautiful picture it is!”
He said that it was very beautiful picture.
He said, “How nice it is!”
He said that it was very nice.

39. EXERCISE
• Rama said, “I am going to kadapa.”
• Gopal said to me, “where are you going?”
• He said to her, “I hate you.”
• She said to me, ‘please open the door.”
• They said, “We will help you.”
• He said to me, “Do you play chess?”
• He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?”
• He asked me, “Where does your father live?”
• He said to me, “ Do you love my sister?
• Teacher asked Mohan “ why are you late?”
• He said, “I saw your purse here on the table yesterday.”
• Sreenu said to Ramu, “ I will come here tomorrow.:
• His sister said to him, “I have never seen a tiger.”
• The girl asked him, “ can you sing with me?”
• She said to me, “Do you like music?”
• He said “ Praveen is going to learn programming.”
• My father said to me “You have done your work well.”
• Mohan said “ I want to become a doctor.”
• He said “ I have read books .’
• He said “The earth moves round the sun.”

40. KEY
• Rama said that he was going to Kadapa
• Gopal asked me where I was going.
• He told her that he hated her.
• She requested me to open the door.
• They said that they would help me.
• He asked me if I played chess.
• He asked her who her English teacher was.
• He asked me where my father lived.
• He asked me if I loved his sister.
• Teacher asked Mohan why he was late.
• He said that he had seen my purse there on the table the previous day.
• Sreenu told Ramu that he would come there the next day.
• His sister told him that he had never seen a tiger.
• The girl asked him if he could sing with her.
• She asked me if I liked music.
• He said that Praveen was going to learn programming.
• My father told me that I had done my home work well.
• Mohan said that he wanted to become a doctor.
• He said that he had read books.
• He said that the earth moves round the sun