1. FIBRES FOR THE
NEXT
GENERATION
Rajkumar R Shinkar (D.K.T.E’s
textile and engineering institute)
Rajesh S Sahu (D.K.T.E’s textile
and engineering institute)
First year B.text (T.T)
3. Biodegradable fibres
Cry of the time
Improved properties.
Research and development
across the globe
4. 2.1 LYOCELL (1st biodegradable
manmade fibre)
• First in a new generation of cellulosic fibres.
• Lyocell Utilises renewable resources as raw materials.
• High physical performance makes it a universally applicable fibre. Even ideal for nonwovens
• It is also comfortable next to the skin.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
Solvent spinning method it is made with out the formation of intermediate compound.
• RAW MATERIAL:
Principally Oak &
eucalyptus trees from
sustainably managed
forests.
Oak trees
5. • APPLICATIONS:
1. Fabrics of all kinds
2. Non woven
3. Technical textiles
4. Battery separators
5. Membranes
6. Paper
Lyocell applications
6. 2.2 SEACELL
• Seaweed available in abundant with lot of good properties.
• The fabrics produced by seaweed have antimycotic and antibacterial properties.
• Sea Cell is a lyocell-like cellulosic fibre.
• It will use the natural attributes of seaweed and silver to add benefits, as silver is naturally anti-microbial.
• RAW MATERIAL:
Seaweed extract combined with silver ions
incorporated together.
Seacell composition
7. • PRODUCTION PROCESS:
modified lyocell process
• APPLICATIONS:
1. Improvement of blood supply of the skin, activate the
meta-bolism.
2. Sportswear, undergarments, socks, work clothes and
household fabrics.
3. Fabrics for allergy sufferers and hygiene articles.
4. Anti-inflammatory
Anti microbial fabric
8. 2.3 SMARTCELL
• Smartcel fibre is a PCM (Phase Change Material) micro composite of the latest manufacturing generation with
thermo regulating features.
• Temperature regulation is assured, providing extraordinary wearing comfort and excellent climate management.
• Manufactured from renewable sources , thus is 100% biodegradable.
• RAW MATERIAL:
combination of cellulose with zinc.
9. • PRODUCTION PROCESS:
This is also manufactured by lyocell process.
• APPLICATION:
1. Sports wear
2. Bed textiles
3. protection against heat or cold in a human body
4. Anti inflammatory apparels.
Smart cell fabric
10. 2.4 Polylactic acid (PLA)
• (PLA) is linear aliphatic thermoplastic polyester derived from 100% renewable sources such as corn,
sugarcane.
• The polymer is 100% compostable.
• Its life cycle potentially reduces the Earth’s carbon dioxide level.
• The product is more sustainable than comparable polymers on the market today.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. Direct condensation of lactic acid
2. Via the cyclic
intermediate dimer
(lactide), through a ring
opening process.
3. Produced by
melt spinning.
11. • APPLICATION:
1. Apparels
2. Home ware
3. Nonwovens: Filtration and separation,
Hygiene, Industrial/household wipes
4. Medical applications
5. PLA as a plastic
Use of PLA in medical
12. 2.5 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE
• Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula ((C6H10O5)n) produced from certain types
of bacteria.
• produced by bacteria, principally of the genera Acetobacter, Sarcinaventriculi and Agro bacterium. Bacterial.
• microbial cellulose can be tailored to have specific desirable properties.
• Bacterial cellulose is a versatile structural material, allowing it to be shaped in a variety of ways to satisfy
different uses.
• RAW MATERIAL:
Cellulose can be found in many microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and algae.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS:
cellulose can be obtained by:
1. Reactor based production
2. Fermentation production.
13. • APPLICATION:
1. ultra-strength paper
2. filter membrane in hi-fidelity
loudspeakers and headphones
3. Cosmetic industry.
4. Wound dressing, especially in burn
cases.
5. Treat wounds from venous ulcers.
6. for internal treatments, such as bone
grafts and other tissue engineering
• LIMITATIONS:
Due to the inefficient production
process, It is not commercially attractive.
Microbial cellulose pellicle
14. 2.6 BACTERIAL POLYESTERS
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates, or PHAs, are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or
lipids.
• They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy.
• Polyesters are deposited in the form of highly refractive granules in the cells.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
To produce PHA,PHB a culture of a micro-organism such as Alcaligenes, eutrophus is placed in a suitable
medium and fed appropriate nutrients so that it multiplies rapidly.
• RAW MATERIAL
Polyester produced by micro organisms.
15. • APPLICATIONS
1. Sutures and suture fasteners
2. Rivets, tacks, staples, and screws
3. Bone plates and bone plating systems
4. Surgical mesh, repair patches, and cardiovascular
patches
5. Vein valves, bone marrow scaffolds
6. Skin substitutes, bone graft substitutes,
and wound dressings
Bacterial polyester sutures
16. 2.7 BIOSTEEL (manmade
spider silk)
• Biosteel was a trademark name for a high-strength based fibre material made of the recombinant spider
silk-like protein extracted from the milk
of transgenic goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies
• 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered
size without losing its strength properties.
17. • PRODUCTION PROCESS
With pronuclear microinjection and nuclear transfer
technology in the goat’s system. The milk produced
by the transgenic goats contains spider silk proteins.
• APPLICATIONS
1. Artificial ligaments
2. Bulletproof vests
3. Improved car airbags
4. More reliable parachutes
18. 2.8 SOYA BEAN PROTEIN
FIBRE
• Soya bean fibre(SPF) has comeback again.
• This is a rapidly developing area with research being undertaken in several countries, primarily
America and China.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS:
Biochemistry is being used in the production process to modify the structure of soya bean
protein while strength is added to the fibre by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol PVA offers the
benefits of higher strength and modulus.
The fibre is wet spun
The protein is extracted from the soya meal from which oil has already been extracted.
• APPLICATIONS
1. Apparels
2. Domestic textiles
3. Winter wear
4. Undergarments
SOYA BEAN FIBER
19. HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRES
SUPER END
APPLICATIONS
The limitations of nature.
Demand of the time.
Improved properties.
20. 3.1 DYNEEMA (UHMW-PE)
• Dyneema has been invented by Albert Penning in 1963 but made commercially available by DSM in 1990
by Dr.Piet lemstra.
• DYNEEMA is ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, UHMW) a subset of
the thermoplastic polyethylene.
• It has extremely long chains, with a molecular mass usually between 2 and 6 million units.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. UHMWPE is synthesized from monomer of ethylene.
2. The gel spinning process is used for yarn required for special applications.
21. • APPLICATIONS
1. Armour, personal armour, car armour
2. Cut-resistant gloves,
3. Climbing equipment,
4. Suspension lines on sport parachutes and Para
gliders,
5. Dyneema was used for the 30-kilometre space tether
in the ESA/Russian Young Engineers' Satellite 2 of
September, 2007.
Dyneema fibre rope
22. 3.2 HYGRA (porous water
absorptive polyester fibre)
• Recently, highly moisture absorptive & highly moisture releasing nylon was developed by Unitika.
• When nylon was used for cloths the lack of moisture absorbency caused stuffiness, stickiness & was
uncomfortable. Unitika succeeded in making fibre from a highly water absorptive polymer, which can absorb
water 35 times the polymer weight, & developed an epoch-making fibre HYGRA.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. It can be fibrilized by the melt spinning process.
2. The skin-core structure of HYGRA consists
of nylon skin part & hydrophilic core part.
Structure of hygra
24. 3.3 GORETEX (expanded-POLY
TETRA FLUORO ETHYLENE)
• Gore-Tex materials are typically based on
thermo-mechanically expanded PTFE and
other fluoropolymer products.
• This membrane has about 9 billion pores per
square inch (around 1.4 billion pores per
square centimetre). Each pore is
approximately 1/20,000 the size of a water
droplet, making it impenetrable to liquid
water.
• This membrane has a self cleaning effect as
the dirt molecules also cant penetrate or
enter the pores due to their extremely small
size.
Magnified view of goretex
25. • PRODUCTION PROCESS
PTFE is made using an emulsion
polymerization process that utilizes the
fluoro surfactant PFOA.
• APPLICATIONS
1. Conservation of illuminated manuscripts
2. Water repellent
3. Used internally in medical applications:-
Sutures, Vascular grafts, Heart patches,
Synthetic knee ligaments.
Water repellent goretex
26. Conclusion
The present scenario of the textile fibres.
Changes taking place due to the need of improved properties
in the new genration end applications.
Exponential growth of the textile industry, which primarily runs on
textile fibres.
Textile fibres and polymers will bring about a revolution as they
have started replacing the metals.
Bright future due to the various R & D activities worldwide
27. BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Biodegradable and sustainable fibres (Edited by R. S. Blackburn)
2. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research(march 2005)
3. New Millennium Fibres(Tatsuya Hongu, Glyn O. Phillips and Machiko Takigami)
4. "W. L. Gore Associates v. Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983), cert. denied',
469 U.S. 851, 105 S.Ct. 172, 83 L.Ed.2d 107 (1984).".
5. Tsuji, H. and Ikada, Y., J. Appl. Polymer. Sci., 1998, 67, 405.
6. Drumright, R.E., Gruber, P.R. and Henton, D.E., Adv. Mater., 2000, 12 (23), 1841.
7. Anon. (1996), 50th Anniversary Edition of the Soya Blue Book, http://66.201.71.163/ soya
industry/research.htm, accessed 28 August 2004.
