Indian-Contract-Act-

1. MC19
LEGAL AND ETHICAL
ASPECTS OF BUSINESS
Dr. A.K. Subramani
D.E.E.E., B.Tech (IT)., M.B.A. (HR & Systems)., Ph.D. (HR)., UGC-
NET.,
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Management Studies,
St. Peter's College of Engineering and Technology,
Avadi, Chennai - 600054. Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: aksubramani@gmail.com / draksubramani@gmail.com
 Mobile: 9884485825.
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2. Course Objectives and Outcomes
Course Objectives
• To create the knowledge of Legal perspective and its practices
to improvise the business. To provide strong base to the
principle, contemporary matters, and practical examples.
Course Outcomes
• Students will have a better understanding of legal aspects in
business environment. Legal insight will be established in the
business practices according to the situation of changing
environment.
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3. MC19
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF
BUSINESS
Suggested Readings
 N. D. Kapoor, Elements of mercantile Law, Sultan Chand and
Company, India, 2006.
 P. K. Goel, Business Law for Managers, Biztantatara Publishers,
India, 2008
 Akhileshwar Pathack, Legal Aspects of Business, 4th Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2009
 Ravinder Kumar– Legal Aspect of Business.– Cengage Learning,
2nd Edition- 2011
 Balachandran V., Legal Aspects of Business, Tata McGraw Hill,
2012
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4. SYLLABUS
UNIT 1: THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872
Indian Contract Act - Definition of contract, Essentials elements of contracts, Types of
a contract, Formation of a contract, Performance of contracts, Breach of contract and
its remedies. Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee. Quasi contracts - Contract of
Agency
UNIT 2: THE SALE OF GOODS ACT 1930
Sale of goods act – Definition, basic concepts, scope of this Act, Conditions and
Warranties, Implied Conditions and Warranties, Performance of sales contracts,
Conditional sales, Unpaid Vendor – Rights of unpaid vendor.
UNIT 3: COMPANY LAW
The Companies Act (including latest amendments as per The Companies Act, 2013):
Basic principles – Nature and types of companies, Formation of the Company,
Memorandum and Articles of Association, Prospectus, Directors – Powers, duties,
and liabilities. Winding up of company. Corporate governance.
UNIT 4: INCOME TAX ACT AND SALES TAX ACT
An Overview of Corporate Tax Planning, Income Tax, Goods and Service Tax
UNIT 5: CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, CYBER LAWS & IPR
Consumer Protection Act – Consumer rights, Procedures for Consumer grievances
redressal, Types of consumer Redressal Machineries and Forums. Cybercrimes, Cyber
Laws, Introduction to IPR – Copyrights, Trademarks, and Patent Act. 4

5. MC19
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
OF BUSINESS
 UNIT 1: THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872
 Indian Contract Act - Definition of contract,
Essentials elements of contracts, Types of a
contract, Formation of a contract, Performance of
contracts, Breach of contract and its remedies.
Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee. Quasi
contracts - Contract of Agency.
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6. THE INDIAN CONTRACT
ACT, 1872

7. CONTRACT

8. CONTRACT
According to sec.2(h), a contract is defined as
an agreement enforceable before the law.
AGREEMENT
According to sec.2(e), every promise or set of
promises forming consideration for each other.
PROMISE
According to sec.2(b), when a person made a
proposal to another to whom proposal is made,
if proposal is assented there to.

9. OFFER - According to Sec.2(a), when a person
made a proposal, when he signifies to another his
willingness to do or to abstain from doing
something.
AGREEMENT = OFFER + ACCEPTANCE
CONSENSUS - AD – IDEM-
According to Sec.13, meeting of minds or identity
of minds or receiving the same thing in same sense
at same time.

10. Agreement Legal Obligation
Contract
“All contracts are agreements but all
agreements are not
contracts.”
CONTRACT = AGREEMENT +
ENFORCIBILITY BEFORE LAW

11. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A
VALID CONTRACT (Sec.10)
1.Offer & acceptance.
2.Intention to create legal relationship.
3.Consensus - ad - idem.
4.Consideration.
5.Capacity to contract.
6.Free consent.
7.Legality of object.
8.Possibility of performance.
9.Writing & registration.

12. TYPES OF CONTRACTS
VALID CONTRACTS
Absolute contract
Contingent contract(Sec. 31-36)
Express contract
Implied/Quasi contract(Sec.68- 72)

13. Valid contract - If all the condition are
fulfilled it is called as a valid contract.
Contingent contract - In a contract to do
or not to do something, if an event is
collateral, does or doesn't happen.
Express contract - When contracts are
either in writing or in oral.
Implied contract - When contracts are
neither in writing nor in oral.
Absolute contract - A contract which is not
dependent on fulfillment of any condition.

14. INVALID CONTRACTS
Void contract
Is void(Void - ab - initio)
Becomes void
Voidable contract
Illegal contract
Unenforceable contract

15. Invalid contract - In a contact if any
one condition is not fulfilled.
Is void (Void-ab-initio) - An
agreement which is not valid from
the beginning.
Becomes void - An agreement which
is valid in the beginning but due to
some supervening
impossibility the contract becomes
void.

16. Illegal contract - An agreement
forbidden by law.
Unenforceable contract - It is valid
but due to some technical defect the
contract becomes void. In case
defects are removed the contract is
enforceable.(lack of registration, lack
of signature etc.,)
Voidable contract - A contract
which is valid unless until avoided
by either the party.

17. OTHER TYPES OF
CONTRACTS
•Executed contract
•Executory contract
•Unilateral contract
•Bilateral contract

18. Executed contract - In a contract where both
the parties have performed their obligation, there
is remaining nothing to perform.
Executory contract - In a contract where both
the parties are yet to perform their obligation.
Unilateral contract - In a contract one party
has performed his obligation and other person is
yet to perform his obligation.
Bilateral contract - In a contract where both
the parties have performed their obligation.
Bilateral & Executory are same and inter -
changeable.

19. OFFER

20. OFFER
According to Sec.2(a), when a person
made a proposal, when he signifies to
another his willingness to do or to
abstain from doing something.

21. TYPES OF OFFER
 Express offer
 Implied offer
 Specific offer
 General offer
 Cross offer
 Counter offer
 Standing offer

22. Express offer - When offer is given to
another person either in writing or in oral.
Implied offer - When offer is given to
another person neither in writing nor in oral.
Specific offer - When offer is given to a
specific person.
General offer - When offer is given to
entire world at a large.(Carlill Vs. Carbolic
smoke ball Co.,)

23. Cross offer - When both the persons
are making identical offers to
eachother in ignorance of other’s offer.
Counter offer - When both the
persons are making offers to eachother
which are not identical in ignorance of
other’s offer.
Standing offer - An offer which
remains continuously enforceable for a
certain period of time.

24. LEGAL RULES FOR OFFER
 Offer must be given with an intention to
create a legal relationship.(Balfour Vs.
Balfour)
 Offer must be definite.(Taylor Vs. Portington)
 There is a clear cut difference between offer,
invitation to offer, invitation to sale. (Harris
Vs. Nickerson)
 Offer must be communicated. (Fitch Vs.
Snedkar)
 Mere statement of price of price is not an
offer.(Harvey Vs. Facey)

26. ACCEPTANCE

27. ACCEPTANCE
According to sec.2(b), when a
person made a proposal to
another to whom proposal is
made, if proposal is assented
there to, it is called acceptance.

28. LEGAL RULES FOR ACCEPTANCE
• Acceptance must be given as per
the mode prescribed by the offerer.
• Acceptance must be given before
the lapse of time or within
reasonable time.
• Acceptance must be unconditional.
• Acceptance may be given by any
person in case of general offer.

29. • Acceptance may be given by any
specific person in case of specific offer.
• Acceptance must be communicated.
(Bordgon Vs. Metropolitan Rly. Co.)
• Mental acceptance is no acceptance
or acceptance must not be derived from
silence.
• Acceptance must not be precedent to
offer.

30. CONSIDERATION

31. According to sec 2(d) consideration is defined as
“when at the desire of the promisor , or promisee
or any other person has done or abstained from
doing or does or abstains from doing ,or
promises to do or to abstain from doing ,
something , such an act or absinence or promise
is called a consideration for the promise .
CONSIDERATION
When a party to an agreement promises to do
something he must get “something” in return.
This “something” is defined as consideration.

32. LEGAL RULES AS TO CONSIDERATION
1)It must move at the desire of the promisor.
[Durga Prasad v. Baldeo ]
2)It may move by the promisee .
[Chinnaya v. Ramayya ]
3)It must be past, present or future .
4)It need not be adequate .
5)It must be real .
6)It must not be illegal , immoral or opposed
to public policy .

33. STRANGER TO CONTRACT
It is general rule of contract that only
parties to contract can sue & be sued on
that contract . This rule is known as
‘Doctrine of privity’ i.e relationship between
the parties to contract .
Exceptions
1)A trust or a charge .
2)Marriage settlement , partition or other
family arrangements .
3)Estoppel
4)Assignment of contract .
5)Contract with agent .
6)Convenants running with land .

34. Contract without consideration is
void – Exceptions
Love & affection . [Venkataswamy v. Rangaswamy]
Compensation for voluntary service .
Promise to pay a time – barred debt .
Completed gift .
Agency sec (185) .
Charity .
Contract of bailment sec(148 ) .

35. No consideration no contract
 [Abdul Aziz v. Masum Ali]
 [Kedarnath v. Gauri Mohamed ]

36. CAPACITY TO
CONTRCT

37. Capacity to contract
Following are the condition for a person to
enter into contract-
 He must be major
 He must be sound mind
 He must not be disqualified by any other
law.

38. Disqualified persons to enter
into a contract
a) Minor
b) unsound person
c)others
i.e alien enemy,
insolvent,
convict,
company/corporationagainst MOA / AOA .

39. Minor
According to Indian majority act sec(3)
minor is defined as any person under the
age of 18 years . In the following cases a
person is said to be minor if he does not
complete the age of 21 years
a) any person under the guardian & wards
act ,1890
b)any person which comes under
superintendence of law/legal representative

40. Rules governing minors agreement
 Rule 1 : Judges are counsellors ,
jury is the servant ,
law is the guardian .
 Rule 2: In case minor entered into a
contract which is unlawful , illegal ,
immoral he is also prosecutable &
punishable under the relevant law.

41. Legal rules
 An agreement with minor is void
ab initio
[Mohiri Bibi v. Dharmadas Ghase]
 Minor can be promisee
[Shrafat Ali v. Noor Mohd]
 Minor cannot ratify his agreement
on attaining the age of majority
[Indra Ramaswamy v. Anthiappa
Chettier]

42.  Minor as a shareholder ,
 Minor as a partner,
 Minor as a agent ,
 Minor as a member of trade union ,
 No estoppel against minor ,
 He can plead his minority ,
 He can enter into contract for his
necessary
[Robert v. Gray ]
 On behalf of minor his parents ,
guardian or any other person can enter
into void contract to acquire movable
property.

43. Unsound person
 According to sec(12) a person
generally sound , occasionally
unsound can enter into a contract
when he of sound mind
 A person generally unsound
occasionally sound can enter onto
contract when he is sound mind .

44. Persons of unsound mind
1)Lunatic ,
2)Idiots ,
3)Drunken or intoxicated persons.

45. THANK
YOU

46. YOUSUF KHAN
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