1. The complementary sequence in the
standard 5’ 3’ notation for GATCAA
is _______
• TTGATC

2. List at least 3 non-covalent
interactions in the biomolecules
• van der Waals
• Hydrogen bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrophobic interactions

3. Explain the hydrophobic interactions
• Hydrophobic interactions minimize
interactions of non-polar components with
aqueous solvent.

4. How are proteins separated by
electrophoresis?
• The separation of proteins is done by
charge. pH is kept higher then the
isoelectric pH (pI). So, the proteins will
have negative charge and so the proteins
will move towards the positive electrode.

5. Explain the definition of domain of proteins.
• FFuunnddaammeennttaall ffuunnccttiioonnaall && tthhrreeee
ddiimmeennssiioonnaall ssttrruuccttuurraall uunniittss ooff pprrootteeiinnss..

6. What is the function of chaperones in
protein folding? List at least one role.
• AAssssiisstt ffoollddiinngg
• PPrrootteecctt aggregation
• SSoommee ttiimmeess kkeeeepp pprrootteeiinn uunnffoollddeedd uunnttiill
ssyynntthheessiiss iiss ccoommpplleettee..

7. Explain the difference between reversible denaturation and
irreversible denaturation of proteins.
• Some proteins can refold upon removal of
denaturant. Other can’t refold upon the removal
of denaturant.

8. Molecules contain both a positive and a
negative charged functional group is
called _____
• zwitterion

9. Hemoglobin is an allosteric protein that
can exist in two states: R (relaxed) and
T (taut). ____ state binds oxygen
tighter.
• R (relaxed)

10. The change in oxygen affinity with pH is known as
the Bohr effect. Hemoglobin oxygen affinity is ____
(increased/decreased) as the acidity increases.
• Reduced or decreased

11. Proteins that recognize and bind to a
particular antigen with very high
specificity belong to a group of serum
proteins called ______.
• Immunoglobulins or antibodies

12. What is the shape of the oxygen hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
How does the shape of the curve relate to
the cooperative binding of O2?
• Sigmoid or sigmoidal curve
• The small change of oxygen partial
pressure results in a greater change of
the hemoglobin binding affinity to oxygen.

13. How does the shape of oxygen–hemoglobin
dissociation curve influence loading of
oxygen at the lung and unloading of oxygen
at the tissue level?
• There are a high oxygen partial pressure
in the lung and a low oxygen partial
pressure in the other tissues. At high
oxygen pressure, the hemoglobin tends to
be saturated with oxygen while, at low
oxygen pressure hemoglobin tends to
unload all the oxygen molecules.

14. List at least 3 factors that influence the
binding of hemoglobin to oxygen.
• carbon dioxide or CO2
• pH or acidity
• Oxidative state of Fe in the heme group
• 2,3-DPG or 2,3-BPG
• Carbon monoxide or CO

15. _____ are long polymers of nucleotides.
• Nucleic acids

16. The maximal UV absorbance of nucleic
acids and proteins are at the wavelength of
___ nm and ___ nm, respectively.
• 260, 280

17. The sugar groups in the nucleic acids are
___ (D/L) ribose while the residues in the
protein are ___ (D/L) amino acids.
• D, L

18. Polymer of nucleotides linked in a
direction from ribose carbon ___ (3’/5’)
to carbon ___ (3’/5’) by ______bonds.
• 5’, 3’, phosphodiester

19. List at least 3 types of RNA molecules
in the biological system.
• ribosomal RNA or rRNA
• messenger RNA or mRNA
• transfer RNA or tRNA
• microRNA or miRNA
• small RNA or siRNA
• long non-coding RNA
• short non-coding RNA

20. Besides hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen
bonding, and electrostatic interactions,
nucleic acids have one more type of
noncovalent interaction that is called ____.
• Stacking interactions or base stacking
(interactions between stacked bases)

21. What is DNA melting temperature?
• the temperature at which a DNA double
helix dissociates into single strands

22. What is the purpose of using the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) in diagnosis or research?
• to rapidly amplify sequences of DNA

23. In the nucleosome, DNA wrapped
around an octamer protein complex that
are called ____.
• histone

24. DNA binding proteins bind DNA in two ways:
sequence-specific binding and non-sequence
specific binding. Please list two example of non-sequence
specific binding proteins.
• Single-stranded nucleic acid binding
proteins (SSB)
• Exonucleases, RNase, or DNase
• RNA polymerases or DNA polymerases
• Topoisomerases

25. Define the enzyme active site.
• The active site of an enzyme represents
as the small region at which the substrate
(s) binds and participates in the catalysis

26. Feedback Inhibition is a type of allosteric
regulation for enzyme. When does feedback
inhibition occur?
• This occurs when an end-product of a
pathway accumulates as the metabolic
demand for it declines.