Lecture1 a gen physiology

Introduction to GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY and CELL PHYSIOLOGY Lecture No. 1

General Physiology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What is General Physiology? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Let’s start with Homeostasis! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How does homoestasis take place?

Blood Calcium levels ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Temperature Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Homeostasis & Feedback Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Negative Feedback ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What is the Donnan Equilibrium? ,[object Object],[object Object]

What are some of the apparatus used in Physiology? Kymograph

MRI & Spirometer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Coulter Counter, Oscilloscope & Ergograph ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

HEMODIALYSIS MACHINE ,[object Object],[object Object]

Audiometer, Tuning Fork & Rubber mallet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Functions of organelles ,[object Object]

Golgi complex ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Secretory Pathway in a Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endoplasmic reticulum ,[object Object],[object Object]

Lysosomes ,[object Object],[object Object]

Microfilaments This is a flourescence digital image of a fibroblast showing actin cytoskeletal network .

Microfilaments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

The Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Heterochromatin – forms the condensed or coiled parts of the chromosomes (metabolically inert) Euchromatin – forms the dispersed or extended parts of the chromosomes (metabolically active)

The Genetic Code ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nucleotides ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Types of RNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Translation and Transcription ,[object Object],[object Object]

History of the Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Plasma Membrane is made of Phospholipids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Plasma Membrane Models ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Which membrane model is correct? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fluid-Mosaic Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Structure of the Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Proteins of the Plasma Membrane Provide 6 Membrane Functions: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1) Transport Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object]

2) Receptor Proteins ,[object Object]

3) Enzymatic Proteins ,[object Object]

4) Cell Recognition Proteins ,[object Object]

5) Attachment Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

6) Intercellular Junction Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How do materials move into and out of the cell?

Plasma Membrane Transport ,[object Object],Passive Transport Active Transport

What are three types of passive transport? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Passive Transport ATP energy is not needed to move the molecules through.

Passive Transport 1: Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],DIFFUSION

What is Diffusion? ,[object Object],[object Object],http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif

What molecules pass through the plasma membrane by diffusion ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why is diffusion important to cells and humans? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Passive Transport 2 : Facilitated Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],FACILITATED DIFFUSION

What is Facilitated Diffusion? ,[object Object]

What molecules move through the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How do molecules move through the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Specific Types of Facilitated Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why is facilitated diffusion important to cells and humans? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Passive Transport 3: Osmosis ,[object Object],[object Object],OSMOSIS

What is Osmosis ? ,[object Object]

Osmosis in action ,[object Object],[object Object]

Why is osmosis important to cells and humans? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Osmosis and Tonicity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Isotonic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hypotonic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hypertonic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Review: Passive Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Review Tonicity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What are three types of Active transport? Active Transport ATP energy is required to move the molecules through.

Active Transport ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Importance of Active Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Sodium-Potassium Pump ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpumA.gif

The Role of the Na +- K + Pump ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Active Transport 2 : Exocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object]

Active Transport 3 : Endocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Phagocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Pinocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object]

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Endocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

SURFACE TENSION IS THE TENDENCY FOR A LIQUID TO CONTRACT AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ITS POSSESION OF FREE ENERGY, SINCE APPROACH TO EQUILIBRIUM IS ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY A DIMINUTION OF FREE ENERGY . We’ve all played with it- water drops being added one at a time, until that one drop breaks the surface and the water spills out.

IT IS HARD TO BELIEVE THAT H-BONDS AND SURFACE TENSION ARE ENOUGH TO KEEP THE VOLUME OF WATER THAT IS IN THESE BEADS STUCK TO THE PLANT

What are biologic activities which can be best explained in terms of surface tension? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

DIALYSIS is the separation of the more diffusible from the less diffusible

Types of Cell Junctions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Tight Junctions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Desmosomes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Gap Junctions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Plasmodesmata ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Cell Junctions ,[object Object]

What are the factors which influence diffusion? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Events During an Action Potential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Next Meeting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lecture1 a gen physiology

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Lecture1 a gen physiology