"Health care services" means the furnishing of medicine, medical or surgical treatment, nursing, hospital service, dental service, optometrical service, complementary health services or any or all of the enumerated services or any other necessary services of like character, whether or not contingent upon sickness

1. HEALTH CARE AGENCIES AND THEIR ROLES
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
The World health organization is a specialised ,non-political health agency ofthe united nations,with
head quarters at Geneva. In 1946,the constitution drafted by the “Technical preparatory committee”under
the chairmanship of Rene Sand . The constitution came into force on 7th
April 1948 which is celebrated
every year as world health day.
Objectives ofWHO:The main objective of WHO is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest level of
health”which is set out in the preamble of the constitution.
The Preamble of the constitution states:
 Health is a state ofcomplete physical,mental and social well being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.
 The enjoyment ofthe highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of
every human beingwithout didtinction of race,religion,politica;l belief,e conomic and social
condition.
 The health of all people is fundamental to attainment ofpeace and security and is dependant
upon the fullest cooperation of the individuals and the states.
 The achievement ofany state in the promotion and protection ofhealth is value to all.
The WHO is a unique UN specialized agencies in that it has it’s own constitution,own governing
bodies,own membership and own budget.
Membership:
 Membership of the WHO is open to all countries.most of the members of both the UN
and the WHO.
 Territories which are not responsible for the conduct of their relations may be admitted
as Associate members.Associate members participate without vote in deliberations of the
WHO.
 Each member contributes yearly to the budget and each is entitled to the services and aid
the organization can provide.
Work of WHO;
1. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC DISEASES
2. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SERVICES
3. FAMILY HEALTH
4. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
5. HEALTH STATISTICS
6. BIO-MEDICAL RESEARCH
7. HEALTH LITERATURE AND INFORMATION
8. COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANISATION

2. STRUCTURE:
WHO consists of three principal organs:
1) The World Health Assembly
2) The Executive Board
3) The Secretariat
Functions:
I. To determine international health policy and programmes
II. To review the work of the past year.
III. To approve the budget of the following year.
IV. To approve the budget needed for the following year.
V. To elect Member states to designate a person to serve for three years on the executive
board and to replace the retiring members
Other functions
1) Division of epidemiological surveillance and health situation and trend adjustment.
2) Division of communicable diseases.
3) Division of vector biology and control
4) Division of environmental health
5) Division of public information and education for health division of public information for
health
6) Division of mental health
7) Division of diagnostic,therapeutic and rehabilitative technology.
8) Division of strenghthening of health services.
9) Division of family health
10) Division of non-communicable diseases
11) Division of health-manpower development
12) Division of information systems support
13) Division of personnel and general services
14) Division of budget and finance
Regions:
WHO regional organizations are as follows:

3. Sr.no Region Headquarters
1. South-East Asia New Delhi(India)
2. Africa Harare(Zimbabwe)
3. The Americas Washington D.C(U.S.A)
4. Europe Copenhagen(Denmark)
5. Eastern Mediterranean Alexandria(Egypt)
6. Western Pacific Manila(Philippines)
The South-East Asia Region (SEARO)-WHO
1) Bangladesh
2) Bhutan
3) India
4) Indonesia
5) Korea(Democratic people’s Republiv)
6) Maldives Islands
7) Myanmar
8) Nepal
9) Sri Lanka
10) Thailand
Activities carried out by WHO in SEARO region:
1) Malaria eradication
2) Tuberculosis control
3) Control of other communicable diseases
4) Health laboratory services and other communicable diseases
5) Health statistics
6) Maternal and child health
7) Nursing
8) Health education
9) Nutrition
10) Mental health
11) Dental health
12) Medical rehabilitation
13) Quality control of drugs and medical education

4. UNICEF
The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund is a United Nations program headquartered in New
York City that provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in
developing countries.
 UNICEF is one of the specialized agencies of United Nations established in the year 1946
to rehabilitate children in war ravaged countries.
 UNICEF’s regional office is present at New Delhi,also known as South Central Asian
Region.It consists of the following regions:
1) Sri Lanka
2) India
3) Maldives
4) Mongolia
5) Nepal
 UNICEF is governed by a thirty nation executive board.
 Headquarters is at United Nations,New York.
 UNICEF works in close collaboration with WHO,UNDP,FAO and UNESCO in
combating problems like malaria, tuberculosis and venereal diseases.
 It’s assistance to countries covered varied fields such as maternal and child health and
environmental sanitation.
The Executive Board
 The Executive Board is the governing body of UNICEF.
 It is responsible for providing inter-governmental support to and supervision of the
activities of UNICEF, in accordance with the overall policy guidance of the General
Assembly and the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.
 The Board meets three times each year, in a first regular (January), annual (June) and
second regular session (September).
The Board, like the governing bodies of other United Nations funds and programmes (UNDP,
UNFPA and WFP), is subject to the authority of the Council. Its role is to:
 Implement the policies formulated by the Assembly and the coordination and guidance
received from the Council
 Receive information from and give guidance to the Executive Director on the work of
UNICEF
 Ensure that the activities and operational strategies of UNICEF are consistent with the
overall policy guidance set forth by the Assembly and the Council
 Monitor the performance of UNICEF
 Approve programmes, including country programmes
 Decide on administrative and financial plans and budgets
 Recommend new initiatives to the Council and, through the Council, to the assembly as
necessary
 Encourage and examine new programme initiatives and
 Submit annual reports to the Council in its substantive session, which could include
recommendations, where appropriate, for improvement of field-level coordination.

5. The Board has 36 members, elected for a three-year term with the following regional allocation
of seats.
Funding
UNICEF is funded primarily by voluntary contributions from governmental and non-
governmental organizations.Donations from the private sector also fund this organization.
Current Events
The 2000 Millennium Summit established 8 goals, referred to as the Millennium Development
Goals (MDG). At this summit, over 150 heads of state came together at the UN to talk about
ways of eliminating poverty, ensuring equal human rights to all people and new goals for the
new millennium.
The goals include:
1) The eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
2) Achieving universal primary education
3) Promoting gender equality and empowering women,
4) Reducing child mortality
5) Improving maternal health
6) Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,
7) Ensuring environmental sustainability
8) Developing a global partnership for development for the new millennium.
Services provided by UNICEF:
1) Child health
i. UNICEF has provided substantial aid for the production of vaccines and sera in amny
countries
ii. UNICEF has supported the BCG programme in india since its inception
iii. UNICEF has helped in the erection of a pencillin plant near Pune
iv. UNICEF assists in environmental sanitation programmes
v. UNICEF has been providing primary health care to mother and children through services
like immunization,infant and young child care.
2)Child Nutrition
 UNICEF gives high priority to child nutrition
 In the aid to provide nutrition to the children UNICEF started up with provision of
supplementary feeding,development of low cost protein mixtures.
 In collaboration with FAO,the UNICEF also started applied nutrition programmes
through channels like community development,agricultural extension, schools and health
services
 UNICEF has also provided equipments to dairy plants in various parts of
India(Maharashtra, Gujrat,Karnataka,Uttarpradesh, West-Bengal,Andhrapradesh)
 It provides specific nutrition for intervention against nutritional diseases,viz.provision of
large doses of vitamin A in areas where xeropthalmia is prevalent;enrichment of areas
with salt rich iodine
 Provision of iron and folate supplements

6.  UNICEF collaborates with FAO and WHO for the development of national food and
nutritional policies.
3)Family and child Welfare
 Their main purpose is to care for children both within their and outside their homes
 These include a varied number of services i.e parent education,day care centres,child
welfare and youth agencies and women’s clubs
 These projects are carried as a part of health, nutrition and education.
1) Education-Formal and non-formal
 In collaboration with UNESCO,UNICEF is assisting India in the expansion and
improvent of teaching science in India.
 It provides science laboratory equipment, workshop tools, library books, audiovisual aids
to educational institutions.
 UNICEF is providing a campaign known as GOBI which encourages 4 stratergies for
“child health revolution”:
i. G - Growth charts to better monitor child development
ii. O - Oral rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydrate
iii. B - Breast Feeding
iv. I - Immunization against measles,diphtheria,polio,pertusis,tetanus and
tuberculosis.
 UNICEF has been participating in Urban Basic Services(UBS) to upgrade basic services
i. Health
ii. Nutrition
iii. Water supply
iv. Sanitation and education
UNDP
 United Nations Development Programme was established in the year 1966.It is the main
source of funds for technical assistance.
 The member countries ,both the rich and the poor meet annually and pledge contributions to the
UNDP.
 The main objective is to help poorer nations develop their human and natural resources more
fully.The UNDP projects cover virtually evry economic and social sector-
agriculture,industry,education and science,health,social welfare.

7. World leaders have pledged to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including the overarching
goal of cutting poverty in half by 2015. UNDP's network links and coordinates global and national efforts
to reach these Goals.
Their focus is helping countries build and share solutions to the challenges of:
 Democratic Governance
 Poverty Reduction
 Crisis Prevention and Recovery
 Environment and Energy
 HIV/AIDS
FAO
The food and agriculture organization(FAO) was formed in the year 1945 with
headquarters in Rome.
It was United Nations organization specialized agency created to look after several areas of
world co-operation.
The cheif aims of FAO are as follows;
1)to help nations raise living standards.
2)to improve the nutritional status of people of all countries.
3)to increase the efficiency of farming,forestry anfdfisheries.
4)to better the condition of rural people and better the opportunity of productive work
Activities of FAO:
FAO's activities comprise four main areas:
1)Putting information within reach
FAO serves as a knowledge network. We use the expertise of our staff - agronomists, foresters,
fisheries and livestock specialists, nutritionists, social scientists, economists, statisticians and
other professionals - to collect, analyse and disseminate data that aid development. A million
times a month, someone visits the FAO Internet site to consult a technical document or read
about our work with farmers. We also publish hundreds of newsletters, reports and books,
distribute several magazines, create numerous CD-ROMS and host dozens of electronic fora.
2)Sharing policy expertise

8. FAO lends its years of experience to member countries in devising agricultural policy,
supporting planning, drafting effective legislation and creating national strategies to achieve rural
development and hunger alleviation goals.
3)Providing a meeting place for nations
On any given day, dozens of policy-makers and experts from around the globe convene at
headquarters or in our field offices to forge agreements on major food and agriculture issues. As
a neutral forum, FAO provides the setting where rich and poor nations can come together to
build common understanding.
4)Bringing knowledge to the field Our breadth of knowledge is put to the test in thousands of
field projects throughout the world. FAO mobilizes and manages millions of dollars provided by
industrialized countries, development banks and other sources to make sure the projects achieve
their goals. FAO provides the technical know-how and in a few cases is a limited source of
funds. In crisis situations, we work side-by-side with the World Food Programme and other
humanitarian agencies to protect rural livelihoods and help people rebuild their lives.
ILO
In 1919,the International league of nations was established as an affiliate
of league of nations to improve working and living conditions of the working
population allover the world:
The purposes of ILO are as follows:
1) To contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting social
justice.
2) To improve through international action ,labor conditions, and living
standards.
3) To improve economic and social stability
 The international labour code is a collection of international minimum
standards related to health,welfare,living and working conditions of
workers all over the world.
 The ILO provides also assistance to organizations interested in the
betterment of living and employment standards.
 There is a close collaboration between ILO and WHO in the field of
health and labor.
 The headquarters of ILO is in Geneva,Switzerland
USAID
The United States Agency for International Development is the United States Government agency which
is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid.
The US government extentds aid to India through three agencies:
1)United agency for International development
2)the public law 480 programme
3)the US import bank.

9. The USAID was created in the year 1961.it is being administered by the
technical cooperative mission
The US government is assisting in a number of projects designed to improve the
health of Indian people.
1)Malaria eradication
2)Medical education
3)Nursing education
4)Health education
5)Water supply and sanitation
6)Control of communicable diseases
7)Nutrition
8)Family planning
COLOMBO PLAN
 At a meeting of the common wealth foreign ministers at Colombo in
January Colombo in January 1950, a programme was drawn up for
cooperative economic development in South Asia and South-East Asia.
 Membership comprises 20 developing countries within the region and 6
non-regional members- Australia, Canada, Japan, New-Zealand, UK and
USA.
 The bulk of Colombo plan assistance goes into industrial and agricultural
development.
 Colombo plan has been useful in providing Cobalt therapy units to
medical institutions in India.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER AGENCIES
ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION

 Rockfeller foundation is a philanthropic organization chartered in
1913 and endowed by Mr.John .D rockfeller.
 It’s purpose is to promote the wellbeing of mankind throughout the
world.In it’s yearly years the foundation was actively chiefly in
public health.the work of the Rockfeller foundation in india began in
1920 with a skill for control of hookworm infection with the Madras
presidency.

10.  The foundation’s programmes included the training of competent
teachers and research workers, training abroad of candidates from
India through fellowships and travel grants.
 The sponsoring of visits of a large number of medical specialists
from the USA,providing grants in aid to selected
institutions.development of medical libraries,population studies,
assistance to research projects and institutions, (eg.National institute
of virology at Pune).
 At present the foundation is directing it’s support to the improvement
of agriculture, family planning and rural training centres as well as
to medical education.
Ford Foundation
The Ford foundation has been active in the development of rural health
services and family planning.
The ford foundation has helped in the following projects:
1)Orientation training centres at Singoor,Poonamallaietc
2)Research cum action projects.these projects were aimed at improving
environmental sanitation problems(eg:Designing and construction of
anitary latrines in rural area.
3)Pilot project in rural health services,Gandhigram(tamilnad u).Among
arural population of 100,000 which provide auseful model for health
administrator in the country.
4)Establishment of NIHAE:In the last few years the ford foundation has
supported the national support institute of health administration and
education at Delhi.
5)Calcutta water supply and drainage Scheme
6)Ford foundation Supports Family planning for research in reproductive
biology.
International Red Cross
The red cross is anon-political and non-official international humanitarian
organization devoted to the service of mankind in peace and war.It was
founded by Henrary Dunant,A young swiss businessman in the year 1859.
The first Geneva convention took place in 1864 and atreaty was signed for
the relief of the wounded and sick of the armies in the fie ld.Thus came into
being the International committee of red cross(ICRC).An independent,
neutral institution,the founder organization of the red cross.
Role of Red cross:
1)It was largely confined to the victims of the war.
2)mainly it tries to involve itself into activities like first aid in case of war
like situations,mch services

11. 3)lately it has tried to extend it’s research in Disaster management and has
designed emergency protocols.
CARE FOUNDATION
 The abbreviation when extended is “Co-operative for assistance and
relief everywhere” last founded in North America in the wake of the
second world war in the year 1945.
 It is on of the world’s largest independent,non -profit,non-sectarian
international relief and development organistaion.CARE provides
enmergency aid and long term development assistance.
 CARE began it’s operation in India in 1950, till the end of 1980’s in
India.
 The primary objectives of CARE in India was to provide food for
children in the age group of 6-11 years from mid 1980’s ,CARE-India
focused it’s food support in the ICDS programme and in
developments of programmes in areas of health and income
supplementation.
 It is helping in the following projects:Integrated nutrition and health
projects, better health and nutrition projects, anemia control
project,improving women’s health projects,improved health care for
adoloscent’s girls projects, child survival projects, Improving women’s
reproductive health and family spacing project,Konkan integrated
development project.
 CARE-India works in partnership with the government of india, state
Government, NGO’s etc.Currently it has projects in
Andhrapradesh,Bihar,MP,Maharashtra,O rissa and UP and West-Bengal.
Indian Red Cross Society
Indian Red cross society was Constituted under an Act of Indian Legislative council in 1920 it is
auxiliary to the state authorities and armed forces medical services as per statutes of the Red
Cross Red Crescent Movement.
Organisation/membership/activities
The National Headquarters of the Society is located at 1 Red Cross Road, New Delhi.
Recognised by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on 28th February 1929, it
was affiliated with the International Federation of the Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies (then
League) on 7th August 1929.
The President of India is the President of the Society.
Structure

12. At the national level, the management of affairs of the Society rests with the Managing Body
comprising of members elected by the Branch Committee, and members, including a Chairman,
nominated by the President of the Society. The Managing Body elects a Vice Chairman from
among themselves and appoints with the approval of the President of the Society a Treasurer and
a Secretary General. The Secretary General is the Chief Executive.
Branches
There are State/Union Territory/Regional/District and sub district branches numbering over 700
spread all over the country. The branches of the society are autonomous bodies with control
over their own finance though they work under the guidance of the National Headquarters on
questions relating to general policies and basic principles of the Red Cross. The National
Headquarters is the federal focal point among other things for the purposes of (a) the unity of the
organization, (b) guidance and assistance towards promotion and expansion of services, (c) co-
ordination of inter-state, national and international efforts; (d) dissemination and application of
humanitarian laws and fundamental principles of the Red Cross.
Activities
The activities of the Indian Red Cross may be broadly grouped under the following categories:
- Relief work during floods, famine, earthquake, epidemic etc.
- Training health visitors, nurses, dais and public health education
- Cooperation with the St. John Ambulance Association in the training of men and women in
First Aid, Home Nursing etc.
- Running a Home at Bangalore for disabled Ex-servicemen
- Welfare services in military hospitals
- Medical after-care of ex-service personnel
- Maternity & Child Welfare
- Junior Red Cross
- Voluntary Blood Donation
Membership
Members of the Red Cross make the backbone of the Organisation. The Indian Red Cross
Society has the following grades of members
Patron; Vice Patron; Life Member; Life Associate; Institutional Member; Annual Member;
Annual Associate.
The membership subscriptions range from Rs.10/- to Rs.20,000/-

13. Current trends and practices in Community health Nursing:
 The Millenium Development Goals 2008:
The eight Millennium Development Goals have been adopted by the international
community as a framework for the development activities of over 190 countries in ten
regions which was implemented by the United Nations.
 In addition the UN has set specific targets to be met within a specific time limit.
The Millenium development Goals:
Goal 1: Eradicate poverty and Hunger
Target: Halve between 1990 and2015,the proportion of whose income is less than 1$
per day.
Goal 2:Achieve universal primary education.
Target: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to
complete a full course of primary schooling.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all
levels of education no later than 2015.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target: Reduce by 2/3rds between 1990 and 2015, the under five mortality rate.
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target: Reduce by three quarters 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Goal 6: Combat HIV, Malaria and other diseases.
Target: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Goal 7: Ensure environmental stability
Target: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and
reverse the loss of environmental resources.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
system.

14. A hospital care team includes.
Attending physician( DOCTOR)
The attending physicianis the leader of team and has responsibility for all decisions made that affect
a person's care, including diagnosis, treatments, and supervisionof the remainder of the team.
Based on the problemthat brought the personto the hospital, the attending physicianmay be a
hospitalist (a doctor who is trained in internal medicine and worksonly with people who are
hospitalized) or a surgeon. In smaller communities, the person's primary care doctor may act as the
attending physician.
Residents, interns, and medical students (house staff)
Some hospitals are designated as teaching hospitals. That is, the hospital team includes medical
students who are at variousstages of educationand who are supervisedby the attending physician.
A resident or intern is a fully licenseddoctor who is engaged in further training after graduating from
medical school.
Although these team members are not attending physicians, they are oftenactive members of the
team.
Specialists
When people have complex or serious medical problems, the attending physician sometimes
requeststhat a specialist evaluate the person and recommend how to best diagnose and treat the
problems. For example, the specialist may be a doctor who is extensively trainedin the diagnosis and
treatment of disorders of the heart (cardiologist), kidneys(nephrologist), or cancer (oncologist). In
other cases, the specialist may be a surgeon who has particular expertise in one area, such as the
brain, spine, and nerves(neurosurgeon) or muscles, bones, and joints (orthopedic surgeon).
Registered nurses
People usually have more contact with the registered nurses (RNs) assigned to their care than any
other member of the team. RNs give drugs to people and monitor and evaluate their physicaland
emotional needs. When a person'scondition suddenly changes, RNs are often the first to detect the
change. RNs then report the change to the attending physician or house staff.
Licensed practical nurses
Licensed practicalnurses (LPNs) are supervisedby RNs and provide basic medical and nursing care.
For example, LPNs check bloodpressure, insert catheters, and help people bathe and dress. LPNs
also talk to people about their health care, answer their questions, and report how they are doing to
RNs and doctors.
Nurse practitioners and physician’s assistants
Nurse practitionersand physician’s assistants (PAs) work closely with the attending physicianto
coordinate a person's daily care. They also help with doing physicalexaminations and orderingdrugs
and treatments when people have more common or routine medical or surgical problems. Although
nurse practitionersand PAsare not doctors, they have advancedtraining in diagnosis and treatment.
Nurse practitionersand PAs are supervisedby doctors.

15. Patient care technicians
Traditionally callednurse’s aides, patient care technicianshelp nurses with people'scare. Their
duties may include
 Obtaining vital signs (measuring bloodpressure and temperature)
 Movingpeople to and from a bed or wheelchair
 Helping people with walking
 Providingitems for people'scomfort (such as pillows and blankets)
 Sometimes helping feedpeople who cannot feedthemselves
Physical therapists
Physicaltherapists evaluate and treat people who have difficulty functioning—for example, difficulty
walking, changing positions, or transferringfrom a bed to a chair. These problems may developor
worsen in the hospital because people have to stay in bed a long time ( bed rest), as may occur after
surgery, or because their disorder worsens.
Physicaltherapists assess people's strength, endurance, and coordinationand design brief in-
hospital exercise programsto help people functionbetter physically and become more independent.
Often, physicaltherapists help doctorsdetermine whether people are likely to be able to functionon
their own at home after they are discharged from the hospital or whether they may need help at
home or need to stay at a skilled nursing facility for additional physicaltherapy.
Occupational therapists
Occupationaltherapists assess people'sability to do their daily activities. These activitiesinclude
eating, dressing, grooming, bathing, using the toilet, cooking, and cleaning.
Occupationaltherapists can recommendstrategies and devicesto help people functionmore
independently.
Speech pathologists
These practitionersspecialize in evaluating and treating disordersthat interfere with swallowing
and/or communication. They also evaluate the thought processesinvolvedin communication.
Speechpathologists work closely withpeople who have had a stroke or who have another disorder
that interfereswith swallowing or communication. For example, if a stroke causes problemswith
swallowing, speechpathologists recommend that the person eat foodswith certain textures. They
also suggest ways to swallow that can prevent foodfromgoing into the lungs instead of the stomach.
Hospital pharmacists
Pharmacists specialize in how drugs work and interact with each other. Hospitals have pharmacists
on their staff who supervise the use of drugs in the hospital. If needed, hospital pharmacists teach
people how to safely and effectivelytake the drugs prescribedfor them. For example, pharmacists
may advise people to avoidspecific foodsthat interact with their prescribed drugs or teach people
how to inject drugs (such as insulin) at home.
Social workers
Socialworkersprovide support, information, and education. They helppeople prepare for discharge
from the hospital by identifyingand arranging helpful servicesthat can be providedin the home and
community. For example, they may refer people to a skilled nursing facility if people are not well
enough to return home and need ongoing care and therapy after discharge from the hospital. Social

16. workersalso coordinate certainhome health care needs, including a visiting nurse or physical
therapist and medical equipment such as wheelchairsand hospital beds.
Dietitians
Registereddietitians have specialized nutritional and medical training that helps them determine a
person's dietary needs and plan the person'smeals in and out of the hospital, as requested by the
attending physician. When planning meals, dieticians consider the person's personal, cultural, and
religious foodpreferences.
Certain medical conditions have very specific dietary requirements. For example, people with
diabetes need a low-sugar diet, and some people with kidney problems need a low-potassium diet.
Dieticians can advise people about which foodssatisfy these requirementsand which foodsthey
should avoid.
Interpreter services
For deaf or hard-of-hearing people and for people whose first language is not English, hospitals
provide an interpreter who has special skills in medical terminology. Sometimesthe interpreter is
present in person, and sometimes, the interpreter is available by telephone or video conference inthe
person's hospital room.
Other team members
Other staff members may be involvedina person's hospital care. They may include a radiologist and
radiology technician, a respiratory therapist for people with breathing problems, staff members to
help transport people within the hospital, clergy, and hospital volunteers.