2. “Every expression that has
meaning has sense,
but not every expression
has reference”
Almost, probable, and, if, and above
do not refer to a thing in the world,
but all have sense.
3. Please have a look at the sentences
below….!!!
Rupert took off his jacket
Rupert took his jacket off
I love you
Saya mencintai anda
Ich liebe Dich
The example above has the same sense
5. SENSE
DEFINITION:
• The sense of an expression is its place in a system
of semantic relationships with other expressions
in the language.
• E.g :
– Every house has got a main bedroom.
Intra – linguistic relations:
(between every and house; between main and
bedroom or between every house and has got ;
between has got and main bedroom)
6. One sentence
can have different senses too
Example :
The chicken is ready to eat
• The chicken is ready to be eaten
• The chicken is ready to eat
something
7. The same sense
in different languages.
Example:
• Pavement in British English and
Sidewalk in American English
• Good Morning
Guten Morgen
8. Sense and Proposition
• Sense is the general meaning or the concept underlying
the word. Sense can be a word, phrase and sentence.
• And proposition is the mind either way whether they
are true or false, we can know it can be true false by
thinking them or believing them.
• Example:
• My father is a prime minister.
• In the sentence above the proposition got from the
speaker can be true or false (it’s false; based on the fact,
her father is headmaster),
• while the sense of the sentence above are (1) father is a
male parent, (2) prime minister is a leader of the country.
9. Conclusion
Sense is meaning of word/ sentence/ phrase.
It is abstract. E.g. ‘I kick the ball.’ ‘ball’ in that
sentence is something which has round shape.
The sense of an expression is an abstraction,
but it is helpful to note that it is an abstraction
that can be entertained in the mind of
language user
10.
11. Think about this sentence!
• William Shakespeare lived in this
house.
– William Shakespeare indicates the person
– The house indicates a thing
By means of reference, a speaker indicates which
object/ thing (person, animal, things) in the world
are being talked about.
13. REFERENCE
• Reference is a relationship between part
of a language and particular thing outside the
language (in the world).
• Referent of a part of language ----thing or
people exist in the world. Even something or
someone that not exist but we believe they
are available.
14. Two different expressions
can have the same referent
• The morning star and the evening star
• The husband and wife and the lifetime couple.
• Bung Karno and the first president
• K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid and Gus Dur
15. One expression
can have many references
• Pak De Karwo is a governor
Pak De Karwo has reference
A governor has reference
16. Reference and Utterance
• Reference indicates things in the world which are being
talked by a speaker.
• And utterance is a single word or single phrase or
sentence that use by speaker before and after a silence
condition.
Example:
• ‘My inspiration woman in this world is my mother.’
• The whole sentence above is an utterance because it used
before and after silence part.
• The underline phrases is reference because it indicates to
thing (include person).
17.
18. REFERRING EXPRESSION
• A referring expression is any expression
used in an utteranceto refer to something or
someone (or, a clearlydelimitedcollectionof
things or people),i.e. used with particularreferent
in mind.
• Some expressionscan be used to refer or not,
depending on the kind of sentence they occurin.
19. Referring expression or not?
• Jacob in ‘Jacob kiss me’ is a referring expression
because the speaker has a particular person in
mindwhen he says ‘Jacob’.
• Jacob in ‘There’s no Jacob in this attendance list’ is
not a referring expression because the speaker
would not have a particular person in mind in
uttering the word.
20. The expressions such as:
She
John
My uncle
The girl sitting on the wall
A man
My parents
Can be possibly used as
referring expressions
However,
the expressions like:
And
Send
Under
Goes
Perhaps
Likely
Cannot be used as referring
expressions
21. The same expression can be a referring
expression or not, depending on the context
and on the circumstances of utterance.
• When a speaker says,
‘A man was in here looking for you last night’,
a man is used to refer to a particular man.
Therefore a man is a referring expression.
• But, when a speaker says,
’The first sign of monsoon is a cloud on the
horizon, no bigger than a man’s hand’,
a man is not used to refer to a particular man.
Therefore, a man is not a referring expression.
23. Two kinds of referring expressions:
Primary referring expressions (referring
directly to the referent)
e.g. a dog, your friend, Alwi Shihab, the flowers in that
basket, etc.
Secondary referring expressions
(referring indirectly to the referent and
determined only from primary referring
expressions in the context in which they are used)
e.g. he, the big ones, that one, etc.
(Kreidler, 1998: 130)
24. An Opaque context is a part of sentence
which could be made into a complete sentence by the
addition of a referring expression, but where the
though they refer to the same thing or person, in a
given situation, will yield sentences with DIFFERENT
meanings whenuttered ina given situation.
Opaque contexts typically involve a certain kind of
verb, like:
want, believe, think, feel, consider, wonder about.
Those verbs reflect the state of mind that is not clear.
25. ‘John thinks that Anisa is smart’
‘John thinks that the girl with glasses is smart’
The sentences are an ‘opaque context’.
Therefore the meaning of the two sentences is
unclear.
The girl with glasses may refer to Anisa, but
may also refer to somebody else.
26. An equative sentence is one which is used to
assert the identity of two referring expressions,
i.e. to assert that two referring expressions have
the same referent.
• Barack Obama is the president of USA
• Tokyo is the capital of Japan
• Java is the most densely-populated island in
Indonesia
27. • Miss. Evi is the lecturer of Semantics
• Miss. Evi is a lecturer of Semantics
• The first sentence is an equative sentence
because equative sentences can be false.
• The second sentence is not an equative
sentence because it does not state identity
of reference.
28. A feature of many equative sentences is that
the order of the two referring expressions can
be reversed without loss of acceptability.
For example:
• Java is the most densely-populated island
in Indonesia
• The most densely-populated island in
Indonesia is Java
