1. Education, Markets and
Globalisation
Presenter: Dr Muavia Gallie (PhD)
Lecture 1 - 4
Week 1: 8 - 12 February 2010
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Introduction
1. Group 1- Lectures on Monday (3&4) and Thursday (4&5);
2. Group 2 - Lectures on Monday (10), Tuesday (8) and Thursday
(8&9);
3. Lectures for six (6) weeks: 8-12 Feb, 15-19 Feb, 22-26 Feb, 1-
4 Mar, 8-12 Mar, and 15-18 Mar 2010;
4. Assignment (500 - 550 words) - Choose a topic on
Globalisation from within your field of specialisation - directives
- www.slideshare.net (LBL 880 Essay writing for students);
5. Design and produce an A3 poster on the assignment;
6. Work in groups of three (3) - produce your own work (different
topics) - read each other’s essay and make constructive
suggestions - final product must be marked out of 10 -
declaration - hand in on 8 March 2010 by 14h00;
7. Test on 4 March 2010, at 17h30 at Groenkloof, Exam in June. 2
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2. Lecture 1
1. Analysing “Why are all the UFO’s in America?”
2. What is Globalisation?
3. What are the threats and opportunities?
4. Who are the key players?
5. What is the impact on women?
6. Why should the focus be on ‘putting people
first’?
7. What are the trade union priorities?
8. Why should we respect the fundamental rights of
workers?
9. How do we achieve ‘fair trade’?
10. Conclusion 3
1.1 Why are all the UFO’s in America?
• In groups of 5, analyse the 5 main ideas of this article.
1. Dominant influence of America - sitcoms, fake accent, fads and fashion,
Coca-Cola, Microsoft, McDonalds;
2. What is wrong with it? Swamping other cultures, ideological messages, ‘all
about the best’;
3. “Global village” - eliminating ‘distance’, ‘no levelling of the playing field’,
‘totalitarian control’, military --> socio-economic products, factories across the
world (cheap labour and lax environmental regulations);
4. Cocooning of trade unions and farmers (anti-communists) - but subsidising
agriculture and other industries, developing countries can’t compete,
examples from Nigeria, South Africa, New Zealand;
5. Emerging world (80% vote in UN, but 38% in IMF), use Western nations
using WTO, they will always be ‘ahead’, use technology (Microsoft), thinking
(bottle water), bio-patents, etc. 4
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3. 1.2 What is Globalisation?
• Process of transforming (transcending) local or
regional into global;
• Local communities become a single global
community/society;
• At economic, technological, socio-cultural and
political levels;
• Integration of national economics into international
economy through trade, foreign direct investment,
capital flows, migration and spread of technology;
• Continuing development of communication and
transport technology;
• Deregulation and liberalisation;
• Privatisation of public sector services. 5
1.3 What are the threats and
opportunities of Globalisation?
Potential to generate wealth and improve living standards;
Provide products, skills and resources to global markets.
Χ Increased gap between rich and poor (1960 - 30:1, 1990 -
60:1, 2000 - 75:1) - focus mainly on ‘business interest’;
Χ Social and political implication - exclusion of large sections
of the world’s population, unemployment, growing wage
and income disparities (Sub-Saharan Africa 0.7%,
Industrialised countries 2%);
Χ Limited ‘local choice’ in economic policy and corporate
behaviour. 6
3

4. 1.4 Who are the key players?
• Multinational enterprises -
businesses;
• World Trade Organisation (WTO) -
international trade agreements;
• World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) - loans and
technical assistance;
• National governments - outcomes
of globalisation.
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1.5 What is the Impact of Globalisation
on women?
• Impact on men and women is different;
• Women in developing countries suffer
disproportionately when public service are cut
back;
• Girls are more likely to be withdrawn from
school;
• Trade policies entrench traditional inferior
roles assign to women;
• Young women now working in poor and
dangerous conditions.
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4

5. 1.6 Why should the focus be on
‘putting people first’?
• Globalisation must support the
fundamental human rights and
sustainable development, and
generate prosperity for ordinary
poor people;
• Otherwise, it will lead to further
marginalisation and
impoverishment.
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1.7 What are the trade union priorities?
• To convince governments and employers to
assume the responsibilities of globalisation;
• Campaigns at both national and international
levels for strong and effective regulation;
• TUC is pressing for: debt relief, increased aid, fair
trade terms, protection for public services, access
to essential medicines, capacity building and
assistance with international trade negotiations,
reform of the WTO, World Bank, IMF to ensure
greater transparency and democracy within their
operations.
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6. 1.8 Why should we respect the
fundamental rights of workers?
• Ensure core labour standards - crucial to the
empowerment of people;
• Freedom of association, right to effective
collective bargaining, freedom from forced
and child labour, freedom from discrimination
are basic human rights;
• Need for coordination between WTO and
International Labour Organisation (ILO).
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1.9 How do we achieve ‘fair trade’?
• Ensure that producers in poor countries get a
fair deal;
• Fair price for their goods, long term contracts
with real security, and support the knowledge
and skills that they need to develop their
businesses and increase sales;
• Empower consumers to use their purchasing
power in favour of the poor (Buy proudly
South Africa);
• Support small-scale producers to compete
with multi-nationals.
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7. 1.10 Conclusion
• Give me the names of the countries of the world.
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Africa 2000 Languages
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8. Lecture 2
1. Definitions of Globalisation;
2. History of globalisation;
3. Modern globalisation;
4. Measuring globalisation;
5. Conclusion.
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2.1 Defining Globalisation
• Charles Taze Russel (1897) - ‘corporation giants’;
• United Nations:
- Economic context = reduction and removal of barriers between national
borders i.o.t to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labour;
• Saskia Sassen - “globalisation consists of an enormous variety of micro-
processes that begin to denationalise what had been constructed as
national - whether policies, capital, political subjectivities, urban space,
temporal frames, and any other of a variety of dynamics and domains.”;
• Tom Palmer - “elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges
across borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global
system of production and exchanges that has emerged as a results”;
• Thomas L. Friedman - “flattening” of the world;
• Noam Chomsky - neoliberal form of economic globalisation;
• Herman E. Daly - internationalisations;
• Takis Fotopoulos - “opening and deregulation of commodity, capital16 and
labour markets …”
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9. 2.2 History of Globalisation
• Gunder Frank - in existence since rise of trade links between Sumer and the Indus
Valley Civilisation in the third millennium B.C.;
• Hellenistic Age - commercialised urban centers were focused around the axis of Greek
culture from India to Spain;
• Roman Empire, Parthian Empire and Han Dynasty - development of the Silk Road in
Western China to boundaries of Parthian Empire, towards Rome;
• Islamic Golden Age - when Jewish and Muslim traders and explorers established a
sustained economy across the Old World i.t.o. crops, trade, knowledge and technology;
• Mongol Empire - travellers and missionaries such as Marco Polo’s journey;
• Age of Discovery - Eurasia and Africa in cultural, material and biological exchange with
the New World (1495);
• Portuguese establishing factories from Africa to Asia and Brazil (16th century);
• British East India Company founded in 1600;
• British conquest of India (19th century) - European exports;
• Gold standard crisis and Great Depression of late 1920s and early 1930s;
• USA and Europe (middle 20th century) - export ‘mass media’;
• Late 2000 - 45% of global wealth destroyed in less than 1.5 years;
• Now China is world’s largest exporter, surpassing Germany. 17
2.3 Modern Globalisation
• World War II - attempt by politicians to break down borders
hampering trade to increase prosperity and interdependence
thereby decreasing the change of future war;
• Bretton Woods conference - framework for international
commerce and finance;
• Founding of international institutions to oversee the
processes - World Bank, GATT, WTO (promotion of free
trade - 7 areas: elimination of tariffs; reduce transport cost;
reduce capital controls; reduce subsidies for local
businesses; create subsidies for global corporations;
harmonise intellectual property laws; supra-national
recognition of intellectual property restrictions);
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10. 2.4 Measuring Globalisation
• Four main economic flows:
- goods and services;
- labour/people;
- capital;
- technology
• KOF Index of Globalisation:
- economic (Singapore);
- social (Switzerland);
- political (France);
• Most globalised country in 2009 is Belgium;
• Indicate South Africa’s ratings!!
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2.5 Conclusion - Index
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11. Globalisation Index Economic Globalisation Social Globalisation Political Globalisation
Globalisation Index 2
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Globalisation Index Economic Globalisation Social Globalisation Political Globalisation
Globalisation Index 3
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12. Globalisation Index Economic Globalisation Social Globalisation Political Globalisation
Globalisation Index 4
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Globalisation Index Economic Globalisation Social Globalisation Political Globalisation
Globalisation Index 5
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13. Globalisation Index Economic Globalisation Social Globalisation Political Globalisation
Globalisation Index 6
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Globalisation Index Economic Globalisation Social Globalisation Political Globalisation
Globalisation Index 7
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14. Globalisation Video - 7.23 min
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Lecture 3
1.Effects of
globalisation;
2.Pro-globalisation
(globalism);
3.Conclusion.
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15. 3.1.1 Effects of Globalisation
• Industrial – emergence of worldwide
production markets and broader access
of foreign products for consumers and
companies;
• Financial – emergence of worldwide
markets and better access to external
financing from borrowers;
• Economic – realisation of a global
common market, base on freedom of
exchange of goods and capital.
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3.1.2 Effects of Globalisation
• Health policy – under the demand of Structural
Adjustment Programmes (SAP), health system are
fragmented and privatised;
• Political – creation of a world government which
regulates the relationship among governments and
guarantees the right arising from social and
economic globalisation;
• Information – increase information flows between
geographically remote locations with the advent of
fibre optic communications, satellites, and increase
in availability of telephone and Internet.
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16. 3.1.3 Effects of Globalisation
• Language – most popular language is
Mandarin (845 million), Spanish (329 million)
and English (328 million) – 35% mail, 40% radio
and 50% Internet in English;
• Competition – survival calls for improved
productivity and increased competition;
• Ecological – this challenge might be solved
with international cooperation, such as climate
change, cross boundary water and air pollution,
over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of
invasive species.
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3.1.4 Effects of Globalisation
• Cultural – growth of cross-cultural contacts;
spread of multi-culturalism (Hollywood,
Bollywood, Nollywood);
• Social – development of system of non-
governmental organisations as main agents
of global public policy;
• Technical – global information system,
telecommunication infrastructure and
greater trans-border data flow such as
Internet, communication satellites, wireless
telephones.
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17. 3.1.5 Effects of Globalisation
• Legal/Ethical – creation of international
criminal court and justice movements;
crime importation and raising awareness
of global crime-fighting efforts and
cooperation; emergence of global
administrative law;
• Religious – spread and increased inter-
relations of various religious groups, ideas
and practices and their ideas of the
meaning and values of particular spaces.
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3.1.7 Cultural effects
• Culture = patterns of human activity and symbols
that give these activities significance;
• What people eat, how they dress, beliefs they
hold, and activities they practice;
• Example: Food
- Someone in America can be eating Japanese
noodles for lunch while someone in Sydney,
Australia is eating classic Italian meatballs;
- India is known for its curry and exotic spices;
- France is known for its cheeses;
- America is known for its burgers and fries;
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18. 3.1.6 Negative Effects
• Globalisation is one of the most hotly debated topic in
international economics over past few years;
• Concern that it has increased inequality and environmental
degradation;
• Midwestern USA - reduced competitive edge in industry and
agriculture, lowering the quality of life;
• Flow of information, goods, capital and people has helped spread
some of deadliest infectious diseases known to humans;
• Opportunities in richer countries - brain drain;
• 2000 - 1% richest people owned 40% global assets;
• 2001 - 46.4% people in sub-Saharan Africa living in extreme
poverty;
• Nearly half of all Indian children are under-nourished;
• At present rate, tropical rainforest in Indonesia logged out in 10
years, 13-16 years in Papua New Guinea;
• 50% more energy, food and water required by 2030. 35
3.1.7 Sweatshops
• Foreign businesses take advantage of the
lower wage rate in poor countries;
• Sweatshops are widely used by sports shoe
manufacturers (Nike);
• Employees agree to low wages - if labour laws
alter and stricter rules, they close down and
relocate to other nations;
• Focus on anti-sweatshop campaigns and
education;
• USA - Decent Working Conditions and Fair
Competition Act - no child labour, no forced
labour. 36
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19. 3.2 Pro-Globalisation (Globalism)
• Supporters claim it increases economic
prosperity and opportunity;
• Enhances civil liberties and more efficient
allocation of resources;
• Leads to lower prices, more employment,
higher output and higher living standards in
developing countries;
• Higher degree of political and economic
freedom;
• Spread of liberty and capitalism.
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Sweatshop Video
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20. Lecture 4
1.Anti-globalisation;
2.International social
forums;
3.Conclusion.
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4.1.1 Anti-Globalisation
• Process or actions taken by a state or
its people in order to demonstrate its
sovereignty and practice democratic
decision making;
• Maintain barriers to international
transfer of people, goods and beliefs;
• Single or umbrella movements;
• They look at both damage of planet and
perceived human cost.
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21. 4.1.2 Anti-Globalisation
• Critics argue that:
- Poorer countries suffering
disadvantages;
- Exploitation of foreign impoverished
workers;
- Shifts to oursourcing;
- Weak labour unions;
- increase exploitation of child labour.
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4.1.3 Anti-Globalisation
Distribution of world GDP 1989
Quintile of Population Income
Richest 20% 82.7%
Second 20% 11.7%
Third 20% 2.3%
Fourth 205 2.4%
Poorest 20% 0.2% 42
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22. 4.2 International social forums
• World Social Forum (WSF)
- European;
- Asian;
- Africa.
• First WSF in 2001 in Brazil under
slogan “Another World is Possible”
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WSF Video 1
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23. WSF Video 2
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Contact details:
• E-mail: muavia@mweb.co.za;
– Or muavia.gallie@mweb.co.za;
• Fax: 0866720520
• Powerpoint website: www.slideshare.net
Thank You! 46
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