herb intro and lobelia

3. : Tender ‫لين‬ parts of
the plant axis ex. Leaves, flowers
and fruits. also includes the whole
plant.

4. Annual
(monocarpic):
lives for one
season or one
year and dies.
No reserve food
e.g.
Umbelliferae.
Biennial (Bicarpic):
lives for two seasons
but not for more
than two years.
Reserve food
present. e.g. Digitalis
and Sugar beet.
Perennial
(polycarpic):
lives for more
than two years
or indefinitely.
e.g. Belladonna
and Citrus.

5. part of the plant which carries the
leaves and other plant organs.
 It has nodes ‫عقده‬and internodes.

6. Shapes
Kinds
Branching
Direction
of Growth
Surface
Fracture

7. cylindrical Ribbed ‫مضلع‬
or with furrows
triangular
tetragonal or
Quadrangular
flattened winged

8. Green, soft,
readily broken and it dies at the season end
(lack or very little cambium).
Thick and fleshy
(storage of water).

9. When the stem is hardy due to
large xylary elements and cork.
When the stem is small
in size, woody at the base and herbaceous
above. e.g. Thyme

10. stem is
woody, larger than suffrutiose and freely
branching near the ground. (i.e. the plant
being a shrub). ex. Lichen, “thallophytic
plant like”.
large nodes and hollow
internodes e.g. Gramineae.

11. a prostrate ‫ساجد‬
branch at the ground level giving new plant.
Creeping stems with short internodes
(runners) e.g. Strawberry long thick
internodes (stolons) e.g. licorice
Like runner but the branches
arise and grow below the ground e.g.
Mentha, Rose.

12. weak stem and attaches to a support by
tendrils, hooks or by adventitious roots…e.g.
Pepper, Hops.
When the stem attaches itself to a support
by winding ‫لف‬ around it as in Convolvulus.

13. 2- Axillary or lateral:
branches develop
from lateral buds in
the axil of the leaves
Monopodial: main
axis continues
growing lateral
branches which do
not exceed it in
length.
Sympodial: main
axis stop growing,
lateral branches
grow rapidly to
exceed the main
axis. e.g. Datura

14.  1- Ascending: upward as in climbers, e.g. Convolvulus.
 2- Reclining ‫مستلق‬ (diffuse): first upward and it bends upon
the ground spreading in all directions. Rasberry
 3- Procumbent ‫منبطح‬ or prostrate: lying wholly upon the ground,
e.g. Ephedra.
 4- Decumbent: prostrate but with branches turning upwards at
ends. e.g. Uva ursi.
 5- Repent ‫متسلل‬ (creeping): prostrate with roots at the nodes.
e.g. Strawberry.

15. Shapes Colour
Nodes and
internodes
Phyllotaxis
Surface
Fracture
Odour
and Taste

16. Collateral ‫جانبي‬
cambium →
Open
(dicotyledons).
no cambium →
Closed
(mocotyledons).
Bicollateral Vasoconcentric
no cambium
Amphivasal
no cambium
Radial

17.  T.S. in Young (herbaceous) stem of Dicotyledons
[ Vascular bundle is Open ]
 1- Epidermis: with cuticle, stomata and hairs
 2- Cortex: Parenchyma, Collenchyma and
endodermis: inner most layer of cortex.
 3- Pericycle: parenchyma, collenchyma, fibers,
sclereids.
 4- Vascular bundles: Cambium: Responsible for
2ry thickening giving 2ry phloem outside and 2ry
xylem inside. Phloem Xylem: Vessels ( Spiral,
annular, pitted. Fibers and wood parenchyma)
 5- Pith: parenchyma.
 Stele: All tissues inside the endoderm.

18. vascular bundles growth, other
tissues are mostly crushed,
formation of cork cambium and
development of the periderm,
including the cork and
phelloderm.

19.  monocotyledons, large number of closed vascular bundles scattered
irregularly in the ground tissue and the endodermis is almost lacking, larg
stele and almost absent Cortex in monocotyledons which narrow in
dicotyledons,.

20. Enjoy your study and always keep smiling like Eucalyptus T.S.

21. Official
Herbs
1- Lobelia
2- Peppermint
3- Thyme
4- Solanaceous
Stramonium
Egyptian
Henbane
Belladonna
Unofficial
Herbs
1- Cannabis-
Indian Hemp
2- Catharanthus
3- Ephedra
4- Cymbopogon
5- Lemon Grass
6- Broom Tops
7- Savin Tops
Thallophyta
(lower plants)
I– Algae.
1- Fucus
2- Laminaria
3- Carragen
II- Fungi.
1- Ergot
2- Yeast
3- Penicillium
4- Mushroom
5-
Mycotoxins
III- Lichenes.
Iceland
Moss

22. Herbs
chemotaxonomy
Herbs Containing
Alkaloids
1- Lobelia
2- Solanaceous Herbs
Stramonium
Egyptian Henbane
Belladonna
3- Catharanthus (Vinca)
4- Ephedra
5- Broom Tops
Herbs Containing
Volatile oil
1- Peppermint
2- Thyme
3- Cymbopogon
(Half Bar)
4- Lemon Grass
5- Savin Tops
Herbs Containing Resins
Cannabis- Indian Hemp

24. The dried aerial parts of
Lobelia inflata Linne Fam.
Campanulaceae, collected at the
end of the flowering stage.

25. It is used by North American
Indians as domestic medicine
as a cigarette for asthma.

26. annual herb, 40-60 cm.
- Odour: slight irritant.
- Taste: at first slight but subsequently burning
and acrid ‫الذع‬.
Color: Green to yellowish; usually large purplish
patches.
Shape: Angular, irregularly furrowed with narrow
wings.
Surface and Touch: Hairy on the upper parts,
glabrous on the lower

27. alternate green, with scattered stiff
hairs especially the margin and
veins.
 Lower leaves, oblong, petiolate.
Upper leaves smaller, oval to
lanceolate, sessile.
 Margin, irregularly crenate.

28.  short pedicel, arranged in long
racemes.
Calyx tubular pale blue with 5 linear
teeth
corolla, tubular, bilabiate.
Stamens, with blue anthers united
above, forming a curved tube
enclosing the bifid stigma.
Ovary is inferior, bilocular,
bicarpellary.

29.  inflated capsule, dehiscing by 2 pores
at the summit, ovoid, light brown,
inferior, crowned by the remains of the
calyx, with 10-ribbed membranous
pericarp.
Internally, it’s bilocular containing
numerous seeds.
Minute, oval oblong, reddish-brown,
with fine reticulations.

31. Microscopical characters

32. Color: green to dark green
Odor: slight irritant
Taste: at first slight but subsequently
burning and acrid.

33. Stiff hair
Long, non-glandular hair
(conical, unicellular and
covered with warty
cuticle)
laticiferous vessels
isolated by caustic potash
seed coat brown, thick
walled lignified epidermal
cells

34. Fragments of stem and leaves
showing beaded papillosed
epidermal cells, anomocytic
stomata and hairs.
Woody fibres
Xylem vessels

35. Active Constituents:
1- 0.3-0.4% alkaloids, mainly lobeline, lobelanine,
lobelanidine and isolobelanidine.
2- a colourless Crystalline neutral principals (inflatin) and
lobelic acid.
3- Not acrid but Pungent volatile oil and resin.
Chemical test:
Extract with acidulated water----- filter---- add few drops of
Mayer’s reagent -------- a whitish turbidity.

36. Uses
1- Lobelia has a nicotine like action, so its used in breaking
of smoking habit.

37. 2- Lobeline relaxes the bronchial muscle end thus dilates
the bronchioles. It is given in spasmodic asthma and in the
dysnea of chronic bronchitis
3- as expectorant and in treatment of cough
4- In large doses it produces vomiting and may cause
collapse through medullary paralysis.
Contraindications:
Lobelia alkaloids are excreted in milk should not be
administered by pregnant or nursing mothers.

38. Substitutes:
Indian Lobelia: (Lobelia nicotianifolia)
 it is a biennial or perennial herb.
 the leaves and stems are larger than the American plant.
 the hairs are smaller and less numerous with more
thickened walls.
 It’s used as respiratory stimulant and antispasmodic, its
infusion is used as antiseptic.

39. Weed
‫الزروع‬ ‫يتلف‬ ‫ضار‬ ‫عشب‬
‫او‬
‫في‬ ‫يلف‬ ‫ما‬ ‫كل‬
‫سيجاره‬
Funny comic and story
‫الماريجوانا‬
‫بيسموها‬
‫خس‬
‫الشيطان‬
‫بس‬
‫الخس‬
‫الروماني‬
‫تسبب‬
‫في‬
‫عدد‬
‫من‬
‫الوفيات‬
‫في‬
‫دوله‬
‫من‬
‫ما‬
‫تقريبا‬
‫امريكا‬
‫بس‬
‫بب‬
‫ميكروبات‬
‫كانت‬
‫فيه‬
‫انا‬
‫شيطان‬
‫بس‬
‫انت‬
‫ابليس‬
‫وانت‬
‫االستاذ‬
‫وانا‬
‫التلميذ‬
‫عشان‬
‫كدا‬
‫البانجو‬
‫ممكن‬
‫يقول‬
‫للخس‬
‫ايه‬
‫؟؟‬
‫؟‬