Comparative police system2015

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
College of Criminology

PINSP ANTHONY A MONDEJAR, MS Crim
The University of Manila,
College of Criminology, Review Director/ Director for Discipline
Guest Lecturer, Criminology Board Review
Faculty Member, The University of Manila
3rd place Criminology Board Exam (March 2001)
6th place Criminal Investigation & Detective Development Course (February 2007)
1st place NAPOLCOM Police Officer Exam (April 2008)
4th place PNP Competitive Exam for Lateral Entry (July 2011)
10th place Public Safety Officers Basic Course Cl 2011 (November 2012)
“To teach is to touch lives forever.”

Course Syllabus
• Effects of Globalization to Police Service
• The Changing Role and Nature of the Police
• Effects of Globalization
• Transnational Crimes
Terrorism
Drug Trafficking
Money Laundering
Human Trafficking
Cyber Crimes

• Selected Police Models
Japan Police System
Singapore Police System
Police System of other ASEAN Countries
Australian Federal Police
US and other European Models
Programs of Select Police Models
Application to the Philippine Setting

• Bilateral and International Cooperation of
Transnational Crime
UN Convention Against Transnational Crimes
Role of ASEANAPOL
PNP Agreements with ASEAN Police
Organizations

• The Role of INTERPOL
Organizational Setup
Functions and Programs
Role in Anti-Transnational Crime
Criminal Intelligence Analysis
• Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions
Selection and Qualifications
Terms of Deployment

INTRODUCTION
• Policing is one of the most important functions
undertaken by the every sovereign government.
• For the state machinery, police is an inevitable
organ which would ensure maintenance of law
and order, and also the first link in the criminal
justice system.
• On the other hand, for common man, police force
is a symbol of brute force of authority and at the
same time, the protector from crime.

• Police men get a corporate identity from the
uniform they wear; the common man
identifies, distinguishes and awes him on
account of the same uniform.
• The police systems across the world have
developed on a socio cultural background, and
for this reason alone huge differences exist
between these police systems.
• Policing mainly rests on either of the two
broad principles: (1) Policing by consent and
(2) Policing by law.

Comparative Research
• Comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb
which denotes the degree or by which a person or
thing has a quality greater or less in extent than that of
another, and is used in this context with a
subordinating conjunction.
• Comparative is using comparison as a method of study,
or founded on something using it.
• Comparative research, simply is the act of comparing
two or more things with a view to discovering
something about one or all of the things being
compared.
• This technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one
study.

There are three practical reasons we should
compare systems of and issue in criminal justice.
• to benefit from experience of others;
• to broaden our understanding of different
cultures and approaches to problems; and
• To help us deal with the many
transnational crime problems that plague
our world today.

Globalization
• The rapid development of the western culture
that affects other cultures in the world as
brought by intellectual and technological
advances, in which some crimes occurring in
other countries are attributed.
• The term can also refer to the transnational
circulation of ideas, languages, or popular
culture through acculturation.
• is a package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas, and
authority.

Threats on law enforcement
• Some threats brought about by globalization
are:
– Increasing volume of human rights violations
evident by genocide or mass killing
– The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security
– Conflict between nations
– Transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc

Opportunities for law enforcement
• While globalization brings the threats and many
other threats to law enforcement, opportunities
like the following are carried:
– Creation of International tribunals to deal with human
rights problems
– Humanitarian interventions that can promote
universal norms and link them to the enforcement
power of states
– Transnational professional network and cooperation
against transnational crimes
– Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions
across transnational issues

Styles of Policing
• Watchman- Emphasizes maintaining order,
usually found in communities with a declining
industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed
ethnic/racial population.
• Legalistic- Emphasizes law enforcement and
professionalism.
• Service- Emphasizes the service functions of
police work, usually found in suburban,
middle-class communities where residents
demand individual treatment.

Crime Control Model
• is based on the presumption that the
repression of criminal behavior is the most
important aspect of police duty and therefore
should be given priority.
• This approach has been rationalized in the
past by the assumption that inconvenience or
harassment of innocent people can be
justified by the fact that police are fighting
crime

DUE PROCESS MODEL
• When due process is the primary object
of policing, police policy is that is far
better than 100 guilty men escape justice
rather than one innocent person be
convicted.

THEORIES IN POLICING
• Continental = is the theory of police service which
maintains that police officers are servants of higher
authorities. This theory prevails in the continental
countries like France, Italy and Spain.
• Home Rule = the theory of police service which states
that police officers are servants of the community or
the people. This theory prevails in England and United
States. It is also the police service which prevails in
country with decentralized form of government. This
is likewise the police service theory that should
prevail in the Philippines based on the existing laws,
concepts and principles.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
• a crime perpetuated by organized criminal
groups which the aim of committing one or
more serious crimes or offenses in order to
obtain directly or indirectly, a financial or
other material benefits committed through
crossing of borders or jurisdictions.

Transnational or Borderless crime
• According to the United Nations Convention of
Transnational Organized Crime, an offense is
transnational if it:
• Is committed in more than one state;
• Is committed in one state but a substantial part of its
preparation, planning, direction or control takes place
in another state;
• Is committed in one state but involves organized crime
group that engages in criminal activities in more than
one state; or
• Is committed in one state but has subs effects in
another state.

• On September 11, 2001,
nineteen men affiliated
with al-Qaeda hijacked
four commercial
passenger jet airliners,
crashing two of them
into the World Trade
Center in New York City
and one into the
Pentagon.
• As a result of the attacks,
the World Trade Center's
twin towers completely
collapsed, and 2,973
victims and the 19
hijackers died.

• In November 2004, a United Nations
Secretary General report described
terrorism:
• as any act intended to cause death or serious
bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants
with the purpose of intimidating a
population or compelling a government or an
international organization to do or abstain
from doing any act.

4 Key Elements of Terrorism
• Terrorism is premeditated
• It is political
• It is aimed at civilians
• It is carried out by sub – national groups

OCG DISTINGUISHED FROM TERRORISM:
• Organized crime groups are motivated by
-money
• Terrorists are motivated by
-ideology

TERRORIST MAY USE
• weapons of mass destruction
• threats to create fear
• traditional weapons

Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD)
• is a term used to describe a massive weapon
with the capacity to indiscriminately kill large
numbers of people.
• NBC – Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
Weapons

Nuclear Weapons
Kill…
Destroy…
Contaminate…

Biological Weapons
ANTHRAX
VIRUS

Chemical Weapons
Japanese Dooms
Day
(20 March 1995):
Aum Shinrikyo
Cult Subway Sarin
Attack

United States Department of
Homeland Security
• Agency overview
• Formed: November 25, 2002; 12 years ago
• Jurisdiction: United States
• Headquarters: Nebraska Avenue Complex Washington, D.C., U.S.
Employees: 240,000
• Annual budget: US$60.8 billion (FY 2013)
• Agency executive: Jeh Johnson, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security

• The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a
cabinet department of the United States federal
government, first proposed by the U.S. Commission on
National Security/21st Century in January 2001 and
expedited in response to the September 11 attacks.
• The Department of Homeland Security is charged with
the primary responsibilities of protecting the United
States and its territories from and responding to
terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural
disasters.
• The Department of Homeland Security is equivalent to
the Interior ministries of other countries. In fiscal year
2011, DHS was allocated a budget of $98.8 billion and
spent, net, $66.4 billion.

THE HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007
REPUBLIC ACT 9372
• Policy (Sec. 2)
• Protect life, liberty and property from acts of
terrorism;
• Condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to
the national security of the country and to the
welfare of the people
• Make terrorism a crime against the Filipino
people, against humanity and against the law of
nations
• the law took effect on 15 july 2007

Terrorism (Sec. 3)
Three-part definition:
• predicate act,
• results/consequences and
• objective

Predicate acts
• Piracy and mutiny on high seas(Art. 122)
• Rebellion or insurrection (Art. 134)
• Coup d’etat (Art. 134-A)
• Murder (Art. 248)
• Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention (Art. 267)
• Arson (Art. 324*; PD 1613)
• RA No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law)
• PD No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti- Highway Robbery
Law of 1974)
• PD No. 1866 as amended by RA 8294 & 10592(Illegal
Possession of Firearms and Ammunition)

Results/Consequences
• thereby sowing and creating a
condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among
the populace

Objective
• in order to coerce the
government to give in to an
unlawful demand

Penalty
• 40 years of imprisonment
without the benefit of parole

Period of Detention Without Judicial
Warrant of Arrest
• within a period of three (3) days counted from
the moment the said charged or suspected
person has been apprehended.
• Note: fine of Php 500,000.00 per day of
unlawful detention of innocent person.

Anti Terrorism Council
• CHAIRPERSON: EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
• VICE-CHAIRPERSON: SECRETARY OF JUSTICE
• MEMBERS:
 SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
 SECRETARY OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 SECRETARY OF FINANCE
 NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER
note: anti-terrorism council shall implement the human
security act and assume the responsibility for the proper and
effective implementation of the anti-terrorism policy of the
country.

TYPES OF TERRORISM
• DOMESTIC/NATIONAL TERRORISM
based and operate entirely within a certain
country.
• TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM
terrorist groups who operate across national
borders, whose actions and political aspirations
may affect individuals of more than one
nationality.
• INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
foreign based and is directed against a
country by countries or groups outside that
country.

STRATEGIES OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATION
• Bombing
• Hijacking
• Kidnapping
• Assassination
• Hostage taking
• Arson
• Ambush

Al-Qaeda
• translation: "The Base”
• is a global militant Sunni Islamist group
founded by Osama bin Laden sometime
between August 1988 and late 1989.
• It operates as a network comprising both a
multinational, stateless army and a radical
Sunni Muslim movement calling for global
Jihad.

Hezbollah
• Hezbollah (Arabic: ‫حزب‬‫هللا‬ ḥizbu-llāh(i),
literally "Party of God") is a Shi'a Muslim
militant group and political party based in
Lebanon.
• Hezbollah first emerged in response to the
1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, during
the Lebanese civil war.

• Hezbollah Leader
Hassan Nasrallah
Founded 1982 – 1985
(officially)
• Ideology Shia
Islamism Religion
Shia Islam
• Official colours
Yellow, Green

Jemaah Islamiah
• (Arabic: ‫الجماعة‬‫اإلسالمية‬ , meaning "Islamic
Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI),
• is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization
dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah
Islamiyah (regional Islamic caliphate) in Southeast
Asia incorporating Indonesia, Malaysia, the
southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei.
• JI was added to the United Nations 1267
Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked
to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002
under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.

• The JI was formally founded
on January 1, 1993, by JI
leaders, Abu Bakar Bashir and
Abdullah Sungkar while
hiding in Malaysia from the
persecution of the Suharto
government.
• After the fall of the Suharto
regime in 1998, both men
returned to Indonesia where
JI gained a terrorist edge
when one of its founders, the
late Abdullah Sungkar,
established contact with
Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda
network.

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(ISIS)
• Status : Rebel group controlling territory
• Largest city: Mosul, Iraq
• Government: Caliphate (self-declared)
• Caliph (self-declared): Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi,
"Caliph Ibrahim"
• Field Commander:Abu Omar al-Shishani
• Formation: 8 April 2013
• Declaration of caliphate:29 June 2014

Abu Sayyaf Group
• Abu Sayyaf , ASG, Filipino: Grupong Abu Sayyaf)
also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of
several military Islamist separatist groups based
in and around the southern Philippines, where for
almost 30 years various Muslim groups have been
engaged in an insurgency for an independent
province in the country.
• The name of the group is derived from the Arabic
‫ابو‬, abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("Swordsmith").
The group calls itself "Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyya" or
the "Islamic Movement".

Boko Haram
("Western education is forbidden"),
• Active: 2002–present
• Ideology : Sunni Islamic fundamentalism
• Leaders: Abubakar Shekau ;Mohammed Yusuf †
• Area of operations: Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger and Chad
• Strength: Up to 9,000+
• Opponents: Nigeria, Cameroon

Taliban
• Active: 1994–1996 (militia) 1996–2001 (government)
2004–present (insurgency)
• Ideology: Deobandi fundamentalism Pashtunwali
• Groups: Pashtuns
• Leaders: Mullah Mohammed Omar
• Headquarters: Kandahar (1996-2001)
• Area of operations: Afghanistan and northwest
Pakistan
• Strength: 45,000 (2001 est.) 60,000 (2014 est.)

HAMAS
• Founder: Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, Abdel Aziz al-
Rantissi and Mahmoud Zahar
• Founded: 1987
• Preceded by: Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood
• Headquarters: Gaza, Palestinian territories
Doha, Qatar (residence of Hamas chairman)
• Ideology Palestinian self-determination Sunni
Islamism,
Islamic fundamentalism, Palestinian nationalism
• Religion: Islam

Drug Trafficking
• A report said the global drug trade generated
an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2005.
• With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the
same year, the illegal drug trade may be
estimated as slightly less than 1% of total
global commerce.
• Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread
globally.

• Illicit drug trafficking in the Philippines
remains difficult to bring to a halt due to new
modus operandi and the involvement of
persons of authority.
• Although there are measures to combat illicit
drug syndicates, statistics show that this is still
an alarming predicament in the country.
• Since 2010, drug syndicates established small-
scale laboratories and kitchen-type
clandestine laboratories to lower the risk of
detection of shabu production.

 PDEA was created upon enactment of RA 9165 in 2002
THE PHILIPPINE ANTI-DRUG EFFORTS
 Signed June 7, 2002
 Published June 19, 2002
 Took effect July 4, 2002

Creation of …
The new Dangerous Drugs Board
(DDB) as the policy and strategy
formulating body.
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
(PDEA) as its implementing arm.
REORGANIZATION OF PHILIPPINE
DRUG ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

 A law enforcement
agency
 Lead agency on the
government’s anti-drug
campaign
 Responsible for efficient
and effective law
enforcement of all
provisions on any
dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and
essential chemicals
THE PHILIPPINE DRUG
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

PREVALENCE OF DRUG ABUSE
In 1972, there were only about 20,000 drug users in the country
almost all of them concentrated in Metro-Manila. Marijuana was
the preferred drug of abuse.
1972

1972
1999
1.8 M regular users and 1.6 M occasional users. 1.2 M
represent the youth.

1972
1999
1.8 M regular users and 1.6 M occasional users. 1.2 M
represent the youth.
The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)
estimates that there are about 6.8M users
all over the country.
20041 in every 29 Filipinos
aged 10 – 44 is on drugs

1. Shabu – mostly abused by classes C, D, & E
2. Marijuana – prevalent in schools & slum areas
3. Cocaine – popular users: classes A & B
4. Ecstacy – rampant in bars, house parties
Drug Trafficking Trends:

What is Money Laundering?
A crime whereby the proceeds of
specified unlawful activities are
transacted, making them appear to have
originated from legitimate sources
(Section 4, AMLA, as amended).
• It is common to refer to money legally
obtained as “clean”, and money illegally
obtained as “dirty”.

• Unlawful activity;
• “Proceeds”;
• Transaction or attempt to transact
• Knowledge
ELEMENTS

• Money laundering occurs over a period of
three steps:
• the first involves the physical distribution of
the cash (“placement”),
• the second involves carrying out complex
financial transactions in order to camouflage
the illegal source (“layering”), and
• the final step entails acquiring wealth
generated from the transactions of the illicit
funds (“integration”).

•Unlawful activity’ refers to any act or omission or series
or combination thereof involving or having direct relation
to the following:
1. Kidnapping for ransom
2. Drug Trafficking and other violations of the Comprehensive
3. Graft and Corrupt Practices / Plunder
3. Robbery and Extortion
4. Jueteng and Masiao
5. Piracy on the high seas/ inland waters
8. Qualified Theft under Art. 310, RPC
9. Swindling under Art. 315, RPC
10. Smuggling under RA 455 & 1937
11. Violations of Electronic Commerce Act
12. “Acts of Terrorism”

RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194
• This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Money
Laundering Act of 2001."
• Creation of Anti-Money Laundering Council
(AMLC). – The Anti-Money Laundering Council is
hereby created and shall be composed of the
Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas as
chairman, the Commissioner of the Insurance
Commission and the Chairman of the Securities
and Exchange Commission as members.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9208
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
• Qualified Trafficking in Persons. - The following are
considered as qualified trafficking:
• (a) When the trafficked person is a child;
• (b) When the adoption is for the purpose of
prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced
labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
• (c) When the crime is committed by a syndicate, or in
large scale. Trafficking is deemed committed by a
syndicate if carried out by a group of three (3) or more
persons conspiring or confederating with one another.
It is deemed committed in large scale if committed
against three (3) or more persons, individually or as a
group;

• (d) When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling,
guardian or a person who exercises authority over the
trafficked person or when the offense is committed by
a public officer or employee;
• (e) When the trafficked person is recruited to engage in
prostitution with any member of the military or law
enforcement agencies;
• (f) When the offender is a member of the military or
law enforcement agencies; and
• (g) When by reason or on occasion of the act of
trafficking in persons, the offended party dies,
becomes insane, suffers mutilation or is afflicted with
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

are synonymously referred to as computer crimes, which are
characterized by hacking or unauthorized access to computer
systems or networks, or forcibly taking over a computer network
to destroy the system or data, modify data and programs, and
stealing information that can cause disruption to the network for
personal gain or political reasons.

WHAT IS CYBER CRIME?
IN SHORT:
CYBER CRIME is any crime where –
• Computer is a target.
• Computer is a tool of a crime.
• Computer is incidental to a crime.

Types of Cyber Crime
• HACKING
• SOFTWARE PIRACY
• ONLINE GAMBLING
• PORNOGRAPHY
• CREDIT CARD FRAUD/SKIMMING
• E-MAIL THREAT/ EXTORTION
• PHISING
• CYBERSTALKING/HARASSMENT
• CYBER DEFAMATION
• CYBER TERRORISM
• MONEY LAUNDERING
• ONLINE SCAM

•The transnational character of computer
crimes creates new challenges for the law.
•More than any other international crime,
the speed, mobility, flexibility, significance
and value of transactions in and for which
cyber crimes are committed profoundly
challenge the existing rules of international
criminal law.
•The Philippines passed the Cybercrime
Prevention Act Republic Act No. 10175.

Republic Act No. 8792
• This Act shall be known as the “Electronic
Commerce Act”.
• Addressee refers to a person who is intended
by the originator to receive the electronic data
message or electronic document.
• The term does not include a person acting as
an intermediary with respect to that
electronic data message or electronic
document.

• Electronic Data message refers to information
generated, sent, received or stored by electronic,
optical or similar means.
• Information and communication system refers to
a system intended for and capable of generating,
sending, receiving, storing or otherwise
processing electronic data messages or electronic
documents and includes the computer or in
which data is recorded or stored and any
procedures related to the recording or storage of
electronic data message or electronic document.

THE UN CONVENTION AGAINST
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
• The Convention represents a major step forward in the
fight against transnational organized crime and
signifies the recognition of UN Member States that this
is a serious and growing problem that can only be
solved through close international cooperation.
• The Convention, concluded at the 10th session of the
Ad Hoc Committee established by the General
Assembly to deal with this problem, is a legally binding
instrument committing States that ratify it to taking a
series of measures against transnational organized
crime.

The following are channels of global bilateral
and multilateral international cooperation
against transnational crime:
• Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
• Bilateral police cooperation agreements with
individual states;
• European multilateral cooperation via
Europol.

International Criminal Police
Organization – INTERPOL

International Criminal Police
Organization
Interpol (1923) is the police forces
organization that primarily
manifest global or international
cooperation in addressing
transnational crime. Its
headquarters was initially located
in Vienna Austria (it is where
Interpol was founded) but at
present it is transferred to Lyon
France.

The Role of INTERPOL
• INTERPOL is the world’s largest international
police organization, with 188 member countries.
• It exists to help create a safer world by supporting
law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat
crime.
• It aims to facilitate international police co-
operation, and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose
mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.

INTERPOL’ s Structure
• General Assembly
• Executive Committee
• General Secretariat
• National Central Bureaus
• Advisers
• The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.

• Ronald K. Noble = the current
Secretary General of the General
Secretariat serving a second term.
• The current President of
INTERPOL is Mrs Mireille
Ballestrazzi

Strategic priorities
• Secure global communication network
• 24/7 support to policing and law
enforcement
• Capacity building
• Assisting member countries in the
identification of crimes and criminals

The seven types of notices and their objectives
Red Notice
To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of
wanted persons with a view to extradition.
Yellow Notice
To help locate missing persons, often minors
Blue Notice
To collect additional information about a person’s
identity or activities in relation to a crime.

Black Notice
To seek information on unidentified bodies
Green Notice
To provide warnings and intelligence about persons
who have committed criminal offences and are likely
to repeat these crimes in other countries.
Purple Notice
To provide information on modus operandi,
procedures, and hiding places used by criminals.
To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process
representing a serious and imminent threat to public
safety.

The United Nations
• The United Nations is an international
organization whose aims include promoting and
facilitating cooperation in international law,
international security, economic development,
social progress, human rights, civil rights, civil
liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the
achievement of lasting world peace.
• The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II
to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars
between countries, and to provide a platform for
dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary
organizations to carry out its missions.

• At its founding, the
UN had 51 member
states; as of 2011,
there are 193.
• The UN's most
prominent position is
that of the office of
Secretary-General
which has been held
by Ban Ki-moon of
South Korea since
2007.

Six Principal Organs of UN
General Assembly (the main
deliberative assembly)
the Security Council (for
deciding certain resolutions
for peace and security)
the Economic and Social Council
(for assisting in promoting
international economic and social
cooperation and development)

the Secretariat (for providing
studies, information, and facilities
needed by the UN);
the International Court of
Justice (the primary judicial
organ);
UN Trusteeship Council
Was administering trust territories
(currently not active)

Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions
• Peacekeeping is defined
by the United Nations as
"a unique and dynamic
instrument developed by
the Organization as a way
to help countries torn by
conflict create the
conditions for lasting
peace“.

• Peacekeepers monitor and
observe peace processes in
post-conflict areas and assist
ex-combatants in implementing
the peace agreements they may
have signed.
• Accordingly UN peacekeepers
(often referred to as Blue Beret
because of their light blue
berets or helmets) can include
soldiers, police officers, and
civilian personnel.

The PNP's international deployments
are:
• CAMBODIA: 1992-93
♦United Nations Transitional Authority in
Cambodia (UNTAC)
• HAITI: 1994-95; 2004–present
♦Operation Uphold Democracy in Haïti -
International Police Monitors component
EAST TIMOR: 1999-2002
♦UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET)

Selection and Qualifications
Terms of Deployment
• COVERAGE of the UNSAT PreQualifying
• Examinations will be as follows:
• 1st Stage Written Examination
• (Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension,
Report Writing)
• 2nd Stage
• Driving Proficiency Test
• 3rd Stage Firing
• Proficiency Test.

QUALIFICATIONS
• Age Requirement
• All applicants must not be less than twenty
five (25) years old or more than Fifty three(53)
years old upon actual deployment.

Rank Requirement
• For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): Only
those with the rank of Police Senior Inspector,
Police Chief Inspector, or Police Superintendent
are allowed to apply.
• For Police Noncommissioned Officers (PNCOs):
Only those within the rank bracket of Police
Officer 3 to Senior Police Officer 4 are allowed to
apply.
• All applicants must have been appointed in
permanent status in their respective present
ranks.

Service Requirement
• All applicants must have attained a minimum of five
(5) years of active police service (excluding cadetship,
officer orientation/trainee course, and police basic
course) by the first day of the UNSAT examinations.

• Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent is
Police Director Rodolfo A Tor, who became the
first Filipino police commissioner of a UN
operation.
• In 2006, he was tasked to head the UN Integrated
Mission in Timor-Leste, one of the largest civilian
police operations established by the UN.
• The PNP Contingent's first female member was
noncommissioned Senior Police Officer 2 Ester A
Mardicas (deployed to East Timor in August
1999), while its first female police commissioned
officer was Police Inspector Aurisa I Mitra
(deployed to Kosovo in July 2000).

History
In 1872, the government sent the
first Superintendent General
Toshiyoshi KAWAJI to Europe to
study the police system. He
returned the following year and
in 1874 established the Tokyo
Metropolitan Police Department
in the Ministry of the Interior.
This was the first modern police
agency in Japan. The police
system was based on a National
Police system.

National Police Agency (NPA)
• The National Police Agency (警察庁, Keisatsu-chō) is an agency
administered by the National Public Safety Commission of the
Cabinet Office in the cabinet of Japan, and is the central
coordinating agency of the Japanese police system.
• Japan’s National Police Agency (NPA) supervises and controls
the police activities of 47 Prefectural Police Departments and
the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.
• The NPA is composed of 7,700 officials, comprising 1,900 police
officers, 900 Imperial Guards and 4,900 civilians.
• The NPA is headed by a Commissioner General who, with the
approval of the Prime Minister, is appointed by the National
Public Safety Commission (NPSC), a state body which holds the
rank of Ministry of State, guarantees the neutrality of the
police, and administers the NPA.

Police officers ranks:
• Commissioner General
• Superintendent General,
• Senior Commissioner,
• Commissioner,
• Assistant Commissioner,
• Superintendent,
• Chief Inspector,
• Inspector,
• Sergeant,
• Senior Police Officer,
• Police Officer

Singapore Police System
• The Singapore Police Force is the main agency tasked
with maintaining law and order in the city-state. It is
formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police.
Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13)
roughly modeled after the military.
• It enjoys a relatively positive public image, and is
credited for helping to arrest Singapore's civic unrests
and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the
low crime rate today despite having a smaller police-
citizen ratio compared to other major cities.
• Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five
positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in
terms of its reliability of police services.

Francis James Bernard =
formed the skeleton force
as the heritage of Singapore
Police Force in 1819. In
1843, Thomas Dunman, a
29-year old commercial
assistant was appointed to
head the police force on a
part-time basis. With the
passing of the Police Act of
1856, he was appointed as
the first full-time
Commissioner of Police in
1857.

The Neighborhood Police
Post (NPP) system of
community policing was
implemented in 1983 and
new divisional headquarters
were established.
The SPF today is a modern,
efficient and well-equipped
body of professionals in
pursuit of continuous
improvement and world-
class excellence.

• The salaries of police officers are
reviewed in accordance to market rates.
• Salaries are kept competitive as part of
anti-corruption measures.
• Gross starting salaries for police officers
may range from S$1,559.43 to $2,186.90,
and that of senior police officers from
S$2,650.00 to S$3,889.00.

• Royal Thai Police (RTP) first came into existence
in the year 1455, over 500 years ago.
• However, the modernization of the RTP system
came during the reign of King Rama IV, designed
by an Englishman named Captain Joseph Byrd
Ames.
• Captain Ames was the Captain of an English
vessel at the time but was given the responsibility
for establishing the first uniform police unit in
Thailand.
• Ames, himself, was appointed the first uniform
police commander by King Rama IV.
Thailand (Royal Thai Police)

• The primary responsibility for the maintenance
of public order through enforcement of the
Kingdom’s law is exercised by the Royal Thai
Police (RTP), under control of Office of the Prime
Minister.
• Since it has to perform police functions
throughout the entire country, the RTP is a
unitary agency that has a lot of power which an
affect the Thai government.
• Consequently, every time there is a new
government, the RTP tends to gave a new
Director-General.

• Bangkok Metropolitan Police
• Central Investigation Bureau - national
coordinating headquarters which assist provincial
and metropolitan components in preventing and
suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing
threats to national security.
• Crime Suppression Division, Responsible for
investigating and enforcing Thai criminal laws
• Emergency Unit(s) - a mobile unit used to
suppress riots and public disorders, combat
sabotage, counterfeiting, fraud, illegal gambling,
narcotics trafficking, secret societies, and
organized crime.

• The Director-General of Police holds the
rank of Police General.
• He is the supreme commander of the
police force with power to direct, control,
and supervise police activities throughout
the Kingdom of Thailand.
• He exercises this authority over more than
200,000 police officials in various Police
Bureaus and Divisions.

Hong Kong Police
• The Force is commanded by the
Commissioner of Police who is assisted by two
deputy commissioners - a "Deputy
Commissioner - Operations" supervises all
operational matters including crime - and a
"Deputy Commissioner - Management" is
responsible for the direction and coordination
of the force management including personnel,
training and management services.

• Commissioner of Police (CP)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
• Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
• Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
• Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain)
• Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
• Inspector of Police (IP)
• Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
• Station Sergeant (SSGT)
• Sergeant (SGT)
• Senior Constable (SPC)
• Police Constable (PC)

People’s Armed Police (PAP)
Beijing, China
The People’s Armed Police (PAP) Force of
China was officially established in 1982.
However, its origins can be traced back to
the People’s Liberation Army, which was
made up of demobilized soldiers and loyal
citizens and whose mandate was to quash
any resistance to the government.

• The main responsibilities
of the PAP are to
preserve social order
and to maintain public
security.
• In order to do this, the
PAP enforces the strict
social and economic
policies of China’s
government.

•Ministry of National
Defense is the top of the
hierarchy with judicial and
public security agencies such
as Ministry of Public safety
and the Ministry of State
Security.
•Ministry of State Security
the Chinese government’s
largest and most active
foreign intelligence agency,
though it is also involved in
domestic security matters.

Royal Malaysia Police
• Formed
March 25, 1807
• Jurisdictional structure
Malaysia 329, 847 km
• population
27, 544, 000
• Nature
Law enforcement
Civilian police
• Sworn members
102,037

• The Royal Malaysia Police is a part of the
security forces structure in Malaysia.
• The force is a centralized organization with
responsibilities ranging from traffic control to
intelligence gathering.
• Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman,
Kuala Lumpur.
• In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular
RMP is also assisted by a support group
comprising of Extra Police Constables, Police
Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police
Cadets and a civilian service element.

• The modern police organization in
Malaysia started in 25 March 1807 after
the Charter of Justice in Penang was
granted.
• Rakan Cop is a community outreach
programme (Malay: Friends of Cops)
which was launched by Royal Malaysian
Police in Kuala Lumpur on August 9, 2005
to help combat crime in the city and any
situations around Malaysia.

• The Indonesian National Police (INP)
– ranks as a Ministry in itself and
answers directly to the President of
the Republic of Indonesia.
• The INP was restructured in 2000 in
an effort to transform it from a
military to a civilian force.

CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
• (RCMP) colloquially known as
Mounties and internally as “The
Force” is the national police force of
Canada and one of the most
recognized of its kind in the word
being a national, federal, provincial
and municipal policing body.

• It is founded in 1920 by the Merger
of Royal Northwest Mounted
Police(1873) with the Dominion
Police (1868).
• headed by the Commission under
the direction of the Minister of
Public Safety Canada.

Australian Federal Police
• The Australian Federal
Police (AFP) is the
federal police agency
of the Commonwealth
of Australia.

History
The AFP was formed on
October 19, 1979
under the Australian
Federal Police Act 1979
after the merging of
the former
Commonwealth Police
and the Australian
Capital Territory Police.

• In 1984 the Protective Service
component of the AFP was separated
forming the Australian Protective
Service, subsequently that
government agency was transferred
back to the AFP in 2004.

REQUIREMENTS
• be over 18 years of age
• be an Australian citizen
• be intelligent, self motivated and willing to
serve in any area of the AFP
• have a full manual vehicle driver's license
• meet the medical and psychological
standards for AFP sworn police and
protective service officer applicants.

• be physically fit and healthy and able to
undertake the physical requirements of training
• have a senior first aid certificate (current for
entire training period).
• In addition, ACT Policing and Federal Agent
recruits also need:
• Year 12 education, or Year 10 with a trade
certificate or similar qualification
• confirmation of ability to swim 100 metres
freestyle non-stop and unaided.

• Commissioned Ranks
– Commissioner
– Deputy Commissioner
– Assistant Commissioner
– Commander
– Superintendent
– Inspector
• Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks
– Senior Sergeant
– Sergeant
• Non-Commissioned Ranks
– Senior Constable
– Constable
– Probationary Constable
• Recruit

• The Metropolitan Police
Service (MPS) is the
territorial police force
responsible for policing
Greater London, excluding
the 'square mile' of the City
of London which is the
responsibility of the City of
London Police.

• The MPS also has significant national
responsibilities such as co-ordinating
and leading on counter-terrorism
matters and protection of the Royal
Family and senior figures of HM
Government.

OVERVIEW
• Motto : Total Policing
• Formed: 29 September, 1829
• Preceding agencies: Bow Street Runners
Marine Police Force
• Operations jurisdiction:
Police area of Metropolitan Police District in
the country of, UK

• Size: 1,578 km2 (609 sq mi)
• Population: 7.4 million
• Legal jurisdiction
England & Wales (Northern Ireland
and Scotland in limited circumstances)
• Governing body
:Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime
• General nature
Law enforcement Civilian police

• Overviewed by
Independent Police Complaints Commission/
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary
• Stations: 180
• Boats: 22
• Helicopters: 3

• Regular Police Officers: 33,235
• Police Community Support Officers: 4,513
• Special Constables: 2,973
• Traffic wardens: 470
• Horses: 120
• Other police staff: 14,291

General Requirements
• Age requirements - accepted at the age of 18
for appointment at 18½ ; no upper age limit
for applying
• Height requirements - no minimum or
maximum height requirements
• Fitness - not considerably overweighed
• Eyesight Standards - People with aided vision
can also apply for the office of constable, so
long as the vision is within limit.

• Commissioner
• Deputy Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Deputy assistant commissioner
• Commander
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Chief Inspector
• Inspector
• Sergeant
• Police Constable

Total Policing
• A total war on crime, total care for victims, and
total professionalism
objectives
• to cut crime, cut costs, and continue to develop
the culture of the organization.
• We will achieve this with; humility, integrity and
transparency.
• we will develop making the Met the best police
service in the world

POLICING IN AMERICA
• The federal government of the United States is
the centralized United States governmental body
established by the United States Constitution.
• The policies of the federal government have a
broad impact on both the domestic and foreign
affairs of the United States.
• In addition, the powers of the federal government
as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which
leaves a great deal of authority to the individual
states.

Politics and the Police in America
(1800s–1900s)
• A distinct characteristic of policing in the
United States during the 1800s is the
direct and powerful involvement of
politics.
• During this time, policing was heavily
entrenched in local politics.

The Boston Police Department (BPD)
•established in 1838, holds the
primary responsibility for law
enforcement and investigation
within the city of Boston,
Massachusetts.
•It is the 3rd oldest municipal
police department in the United
States, after Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania and Richmond,
Virginia.

RANKS
• Commissioner (civilian)
• Superintendent In Chief
• Superintendent
• Deputy Superintendent
• Captain/Captain Detective
• Lieutenant/Lieutenant Detective
• Sergeant/Sergeant Detective
• Police Officer/Detective

Philadelphia Police Department (PPD)
•is the police agency responsible
for law enforcement and
investigations within the City of
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
•It is the oldest municipal police
agency in the United States, and
the sixth largest non-federal law
enforcement agency in the
country

• Police Commissioner
• First Deputy Police Commissioner
• Deputy Police Commissioner 2-Star
• Deputy Police Commissioner 1-Star
• Chief Inspector
• Inspector
• Staff Inspector
• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Sergeant
• Corporal
• Police Officer

• To be promoted in the Philadelphia Police
Department, a police officer must finish
his first year in the department.
• Then, when the next corporal or detective
test is announced, they are eligible to take
the test.
• Philadelphia PD Test for corporal and
detectives is a written multiple choice
test, lasting two to three hours. Also part
of an officer's score is based on seniority

New York City Police Department
• The New York City Police
Department (NYPD),
established in 1845, is
currently the largest
municipal police force in the
United States, with primary
responsibilities in law
enforcement and
investigation within the five
boroughs of New York City.

Agency overview
• Formed: 1845
• Preceding agency :Municipal
Police
• Annual budget: $3.9 Billion
• Size: 468.9 square miles
(1,214 km2)
• Population: 8,274,527
• General nature Law enforcement
Local civilian police

Facilities
• Commands
• 76 Precincts
12 Transit Districts
9 Housing Police Service Areas
• Police cars: 8,839
• Police boats: 11
• Helicopters: 8
• Horses: 120
• Dogs: 31 German Shepherds
3 Bloodhounds

• United States
• Chief of police/police
commissioner/superintendent/sheriff
• Deputy Chief of police/Deputy
Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/undersheriff
• Inspector/commander/colonel
• Major/deputy inspector
• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Sergeant
• Detective/Inspector/Investigator
• Officer/Deputy Sheriff/corporal

• Promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant and
captain are made via competitive civil service
examinations.
• Promotion to the ranks of deputy inspector,
inspector and chief are made at the discretion of
the police commissioner, after successfully passing
all three civil service exams.
• Promotion from the rank of Police Officer to
Detective is determined by the current police labor
contract with approval of the Police Commissioner.
The entry level appointment to detective is third
grade or specialist.

Los Angeles Police Department
• Formed: 1869
• Employees: 13,268
• Annual budget: $1.4 billion
• Size: 498 sq mi (1,290 km²)
• Population: 3.8 million
• Police Officers: 10,005
• Unsworn members: 3,263

• The Los Angeles Police Department
(LAPD) is the police department of
the city of Los Angeles, California.
• With just under 10,000 officers and
more than 3,000 civilian staff,
covering an area of 498 square miles
(1,290 km2) with a population of
more than 3.8 million people, it is
the third largest local law
enforcement agency in the United
States, after the New York City Police
Department and Chicago Police
Department.

The Los Angeles Board of Police
Commissioners
• The Los Angeles Board of Police
Commissioners is a five-member body of
appointed officials which oversees the LAPD.
• The board is responsible for setting policies for
the department and overseeing the LAPD's
overall management and operations.
• The Chief of Police reports to the board, but
the rest of the department reports to the
chief.

A genuine service to humanity…
“You and I live on a minor planet attached to a
minor star at the far edge of a minor galaxy.
We live here briefly. And when we are gone,
we are forgotten. One day, the galaxies will
be gone too. The only morality that makes
sense is to do something useful with the brief
time alloted to us.”
- James A Mechesser

END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU
GOD BLESS

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