cardamom
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Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice. It is native to southern India where it grows in evergreen forests receiving 1500-3000 mm of rainfall annually at temperatures of 10-35°C. There are two main varieties: Elettaria cardamomum var. major which is wild and indigenous to Sri Lanka, and Elettaria cardamomum var. minor which includes the cultivated types Malabar, Mysore, and Vazhukka. Cardamom is used widely as a spice in Indian cooking and has several medicinal properties, including as a treatment for digestive issues, bad breath, and cancer.
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clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
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Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
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pharmacognosy
"cardamom"
botanical origin
allied species
macro & microscopical character
active constituent
uses
mechanism of action
contraindications
pharmaceutical dosage form available in the market
recent researches
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CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
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Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
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- India is currently the world's largest producer, consumer, and exporter of spices. It accounts for around 50% of global spice trade by volume. Chilies, turmeric, ginger, and garlic make up the majority of India's spice production.
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Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic crops
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
Clove presentation
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
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Ginger is a herbaceous perennial plant grown for its rhizome. It originates from South-East Asia and India. The plant has narrow green leaves and pale yellow flowers. The fresh or dried underground rhizome is used as a spice and in herbal medicine. Ginger requires warm, humid conditions with adequate rainfall and shade. It is cultivated using rhizome sets planted in ridges or beds and harvested after 8-10 months when the leaves yellow. Common diseases include bacterial and fungal rots. Ginger is an important spice in Pakistan but domestic production is low, with most ginger imported to meet demand.
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This document provides information on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), including its botanical classification, traditional medicinal uses, growth requirements, cultivation practices, and yield. It states that Ashwagandha is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various symptoms and conditions. The document describes the plant's preferred soil and climate conditions, methods of propagation, planting, fertilization, harvesting, and post-harvest practices. It concludes by stating the typical yield range of 400-1200 kg/ha of dried roots and 200-500 kg/ha of seeds.
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Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
basaka
This document summarizes information about the medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica, commonly known as Basaka. It details the plant's botanical classification and describes its main components, which include quinazoline alkaloids. The document outlines the plant's uses in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal conditions. It notes the plant has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years primarily for respiratory disorders.
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- Thyme grows best in warm climates and well-drained, calcareous soil. It is cultivated for its leaves and flowers, which are harvested 5 months after planting.
- Common cultivation practices
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This document provides information on the cultivation of citrus fruits. It discusses the botanical classification of citrus, describing the major commercially grown varieties such as oranges, mandarins, grapefruits and limes. It also outlines the climatic and soil requirements for citrus cultivation, fertilizer and manure application methods, and the major citrus producing countries and states in India.
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Saffron is the dried stigma and styles from Crocus sativus. It is cultivated by planting corms in sunny, well-drained soil. Flowers bloom in October and are harvested by hand, with the red stigmas and yellow styles removed. The stigmas are dried and contain chemicals like crocin, crocetin, and safranal responsible for saffron's color, taste, and aroma. Saffron is used as a coloring and flavoring agent in foods as well as having stimulant and anti-spasmodic properties. Common substitutes include safflower petals which are orange instead of red.
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Destaque
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pharmacognosy
"cardamom"
botanical origin
allied species
macro & microscopical character
active constituent
uses
mechanism of action
contraindications
pharmaceutical dosage form available in the market
recent researches
Cardamom
This document summarizes 9 pests that affect cardamom plants: 1) Thrips, 2) Shoot, panicle and capsule borer, 3) Capsuleborers, 4) Beetleborer, 5) Hairy caterpillars, 6) Shoot fly, 7) Whiteflies, 8) Cardamom aphid, 9) Root grubs. For each pest, it describes symptoms of damage and life stages. Management strategies include regulating shade, removing infected plant parts, applying insecticides like quinalphos, fenthion, and phosalone. Timing of management is important to target pest life stages and periods of high abundance.
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This document discusses various propagation techniques for small cardamom. It describes seed propagation methods including seed collection, treatment, sowing, and nursery practices. Vegetative propagation through division of rhizomes is also covered. The document outlines micropropagation stages from selection of explants to rooting and acclimatization. Micropropagation provides a means to rapidly multiply planting material through tissue culture. Various growth media and plant growth regulators are used to induce shoot formation, elongation, and rooting.
Cardamom loki
This document provides information about cardamom, including its botanical name, origin, uses, cultivation practices, and history. Some key points:
1) Cardamom is the third most expensive spice in the world and has therapeutic properties. It is widely used in Indian cuisine and traditional sweets.
2) India is the largest producer, though Guatemala exports more. Cardamom grows best in humid, high-rainfall regions of Western Ghats between 600-1200 meters elevation.
3) Propagation methods include seeds, suckers, and tissue culture. Various pre-sowing seed treatments can increase germination rates. Proper site selection, soil type, shade, temperature, and rainfall
Laporan praktikum botani tumbuhan tinggi 8 sub classis zingiberidae dan liliidae
Laporan praktikum botani tumbuhan tinggi 8 sub classis zingiberidae dan liliidae
Pests and diseases of cassava
This document lists the main pests and diseases that affect cassava. Under pests, it identifies 4 common insect pests: the cassava mealybug, cassava green spider mite complex, variegated grasshoppers, and white flies. It then outlines the bacterial diseases affecting cassava, including 5 main types. Next, it provides a detailed list of 16 fungal diseases. Finally, it lists 10 different viral diseases that impact cassava.
Growing Asia Implementing the regional strategic framework
CIAT Asia is growing its research agenda, project portfolio, proposal pipeline, and regional team to implement its strategic framework. The research agenda focuses on three themes: cassava value chains, forages and livestock systems, and integrated farming systems. The project portfolio currently includes 20 bilateral/W3 projects and 7 W2 projects worth $3M annually. The proposal pipeline includes 13 submitted proposals and 11 concept notes pending approval. The regional team is growing to over 40 members from diverse backgrounds to work on the research themes. Challenges for CIAT Asia include balancing growth, promoting scientific excellence, building innovative partnerships and creative financing.
Cardamom O M G
CARDAMOM is an open source CORBA middleware developed through a collaboration between AMS and THALES. It aims to support distributed applications across multiple domains like air traffic control through its CORBA component model and value-added services. Its reference platforms include C++ on TAO Linux and Java on JacORB to support industrial development.
Soil physical constraints
The document summarizes soil physical constraints and management practices in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes the different soil types and regions in the state. The most common physical constraints identified are excessive permeability, subsoil hardpan, slow permeability, and shallow soils. These constraints affect water retention, nutrient availability, and root growth. Recommended management practices include compaction, addition of clay or organic matter, drainage improvements, and growing deep-rooted crops. The document provides data on the extent of different constraints across districts and evaluated technologies demonstrated to address subsoil hardpan issues.
Farmer to Farmer video extension for cassava pest management in the SE Asia r...
Video-based farmer extension: Emerging Pests and Diseases of SE Asian cassava.
By: Le Ngoc Lan and Louis Parker
Ayurveda Herb:Ginger
Ginger is a common herb, used as vegetable and medicine both. It is a very potent medicine in many kinds of disorders. An effectve household remedy of various ailinf conditions
Cassava pests and disease
Presentation made by R. Hanna and A. Fotso (IITA) at the Regional forum on cassava in central Africa, on 6-9 Dec 2016, in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Tapioca
This document provides information about tapioca (cassava), including its origin in North-Eastern Brazil, major growing countries, and cultivation in India. It describes cassava's economic roots/tubers, which are high in starch. Varieties developed in India like Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash and Sree Harsha are summarized. The document also covers cassava's climate needs, soil preferences, planting methods, fertilizer use, pests/diseases and their management strategies.
Insect pests of sorghum
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
Use of DNA barcoding and its role in the plant species/varietal Identifica...
Plant DNA barcoding research is shifting beyond performance comparisons of different DNA regions towards practical applications. The main aim of DNA barcoding is to establish a shared community resource of DNA sequences that can be used for organismal identification and taxonomic clarification. This approach was successfully pioneered in animals using a portion of the cytochrome oxidase 1(CO1) mitochondrial gene. In plants, establishing a standardized DNA barcoding system has been more challenging. The studies on cucumis sp for the application of DNA barcode shows the possibility of discrimination at species level not the varietal level using the matK gene barcode. The phylogenetic tree constructed by using matK gene sequences clearly differentiated the species C. sativus and C. melo which will help for the future application in cucumis taxonomy and phylogeny studies
Microscopic evaluation of crude drugs
This document describes microscopic evaluation methods used to identify crude drugs on a cellular level. Transverse microscopy and powdered microscopy are used to examine histological characters like cell size, shape, and position. Identification of small fragments or detection of adulterants can be aided by microscopic evaluation. Methods like free hand mounting, glide mounting, cryology mounting, and paraffin mounting are used to prepare slides for examination of features like starch grains, fibers, and stomata size. Staining techniques using reagents like safranin and fast green are also described. Leaf constants such as stomatal index, vein islet number, and palisade ratio can provide identifying characteristics when examined microscopically.
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It includes the isolation and analysis of phytochemicals from plants, studying the structure-activity relationships of compounds, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating drugs used in traditional medicine. Some key areas are the isolation of active substances from plants, relating chemical structures to pharmacological effects, producing drugs through partial synthesis or biosynthesis of natural precursors, and exploring natural products' roles in drug discovery.
9 112 Samaradivakara S DNA barcoding of cinnamon
9 112 Samaradivakara S DNA barcoding of cinnamonUniversity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Dept Forestry and Environment
The document discusses using DNA barcoding to identify cinnamon species. It finds that the TrnH locus amplified more successfully than MatK from cinnamon leaf DNA. Sequencing of TrnH produced high quality sequences for some species, though not all matched known sequences. Extracting DNA from cinnamon bark was unsuccessful for barcoding due to low chloroplast content and inhibitory compounds. Overall, TrnH barcoding shows promise for identifying cinnamon leaf varieties but not bark.EVALUATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Destaque (20)
Laporan praktikum botani tumbuhan tinggi 8 sub classis zingiberidae dan liliidae
Laporan praktikum botani tumbuhan tinggi 8 sub classis zingiberidae dan liliidae
Growing Asia Implementing the regional strategic framework
Growing Asia Implementing the regional strategic framework
Farmer to Farmer video extension for cassava pest management in the SE Asia r...
Farmer to Farmer video extension for cassava pest management in the SE Asia r...
Use of DNA barcoding and its role in the plant species/varietal Identifica...
Use of DNA barcoding and its role in the plant species/varietal Identifica...
Tugas ppt tumbuhan tingkat tinggi kelas liliopsida
Tugas ppt tumbuhan tingkat tinggi kelas liliopsida
Semelhante a cardamom
Production Technology Of Cardamom
Cardamom is a highly prized spice that is indigenous to the forests of southern India. There are two main types - small/green cardamom and large cardamom. Small cardamom is a cross-pollinated perennial herb grown extensively in hilly regions of South India between 800-1300m elevation. It has thick rhizomes and leafy stems up to 5m tall. Flowers are borne in panicles from May-August and capsules containing seeds mature from November-March. There are several varieties of small cardamom adapted to different regions with yields ranging from 400-1650 kg/ha. Propagation is through vegetative suckers or seeds. Cardamom prefers humid,
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
This document summarizes three important firewood and timber yielding plants: Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia arjuna, and Mangifera indica. It provides details on the classification, habitat, morphology, wood properties, and uses of each plant. Dalbergia sissoo is used widely for furniture and construction in North India. Terminalia arjuna has medicinal properties and is used to treat heart and lung conditions. Mangifera indica wood is used for rotary veneer, plywood, furniture, and other wood products in India.
CROP IMPROVEMENT OF CARDAMOM breeding
This document provides information on cardamom, including its botanical classification, origins, uses, distribution, constituents of volatile oils for different varieties, production trends over time in different countries, breeding objectives and varieties developed in India. It describes the two main types of cardamom cultivated in India - Malabar and Mysore types - and their distinguishing characteristics. It also provides details on the intermediate Vazhuka type and large cardamom. Germplasm conservation efforts and the floral biology of cardamom are summarized.
Advance in production technology of Cardmom.pptx
1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Botany
Basically a pseophytic plant
Mature cardamom plant may
measure about two to four meters
in height.
It is a shallow rooted plant
A herbaceous perennial having underground rhizomes
Inflorescence is a long panicle with racemose clusters arising from the underground stem, but comes up above the soil
4. Varieties of Cardamom
Generally there are two types of caradamom
1. Eleterria Cardmom- (Small cardamom, green cardamom, true cardamom)
2. Amomum subtulatum- (Large cardamom, Black cardamom, Brown cardamom)
Types of Cardamom
Climate and soil
Propagation
Select from healthy, high yielding and well ripened capsules from high yielding, disease-free mother clumps are collected (500-600g/ha)
The seeds are extracted by gently pressing the capsules and then washed 3-4 times in cold water to remove the mucilage adhering to the seeds.
The washed seeds are drained, mixed with wood ash and dried under shade.
To ensure early and uniform germination, seeds should be sown immediately after extraction
Season- September in Karnataka and Nov-Jan in Kerala and Tamilnadu.
Acid scarification with 25 % nitric acid for 10 min.
Primary nursery:
Nursery site - moderately sloppy land, in open and well drained location near source of water.
Raised seed beds of one meter width and of convenient length are prepared.
Spread a layer of forest soil over the bed.
Sow the seeds in row spaced at 10 cm and 1-2 cm apart within the row.
Seed rate is 10g/m2.
After sowing beds are covered with a thin layer of sand (2cm)
Water the beds regularly to maintain sufficient moisture and to promote germination
Germination commences in about 20-25 days
Protect the seedlings by providing overhead shade.
Transplant the seedlings at 3-4 leaf stage to the secondary nursery.
Secondary nursery:
The seedlings are raised in the secondary nursery by two methods
Bed Nursery
The beds are prepared as described in primary nursery.
Spread a layer of compost on the bed and mix with soil
Seedlings with 3-4 leaves are transplanted at distance of 20-25 cm.
Mulching and watering should be done immediately after transplanting.
The seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 8-10 months of planting
Polybag nursery
Polybags of size 20x20 cm and 100 gauge thickness are filled with a mixture of forest top soil, cowdung and sand (3:1:1) is an excellent medium for filling polybags.
Provide suffient holes at the base of polybags to ensure good drainage.
Seedlings at 3- 4 leaf stages are transplanted into each bag.
Raising seedlings in polybags has many advantages like uniform growth, more tillering and good establishment in field.
Planting
Trashing
Pest and Diseases
Harvesting
Processing
value added products
CROP IMPROVEMENT OF TREE SPICES
Crop improvement of tree spices can provide health benefits and flavor foods. Spices from around the world have distinct flavors from parts like seeds, roots, and barks. Popular Indian spices include turmeric, cumin, coriander, black and white pepper, fennel, and mustard. This document focuses on clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, allspice, and curry leaf, describing their origins, botanical features, varieties, and chemical constituents. Clove is native to Indonesia and cultivated in India. Nutmeg is from the Moluccas islands and grown in many tropical countries. Cinnamon's native crop is Sri Lanka and India, while allspice is from Jamaica and curry leaf from India.
Permaculture Garden
Bill Mollison and David Holmgren started developing permaculture ideas in Tasmania in the 1970s in response to industrial agricultural methods that were damaging the environment. Permaculture seeks to model agricultural systems on natural ecosystems to make them more sustainable. It uses design principles like observing and interacting, obtaining a yield, and using and valuing diversity. A permaculture garden is organized into zones based on maintenance needs, and uses techniques like companion planting, mulching, and chicken tractors to improve soil and recycle resources. The document provides details on the plant and tree species used in one permaculture garden, including onions, rosemary, beetroots, and windbreaks like Iboza.
Reeti 656 banana cultivation
Banana is a perennial herb that originated in Southeast Asia. It is a nutritious fruit high in vitamin B6, potassium, and fiber. India is the second largest producer of bananas globally. The three main commercial varieties grown are dwarf cavendish, robusta, and poovan. Bananas are propagated primarily through vegetative division using suckers from mature plants. They grow best in tropical climates with high humidity and temperatures between 15-35°C. Deep, well-drained soil is ideal for cultivation.
Quassia
Quassia is a dried wood from the Quassia amara plant that is native to South America but cultivated in other tropical regions. It contains bitter terpenoid compounds such as quassin and neoquassin that give it insecticidal, anthelmintic, and bitter tonic properties. Traditionally, quassia wood extracts are used as insecticides, to treat fever, diarrhea and parasites, and its bitter compounds are used in foods and drinks to add flavor. Commercial cultivation of quassia plants involves growing them from seeds in warm, humid forest areas and harvesting the wood after it is dried.
Biodiversity of Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)
The document provides information about the biodiversity of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) in Maharashtra and Goa, India. It discusses the species' distribution, description, uses, and importance. Specifically, it notes that periwinkle is native to Madagascar but cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. It is used as an ornamental plant and in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various diseases, including cancer. Alkaloids extracted from periwinkle such as vincristine and vinblastine are important in cancer treatment. The document also covers the plant's ecology, reproduction, related species, and toxicity.
Major weeds of bottle guard,brinjal and cucumber.pptx
Major weeds of cucumber include common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and ivyleaf morningglory. Common lambsquarters is a fast-growing annual weed that emerges throughout the growing season. Redroot pigweed and ivyleaf morningglory are annual weeds as well. Weed management methods for cucumbers include cultural practices like crop rotation and planting date, mechanical practices like tilling and flaming, and herbicides applied preemergence.
Citrus
Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in the world. The document discusses the origin, taxonomy, genetic diversity, and germplasm resources of citrus. It notes that citrus' center of origin is Southeast Asia and that three major centers of diversity exist in India. It also summarizes that the genus Citrus displays wide genetic variability in fruit morphology, quality, size, color, shape, acidity, and other traits, providing breeders with opportunities for improvement. National research institutes in India coordinate citrus genetic resources conservation and crop improvement efforts.
The diversity and Conservation strategies of Banana and Coconut.
The document discusses diversity and conservation strategies for banana and coconut. For banana, it describes important varieties grown in India like Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, and Rasthali. It also outlines conservation methods like field collections, in vitro collections, and cryopreservation. The National Research Centre on Banana maintains over 4500 accessions of banana germplasm. For coconut, it provides an overview of major coconut producing countries and describes coconut genetic resources and collections in India maintained by the Coconut Research Institute.
Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera, also known as the drumstick tree or horseradish tree, is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to the Himalayas. It is widely cultivated for its nutritional and medicinal properties. The tree produces edible leaves, pods, and seeds that are high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Moringa can be grown in many climates and soil types and has a high tolerance for drought conditions, making it suitable for cultivation in dry, tropical areas. It is commonly grown as a food source and has uses that include water purification, herbal medicine, and as a living fence or windbreak in agroforestry systems.
Biodiversity in Mango.pptx
This document summarizes information about biodiversity in mango plants. It begins by defining biodiversity and explaining why it is important. It then provides details about the botanical classification of mango plants, their origin in Southeast Asia, centers of diversity in India, important cultivars that have been developed, and objectives and methods for mango breeding programs. The goal of such programs is to develop new mango varieties with traits like dwarf trees, early and regular bearing, high quality fruits, disease resistance, and suitability for transport and processing.
Medicinalplants
This document summarizes the medicinal uses of several common plants in India. It describes 12 plants - Tulsi, Aloe Vera, Hibiscus, Ginger, Neem, Turmeric, Shatavari, Green Tea, Peppermint, and concludes with some key points. For each plant, it provides the scientific classification and 2-4 sentences on traditional medicinal uses to treat common illnesses. The uses include treatments for cold, inflammation, skin conditions, digestive issues, and more. It emphasizes that many Indian plants have been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine and have beneficial properties.
Amaranth Grain and Vegetable Types
Amaranth is an annual herbaceous plant cultivated for its seeds and leaves. It originated in the Americas and was an important crop for the Aztecs and Mayans. Amaranth contains high quality protein and nutrients. Both its leaves and seeds can be eaten and have various uses as a grain, vegetable, or animal feed. Amaranth is drought tolerant and adapts to different climates. While high in nutrients, raw amaranth also contains anti-nutritional factors that require cooking or processing to remove potential toxins before human or animal consumption.
production profile of cardamom.pptx
Cardamom, known as "Queen of Spices", is indigenous to South India and has been cultivated there since ancient times. It is now also grown in other tropical countries. The major producers are India, Guatemala, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tanzania and Cambodia. In India, the major producing states are Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Several cultivars have been developed with varying characteristics such as plant height, leaf and capsule shape, color, and yield. Breeding objectives include developing high yielding varieties with good quality and resistance to pests and diseases.
@Wood apple,Bael,Aegle marmelos and its cultivation intro and its medicinal v...
@Medicinal values of wood apple,,Introduction,habitat,varietal selection,planting pattern,flowering and fruiting,production,harvesting and other research article proofs on medicinal values of wood apple in several diseases like cancer,stomach disorder ,blood purifier,Antimicrobial,anti pyre tic property and many more.....
Bioenergy from woody biomass
Growing multipurpose trees and using agroforestry practices are important to farmers in addition to crop agriculture. Bioenergy is a logical supplement to fossil fuel derived energy.
medicinalandaromaticalplantsb-190505181715.pdf
This document summarizes information about several medicinal and aromatic plants. It provides details on the botanical name, family, origin, uses, constituents, and cultivation techniques for each plant. Some of the plants discussed include aloe, opium poppy, pyrethrum, bishop's weed, ocimum varieties like tulsi and sweet basil, mint varieties, and includes a glossary of herbal terms.
Semelhante a cardamom (20)
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
Major weeds of bottle guard,brinjal and cucumber.pptx
Major weeds of bottle guard,brinjal and cucumber.pptx
The diversity and Conservation strategies of Banana and Coconut.
The diversity and Conservation strategies of Banana and Coconut.
@Wood apple,Bael,Aegle marmelos and its cultivation intro and its medicinal v...
@Wood apple,Bael,Aegle marmelos and its cultivation intro and its medicinal v...
Mais de Vishal N. Lokhande
I sem syllabus
This document provides an overview of course content for several introductory courses related to agriculture and natural resource management. Specifically, it outlines:
1) An introductory forest economics course that covers the basics of economics, consumption theory, demand, supply, market structures, and distribution theories.
2) A fundamentals of geology and soil science course that introduces components of the earth's crust, soil formation processes, physical and chemical soil properties, soil classification, and lab techniques.
3) An agricultural meteorology course covering factors and elements of weather/climate, their effects on crop growth, agroclimatic zones, and weather forecasting techniques.
4) A principles of cytology and genetics course
B.sc.forestry syllabus (all sem)
This document outlines the syllabus for a B.Sc. in Forestry degree program from 2007-2008 onwards. It details the course distribution across 5 departments: Silviculture and Agroforestry, Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, Forest Products and Utilization, Natural Resource Management, and Basic Sciences and Humanities.
Over the 4-year program, students will complete 160 credits including courses in areas like silviculture, forest mensuration, tree physiology, forest ecology, wood science, soil science, forest economics, and more. The syllabus also schedules the courses across 8 semesters, providing the semester-wise course breakdown and credit allocation. Non-credit compulsory courses like NCC, NSS
Note taking
This document provides guidance on effective note-taking skills for university students. It discusses why taking notes is important for learning, focusing attention and organizing ideas. The document outlines tips for taking effective notes from lectures and readings, including determining what is important to write down and using visual tools like mind maps. Students are encouraged to review and organize their notes after class or reading. Effective note-taking can help students learn more efficiently and perform better in their courses.
Note taking (2)
This document provides guidance on effective note-taking skills. It explains that note-taking is an important study skill that helps students focus, remember information, and organize ideas. The document outlines tips for effective note-taking, including determining what information is important to note, writing summaries rather than verbatim text, using abbreviations and formatting to enhance notes, and being critical of the source material. It also provides specific guidance on taking notes from lectures and readings, such as identifying the main premise in readings and focusing on facts rather than examples. The overall goal of the tips is to help students develop a note-taking process and structure that saves time and supports effective learning.
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This document outlines roles for students in literature circles. It lists six roles: discussion director, illustrator, connector, el lector, word watcher, and summarizer. Each role has a brief description of its task, such as generating discussion questions for the discussion director or defining vocabulary words for the word watcher. The document provides space under each role for students to complete the task and reflect on the assigned reading.
Listen notes
This document provides tips and techniques for effective listening and notetaking in lectures. It discusses the importance of listening since most knowledge is gained that way. Specific recommendations are given for listening, such as being prepared and recognizing important points. Notetaking techniques are also outlined, including taking concise notes using abbreviations and leaving space. Mapping is presented as an alternative to linear notetaking that shows relationships between ideas. The document concludes by addressing common notetaking problems and improving handwriting.
Listen notes (2)
This document provides tips and techniques for effective listening and notetaking in lectures. It discusses the importance of listening since most knowledge is gained that way. Specific recommendations are given for listening, such as being prepared and recognizing important points. Notetaking techniques are also outlined, including taking concise notes using abbreviations and leaving space. Mapping is presented as an alternative to linear notetaking that shows relationships between ideas. The document concludes by addressing common notetaking problems and improving handwriting.
Interactivesample1
This document provides guidance on how to take interactive notes while reading informational or literary texts. It outlines a three-part process for reading: before, during, and after. The before stage involves preparing questions and predictions. The during stage has the reader asking questions, making comments and connections. The after stage prompts summarizing and synthesizing the information by reflecting on important ideas, themes, and what was learned. Sample notes from students are provided as examples. The document concludes by asking readers to identify three important events from their reading and explain their significance to the story.
Hirarchial notes1 (2)
This document appears to be a template for planning a project, with sections for the project idea, date, and page number. It was created by Jim Burke in 2000 and provides a way to organize one's thoughts on a project.
Effectivenotemaking
- There are different styles of note-taking, including linear notes, visual or pattern notes, and voice notes. Note-taking involves summarizing key points, while note-making adds reviewing, organizing, and connecting ideas.
- Effective note-making involves both taking notes initially and then revisiting notes through activities like summarizing, questioning, and discussing ideas with others. This deeper engagement helps with recall and understanding.
- Research shows that writing notes can aid recall if the notes are reviewed later, though the style of notes matters less than actively engaging with the material in multiple ways. Discussing notes with others also strengthens learning.
Effectivenotemaking (2)
- There are different styles of note-taking, including linear notes, visual or pattern notes, and voice notes. Note-taking involves summarizing key points, while note-making adds reviewing, organizing, and connecting ideas.
- Effective note-making involves both taking notes initially and then revisiting notes through activities like summarizing, questioning, and discussing ideas with others. This deeper engagement helps with recall and understanding.
- Research shows that writing notes can aid recall if the notes are reviewed later, though the style of notes matters less than actively engaging with the material in multiple ways over time. Discussing notes with others also strengthens learning.
Cornell notes1
This document provides an introduction to the Cornell Notes method for taking effective class notes. It explains that Cornell Notes involves dividing a page into three sections - a narrow left column for writing notes, a broader right column for writing questions and connections, and a summary section at the bottom. It recommends writing only important information in the notes, using abbreviations and symbols, and leaving space in the connections column to add review questions later when studying.
Cornell notes1 (2)
This document provides an introduction to the Cornell Notes method for taking effective class notes. It explains that Cornell Notes involves dividing a page into three sections - a narrow left column for writing notes, a broader right column for writing questions and connections, and a summary section at the bottom. It recommends writing only important information in the notes, using abbreviations and symbols, and leaving space in the connections column to add review questions later when studying.
Cluster notes1 (2)
The document contains no text, only a title with the words "NAME" and "PERIOD" listed without further context or information. There is no content to summarize.
Cluster notes1
The document contains no text, only a title with the words "NAME" and "PERIOD" listed without further context or information. There is no content to summarize.
New word 2007 document (2)
The descriptive paragraph describes a toy clown gift on the dresser, noting its colorful costume and smile. The second paragraph introduces Gregory, the narrator's beautiful gray Persian cat, describing his pride, finickiness with food and visitors, and habit of humiliating the narrator by staining clothes. The third paragraph is a narrative describing learning to ride a bike without training wheels.
Sample letters
The letter confirms that the writer will be taking a one week leave of absence starting January 3rd due to an upcoming minor surgery. They have handed over responsibilities for two major projects to their colleague Sarah Parker. After the initial recovery period, the writer will be available by phone and plans to return to work on January 9th as agreed.
Sample letters (2)
The letter informs the customer that their company has been late paying invoices for the past 3 months and that a 2% discount will now be given for paying within 10 days of receiving the invoice in order to encourage timely payments. It hopes everything is going well for the customer and their business, states they are a big customer, and to contact them if there are any questions.
Reading skills pract
The document discusses reading skills and comprehension. It states that reading and listening are passive skills of comprehension, while speaking and writing are active skills of expression. It also discusses that reading comprehension requires understanding what is read as well as expressing it clearly. While reading is passive, good readers are active in comprehending, guessing, imagining, and reproducing what they read. The document provides tips for improving reading speed, comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation. It describes techniques for locating specific information and understanding word meanings, phrases, sentences and the logical relationship between sentences in a text.
Reading skills pract (2)
The document discusses reading skills and comprehension. It states that reading and listening are passive skills of comprehension, while speaking and writing are active skills of expression. It also discusses that reading comprehension requires understanding what is read as well as expressing it clearly. While reading is passive, good readers are active in comprehending, guessing, imagining, and reproducing what they read. The document provides tips for improving reading speed, comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation. It describes techniques for locating specific information and understanding word meanings, phrases, sentences and the logical relationship between sentences in a text.
Mais de Vishal N. Lokhande (20)
Último
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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cardamom
- 2. Common Name : Cardamom Scientific name : Eletarria cardamomum Family : Zingiberaceae Kingdom : Plantae Order : zingiberales Genera : Elettaria Amomum
- 3. introduction World’s 3rd most expensive spice and known as ‘Queen of Spices’. First introduced in Guatemala by Oscar Majus Kloeffer. It is now biggest producer and exporter followed by India. Cineole and α- terpenyl acetate is index of aroma flavour in cardamom.
- 4. distribution Indigenous - southern stretch of evergreen forest of western Ghats. In India – cultivation takes place mostly in Kerala(60%), Karnataka(32%) and Tamilnadu(8%). Total area under cardamom in India is estimated to be approximately 69000 ha. Green cardamom – highest quality found.
- 5. habitat It is a Shade bearer species. Grows well in well distributed rainfall areas (1500- 3000 mm in western Ghats.) Temperature required 10˚- 35˚C. Suitable soils – sandy clay to sandy clay loam texture, acidic (pH 4.5-5.8) Raised by suckers or seedlings of high yielding varieties.
- 7. varieties Two varieties are observed:- 1) Elettaria cardamomum :- Var. major comprised of wild indigenous types of Srilanka. 2)Elettaria cardamomum :- Var. minor comprised of cultivars like Mysore, Malabar and Vazhukka.
- 8. CULTIVAR MALABAR:- Medium sized with height of 2-3m on maturity. This type is considered less susceptible to thrips. Mostly cultivated in Karnataka. Can thrive under low rainfall and short duration rainfall.
- 9. Cultivar vazhukka :- It is natural hybrid of Malabar and Mysore types. Cultivated in Kerala and Tamilnadu. Robust as cv. Mysore.
- 10. Cultivar Mysore :- This type are robust with height of 3-4m. Thrive well under assured, well distributed rainfall conditions. Mostly cultivated in Kerala.
- 11. uses A well known spice used in Indian cooking. Effective remedy against halitosis, tooth, gum and oral disorders. Volatile oil in cardamom is ideal solution for host of digestive problems and Aromatherapy. Can act as a diuretic and also helps in relieving nephritis.
- 12. It contains IC3( indole-3-carbinol) and DIM( diidolylmethane) , these phytochemicals are cancer fighters. (CHITTARANJAN NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE) Antioxidant properties are used to treat Parkinson’s disease. Good source – potassium, calcium and magnesium. Increases Glutathione , an antioxidant enzyme found naturally in our body.
- 13. Brown / Black cardamom Cardamom powder Green cardamom
- 14. Thank you