Hail suppression in greece

George N. Farazoulis
ELGA/GREECE
Weather Modification
Activities
in Greece

George N. Farazoulis /
ELGA/GREECE
Greece
EUROPE

ELGA/GREECE
In Greece the only institute
which is involved with
weather mod activity is ELGA
ELGA=Hellenic AgriculturalELGA=Hellenic Agricultural
Insurance OrganizationInsurance Organization

ELGA/GREECE
ELGA
is the main public carrier
of insurance coverage
in agricultural exploitation
in Greece
which is supervised
by the
Greek Ministry of
Rural Development and Food.

ELGA/GREECE
The insurance
that ELGA provides
is compulsory
and protects
the agricultural production
and
the livestock
of the country.

ELGA/GREECE
ELGA’sELGA’s
Main Target ActivitiesMain Target Activities
1. Crop Insurance1. Crop Insurance
( Against specific perils( Against specific perils
i.e. frost , hail , flood etc)i.e. frost , hail , flood etc) MPCI systemMPCI system
2. Loss Prevention2. Loss Prevention

ELGA/GREECE
Loss PreventionLoss Prevention
Aims
to prevent or to suppress
the Insured
and
the not-Insured
Risks

ELGA/GREECE
Loss PreventionLoss Prevention
activityactivity
1.Application of experimental1.Application of experimental--
operational projectsoperational projects
2.Subsidization of protection’s2.Subsidization of protection’s meansmeans
TheThe whole procedure is promoting straight to the insured farmer.whole procedure is promoting straight to the insured farmer.
MainMain Covered RisksCovered Risks :: FrostFrost ++ HailHail
Future interested Risk :Future interested Risk : Flood , WindFlood , Wind

ELGA/GREECE
Operational projectsOperational projects
FrostFrost Fog systemFog system
HailHail 1.1. Airborne cloud seedingAirborne cloud seeding
2.2. Hail CanonsHail Canons

ELGA/GREECE
Subsidization of protection’s means
FrostFrost Wind machineWind machine
HailHail Hail netsHail nets

ELGA/GREECE
Loss Prevention’s Site Map

ELGA/GREECE
HAIL Protection with
airborne seeding
3 Piper Cheyenne II3 Piper Cheyenne II
Seeding agent :Seeding agent :AgIAgI
Flares 20gr and 70grFlares 20gr and 70gr
Total Protected AreaTotal Protected Area
:5000km:5000km²²
Cultivation : FruitsCultivation : Fruits

ELGA/GREECE
OPERATIONAL AREAS

ELGA/GREECE
A1 Central Macedonia

ELGA/GREECE
Area: Α1
Naoussa
Edessa
Veria
Gianitsa
CULTIVATIONS:
Fruits
CULTIVATIONS:
• Wheat
• Tobacco
• Cotton
• Corn

ELGA/GREECE
A3 Thessaly

ELGA/GREECE
2 S band EEC radars +2 C Band (alternative )

ELGA/GREECE
HAIL control (Thessaloniki airport)

ELGA/GREECE
142 Hailpads 64 Rain gauges

ELGA/GREECE
HAILFALL OCCURRENCE
IN CENTRAL MACEDONIA, GREECE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Rel.Frequency(%)
April May June July August Sept.

ELGA/GREECE
Evaluation of the Greek Hail
Suppression Program

ELGA/GREECE
A few words before the
results
It’s reasonable to Evaluate
an Operational Cloud Seeding
Program?

ELGA/GREECE
TRESSA FOWLER
No conclusions can be drawn fromNo conclusions can be drawn from
statistical evaluations ofstatistical evaluations of operationaloperational
programs.programs.
No exceptions.No exceptions.

ELGA/GREECE
Why Not? or the Bad News
Often no control group.Often no control group.
When there is, usually systematicWhen there is, usually systematic
differences between control anddifferences between control and
treatment:treatment:
not selected at random.not selected at random.
comparison of before and after.comparison of before and after.
Possible hidden cause.Possible hidden cause.
TRESSA FOWLER

ELGA/GREECE
TO TEST
THE PHYSICAL HYPOTHESES
OF HOW SEEDING
IS SUPPOSED TO WORK,
RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTS
ARE NEEDED

ELGA/GREECE
DIFFICULTIES ON
STATISTICAL EVALUATION
NEED TO CONVIENCE
SCIENTISTS FINANCIER PEOPLE
Theoretician
•Conceptual model
•Physical hypothesis
Operational
•Procedures
•Equipment
They do not care
about evaluation,
but just for the
(economic)
results.
They care about
rain enhancement
or
hail suppression.

ELGA/GREECE
THE GREEK
NATIONAL
HAIL
SUPPRESSION
PROJECT
ΑΑ22
ΑΑ11
ΑΑ33
•OPERATION. AREAS: A1, A2 A3 (4000 Km2)
•TIME PERIOD
•KIND OF OPERAT.: A1 Research & Ops
:1984-88: 15-Apr. - 30 Sep.

ELGA/GREECE
Edessa
Veria
Giannitsa
(1)
(2)
Area: Α1
Crossover North
South
““CROSSOVER DESIGN”CROSSOVER DESIGN”
Randomize the two areas (North and
South) for each experimental unit.
End of experimental unit, 7 daylight
hours after last operation.

ELGA/GREECE
Hailpad Network

ELGA/GREECE
Typical Hailpad

ELGA/GREECE
TOTAL HAILFALL OCCURRENCES AT EACH
HAILPAD SITE
IN CENTRAL MACEDONIA, GREECE

ELGA/GREECE
RATIO STATISTICS
1. The results are positive.
2. 18 (out of 21) parameters are statistically accepted at the 5%
level of significance.
3. Their effect is between 35% and 72%.
4. Only 3 (out of 21) parameters are not statistically accepted at
α=0.05. In spite of that, they show positive results.
Single Ratio: seeding at the south part of area A, was more
successful of that at the north part.
The Stone Kinetic Energy (Τ) parameter was considered as
the tentative candidate for the “primary evaluation
parameter”. Hence, the established 70% effect, would be more
valuable and trustworthy, if it would be calculated on time.

ELGA/GREECE
The current project ends on 2008.
From now we are preparing for the new period 2009-2013

ELGA/GREECE
Let’s
•the met to direct the pilots
•the pilots to fly in the cells
•the scientists to continue the research
A wish for
the new
project

ELGA/GREECE
A new Hail
protection project
with G.B.G.
in GREECE

ELGA/GREECE
The initial target area
A1

ELGA/GREECE
The initial proposed sitting ……..

ELGA/GREECE
Procedures had been followed…
1. ELGA’s Board decision → done
2. Working team to carry out the project → done
3. Specifications ( who is going to do what ) → done
4. International tender → done
5. Start point…… → not yet

ELGA/GREECE
• WMA in the field of weather modification
• Cyprus in the field of Agr. Insurances
• Serbia in the field of Active Protection
• AIAG in the field of Agr. Insurances
• Austria in the field of Airborne Cloud Seeding
• Italy for Civil Protection
• Spain in the field of Cloud Seeding by Ground Means
• Argentina in the field of weather modification
• Bulgaria & Croatia …. it’s coming soon
International Collaboration
Indicative list

ELGA/GREECE
Argentina

ELGA/GREECE
….. the agreement with ELGA….

ELGA/GREECE
AUSTRIA
Airborne cloud seeding for Hail Suppression
Protected area:
~2500 km2
140 hailpads
2 x 2 km grid

ELGA/GREECE
The Austrian Hail Defense A/C (from the left to the right) :
Cessna 206 OE-DUM- Cessna 210 OE-DSD- Cessna 172 OE-DLS

ELGA/GREECE
Cessna 210 OE-DSD
Wingspan: 10,2 m
Engine: Lycoming
6-cylinders 290 HP
2 silver-iodide-
generators
2 flare racks

ELGA/GREECE
One of the two silver-iodide
generators on the Cessna 210.
Above a flare rack
The flares contain pressed black
powder with appr. 7 % volume
of silver iodide
The burning duration of the flares
manufactured by the Austrian
company Pinto 7 min

ELGA/GREECE
Bulgaria
The Hail Suppression Project with the rockets
has terminated

ELGA/GREECE
Although the Bulgarian
hail project has
terminated …..
•They continue to produce AgI
•The Government is thinking to start an airborne
cloud seeding project in collaboration with Greece
•The future is open

ELGA/GREECE
SPAIN Hail Suppression Project with GBG

ELGA/GREECE

ELGA/GREECE
Weather Modification
Activities
in Cyprus

ELGA/GREECE
Where is Cyprus…

ELGA/GREECE
No
Weather Mod Activities
YET ……….
OGA (Cyprus) is thinking
to follow
the ELGA (Greek) experience

Hail suppression in greece

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Hail suppression in greece