1. Macromolecule Scramble
F. Fats/lipids and steroids
 Dragon fly book p.46
 Eyeball book p. 98-99
 For monomers: list molecules that
come together to make
macromolecule
P. Proteins
 Dragon fly book 47-48
 Eyeball book 100-102
N. Nucleic acids
 Dragon fly book 47
 Eyeball book 229-231
C. Carbohydrates
 Dragon fly book 45
 Eyeball book 95-97
1) Definition
2) Alternate names
3) Monomer is______
A. diagram
4) Polymer is _______
A. diagram
5) Reaction that produces
macromolecule
6) Bond that forms
7) Different types and their role
8) Function at…
 Cellular level
 Organism level
9) Important Factoids about
molecule (should have at
least 3 other important facts)

2. Mono
mer
and
diagra
m
Polyme
r and
diagra
m
Commo
n
Names
Func
tion
Link
that
forms
betwee
n
mono
mers
Role in
the cell
Role in
organi
sm
Differe
nt
types
3 or
more
importan
t facts
Other
relevant
info
Proteins
Carbohydrate
s
Nucleic
Acids
N/A
Lipids/fat
s
Steroids General structure

3. Intro to Macro molecules
Macromolecules

4. Carbon
 The element of LIFE!
 Found in all living organisms!
 We are always looking for carbon based life forms
 Organic molecules: molecules that contain carbon
 C6H12O6, CO2, CH4
 Some molecules are made of just CARBON and
HYDROGEN…we call these HYDROCARBONS
 These are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)
 Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon
components
 Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large
amount of energy
 Inorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain
carbon
 H2O, NH3, O2

5. LE 4-4
Hydrogen
(valence = 1)
Oxygen
(valence = 2)
Nitrogen
(valence = 3)
Carbon
(valence = 4)

6. Structure of Carbon
 Structure
 Valence electrons: 4
 How many bonds can carbon make with other
atoms?
 4: single, double, or triple…as long as it has 4 lines touching
it
 This makes carbon a versatile atom…it can make
long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures,
even ring structures with itself

7. LE 4-5
Length
Ethane Propane
Butane 2-methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
Branching
Double bonds
Rings
1-Butene 2-Butene
Cyclohexane Benzene

8. Some important words to know
 Molecule
 Group of covalently bonded atoms
 Macromolecule
 large molecules composed of thousands of covalently
connected atoms
 Functional Groups
 Group of atoms within a molecule that interact in
PREDICTABLE ways
 Polar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)
 Hydroxyl group
 Carbonyl group
 Carboxyl group
 Amino group
 Sulfhydryl group
 Phosphate group

9. LE 4-10aa
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO—)
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Alcohols (their specific names
usually end in -ol)
Ethanol, the alcohol present in
alcoholic beverages
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Is polar as a result of the
electronegative oxygen atom
drawing electrons toward itself.
Attracts water molecules, helping
dissolve organic compounds such
as sugars (see Figure 5.3).

10. LE 4-10ac
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
EXAMPLE
Has acidic properties because it is
a source of hydrogen ions.
Acetic acid, which gives vinegar
its sour taste
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
The covalent bond between
oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
that hydrogen ions (H+) tend to
dissociate reversibly; for example,
Acetic acid Acetate ion
In cells, found in the ionic form,
which is called a carboxylate group.

11. LE 4-10ba
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Amine
EXAMPLE
Because it also has a carboxyl
group, glycine is both an amine and
a carboxylic acid; compounds with
both groups are called amino acids.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Acts as a base; can pick up a
proton from the surrounding
solution:
(nonionized)
Ionized, with a charge of 1+,
under cellular conditions
Glycine
(ionized)

12. LE 4-10bc
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Organic phosphates
EXAMPLE
Glycerol phosphate
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Makes the molecule of which it
is a part an anion (negatively
charged ion).
Can transfer energy between
organic molecules.

13. What are macromolecules made of?
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting
of many similar building blocks called
monomers
• Poly=many
• Mono=one
• Think of a beaded bracelet….
• each bead is a MONOMER
• The entire bracelet is a POLYMER
• Large variety of polymers but there are less
than 50 monomers…kinda like the
alphabet…lots of words, only 26 letters
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic
molecules are polymers:
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still
macromolecules

14. Making and Breaking Polymers
 Polymerization: making polymers
 Dehydration Reaction
 Dehydrate means water loss
 When a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a
monomer to another monomer
 Hydrolysis
 Hydro- water
 Lysis- to break down
 Def: to break apart or disassemble a polymer by
adding water (H-OH)

15. LE 5-2
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer

16. Carbohydrates
 Monomer: Monosaccharide
 Polymer: Disaccharide or Polysaccharide
 Link between monomers is called:
Glycosidic Linkage
 Formed by a dehydration reaction
 Always have Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygens
 CxH2xOx
 Common name: sugar
 End with suffix “-ose”
 Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storage
 GLUCOSE!!!!
 What all cells need for energy

17. Carbs
continued
 Monosaccharides
 Glucose
 fructose
 Disaccharides
 sucrose
 Polysaccharides
 Starch
 In plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cord
 Glycogen
 Excess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of
glucose monomers
 Stored in muscle and liver cells
 When body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose
 Cellulose
 Found in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer;
 building material;
 aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide down
 Passes through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrient
 Some animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down
cellulose
 Carbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH)
 Dissolve in water making sugary solutions
 Large carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve
 Think about your towels and clothes, duh!

18. Proteins
 Monomer: amino acids
 20 amino acids
 Amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbon
 Only thing different is side chain…R-group
 Polymer: polypeptide chains (proteins)
 Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond
 Made by a dehydration reaction
 (between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another
aa)
 STRUCTURE of A.A.
 Amino group on one end (-NH2)
 Carboxyl group on one end (COOH)
 Hydrogen
 R-group/side chain (changes)
 Function of Proteins:
 structural support
 Storage
 Transport
 cellular communications
 Movement
 defense against foreign substances
 Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of

20. Protein Structure
 Primary structure 1’
 Order of amino acids in a polypeptide
chain
 Secondary structure 2’
 Polypeptide chain folds because of
interactions between amino acids
 HYDROGEN BONDING
 Tertiary Structure 3’
 Gives proteins 3-D shape
 VERY IMPORTANT to function of
protein
 Beta pleated sheets and alpha helices
fold based on interactions between R-
groups of a.a.
 Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar
interactions, acid/base interactions,
disulfide bonds, van der Waals forces
 Quaternary Structure 4’
 the association of the polypeptide chains
 some proteins contain more than one
polypeptide chain
 Each polypeptide chain in the protein is called a
subunit
 Two or more subunits come together for a
specific function
 HEMOGLOBIN
 On Red blood cells

21. Denaturation
 Unraveling/unfolding of protein
 Why would this be a problem?
 When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its specific
function
 Caused by:
 Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other
environmental condition
 Disrupts the interactions between side chains and
causes loss of shape
 Examples:
 Frying an egg
 Straightening your hair

22. Classification of Proteins According to biological
function.
Type: Example:
Enzymes- Catalyze biological
reactions
ß-galactosidase
Transport and Storage Hemoglobin
Movement
Actin
And Myosin in muscles
Immune Protection
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Regulatory Function within cells Transeription Factors
Hormones
Insulin
Estrogen
Structural Collagen

24. Fats/Lipids
 Made of mostly carbon
and hydrogen…some
oxygen
 Usually not soluble in
water
 Not a polymer but is made
of molecular units
 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids=
FAT
 Linkage is called ESTER
linkage
 Dehydration reaction
 Function

25. Types of Fats
 Saturated
 Solid at room temperature
 Animal fats
 All the carbons in the fatty acid
chains contain the MAXIMUM # of
hydrogen atoms around each atom
 SATURATED with hydrogen
 Only single bonds in fatty acid chain
 Unsaturated/polyunsaturated fats
 Liquid at room temperature
 Plant oils, fish oils
 One or more double bonded carbon
atoms in fatty acid chain, then it is
unsaturated

27. Steroids
 Chemical messengers
 Structure
 4 fused carbon rings
 Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone,
estradiol
 Function
 structural component of mammalian
cell membranes
 resilience and fluidity of human
membranes
 mobilized for the synthesis of steroid
hormones
 protecting the human skin against
external irritants and for holding
water content
 Improvement of water balance in human
skin
 Enhanced barrier function for stratum
 Inhibition of aging of skin
 Water retention for hair

28. Nucleic Acids
 Monomer: Nucleotide
 Structure of a Nucleotide
 Made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base
 Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids)
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
 Function
 DNA
 genetic instructions used in the development and
functioning of all known living organisms
 Instructions to make RNA and proteins
 long-term storage of information
 NITROGENOUS BASES:
 Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine
 Purines: guanine and adenine
 A binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA
 RNA
 messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis
complexes known as ribosomes
 essential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in
protein synthesis
 Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
 NITROGENOUS BASES:
 Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil
 Purines: guanine and adenine
 A binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA

30. Gizmo: Identifying Nutrients
 Title: Lab #2 Identifying Nutrients
 Purpose:
 Background:
 Summary of Macromolecules
 Vocabulary (from exploration guide)
 Prior Knowledge Questions 1 and 2
 Gizmo Warm Up
 Answers to 1 and 2 (compete sentence answers)
 Gizmo Activity A
 Answer questions 1-6, COMPLETE SENTENCE ANSWERS
 Example: #1 Sample A does contain monosaccharides because when the Benedict test was utilized,
there was a pink color change, which is an indication of monosaccharides.
 Gizmo Activity B (Results and Data)
 Copy Table 1 into Lab notebook
 Complete Table 1 (label)
 Answer Question 2 parts A, B, and C in complete sentences
 Answer question 3 (Conclusion of activity B) Complete sentences
 Copy Table 4 into lab notebook
 Complete Table 2 (label)
 Conclusion
 Summarize the what nutrients are and why they are important as well as the tests and
procedures you used
 Answer questions 5 and 6

31. MACROMOLECULE Assessment
Choose One of the Following To
Complete
 Must Include:
 Each of the Macromolecules
 Their Structure
 Their Function
 Monomers and Polymers
 Diagram
 Be Neat AND Creative
 Macromolecule Comic Cards
 Macromolecule Song/Rap
 Macromolecule Children’s book
 Macromolecule Poem
 Macromolecule Advertisement/Billboard/Pamphlet