After the French Revolution, a series of revolutions will grip Europe threatening the status quo

1. When France
Sneezes…

2. Conservatives v.
Liberals

3. Conservatives
Who were they?
 monarchs and members of their
government
 noble landowners
 Church leaders
 peasants

4. Conservatives
What did they want?
 restore royal families to power
 continue the existing social hierarchy
 support an established Church

5. Conservatives
What did they Oppose?
 natural rights and constitutional
government
 freedom of the press
 rebellions

6. Liberals
Who were they?
 business owners
 bankers
 lawyers
 politicians
 writers and newspaper editors

7. Liberals
What did they want?
 defend the natural rights of individuals to
liberty, equality, and property
 government based on a written
constitution and separation of powers
 elected rulers responsible to the people

8. Liberals
What did they oppose?
 divine-right monarchy
 the old aristocracy
 established churches

9. Main Ideas
Give supporting details for each main idea.

10. Few people liked Louis’ XVIII
constitution.
 Ultraroyalists (Ultras) (high clergy &
émigrés) despised constitutional
government; wanted to restore the old
regime
 Liberals wanted to extend suffrage and
win a share of power for middle-class
citizens
 Radicals wanted a republic

11. Class differences plagued
France forcing more
changes in government.
 strong president
 one-house legislature
 vote to all adult men

12. “When France
sneezes, Europe
catches a cold.”

14. 1830
Belgium
 the people of Belgium and Dutch (Holland), who
ruled Belgium, had many differences
 Belgians “threw up barricades” and fought Dutch rule
 supported by Britain and France, Belgium gains
independence
 Belgium establishes a liberal constitution

15. 1830
Poland
 had hoped the Congress of Vienna would reestablish
a Polish state
 Polish students, army officers, and land owners rose in
revolt over Russia, Prussia, & Austria
 without widespread support, the rebels were crushed
by the Russian army

16. 1848
Austria
 university students and workers in Vienna allied to
overthrow the monarchy of Clemens von Metternich
 taken by surprise, Metternich has no choice but to
resign and promise reforms
 in Budapest (Hungary) and Prague (Czechoslovakia),
nationalists demanded independent government, an
end to serfdom, and a written constitution

17. 1848
Austria (continued)
 the Austrian government temporarily gives in due to
their unpreparedness and the overwhelming demand
 Austrian troops eventually regain control of Vienna
and Prague
 with help from Russia, Austria crushes rebels in
Budapest

18. 1848
Italy
 nationalists wanted to end domination by Austrian
Hapsburgs
 demanded liberal constitutional reforms
 revolutionaries established independent republics
throughout Italy, even expelling the pope in Rome

19. 1848
Italy (continued)
 Austrian troops ousted the new governments in
northern Italy
 the French army restored the pope
 in Naples, local rulers, now with foreign support,
cancelled reforms they instituted but did not really
want

20. 1848
Prussian Germany
 university students demanded national unity & liberal
reforms
 peasants and farmers, struggling through a potato famine,
joined the cause
 liberals forced King Frederick William IV (FW4) to agree to a
constitution written by an elected assembly
 FW4 will dissolve the assembly and create his own
constitution with power in his own hands

21. 1848
Prussian Germany (continued)
 delegates from German states continue to meet in
the Frankfurt Assembly
 FW4 declines the offer from the Frankfurt Assembly of
the crown of a united Germany
 Prussian military will crush middle-class reformers and
radical workers
 many Germans leave for the United States