Intrection of bio fertilizers and vegetable crops

1. EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS ON VEGETABLE
CROP ( TOMATO,CUCUMBER,CAPSICUM )
Submitted To
Dr. H. K. patel
Department of
microbiology
AAU, Anand Submitted By
Name :- Rathod Mayur
Reg.No. :-
Major Sub. :- vegetable science

2. About biofertilizers
In nature, there are a number of useful soil micro organisms which can help plants
to absorb nutrients. Their utility can be enhanced with human intervention by
selecting efficient organisms, culturing them and adding them to soils directly or
through seeds. The cultured micro organisms packed in some carrier material for
easy application in the field are called bio-fertilisers. Thus, the critical input in
Biofertilisers is the micro organisms.

3. Benefits of biofertilizers
 Bio-fertilisers are living microorganisms of bacterial, fungal and
algal origin. Their mode of action differs and can be applied alone
or in combination.
 Biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and root nodules
of legume crops and make it available to the plant.
 They solubilise the insoluble forms of phosphates like tricalcium,
iron and aluminium phosphates into available forms.
 They scavenge phosphate from soil layers.
 They produce hormones and anti metabolites which promote root
growth.
 They decompose organic matter and help in mineralization in soil.
 When applied to seed or soil, biofertilizers increase the availability
of nutrients and improve the yield by 10 to 25% without adversely
affecting the soil and environment.

4. Types of biofertilizers
1. Bacterial Biofertilizers: e.g. Rhizobium, Azospirilium, Azotobacter,
Phosphobacteria.
2. Fungal Biofertilizers: e.g. Mycorhiza
3. Algal Biofertilizers: e.g. Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla.
4. Actinimycetes Biofertilizer: e.g. Frankia.
5. Bio-fertilizer are mostly cultured and multiplied it the laboratory. However, blue
green algae and azolla can be mass-multiplied in the field.

5. Characteristics Features of common Biofertilizers
1. Rhizobium : Rhizobium is relatively more effective and widely used
biofertilizer. Rhizobium, in association with legumes, fixes
atmospheric N. The legumes and their symbiotic association with the
rhizobium bacterium result in the formation of rootnodules that fix
atmospheric N. Successful nodulation of leguminous crop by
rhizobium largely depends on the availability of a compatible stain for
a particular legume. Rhizobium population in the soil is dependent on
the presence of legumes crops in field. In the absence of legumes the
population of rhizobium in the soil diminishes.
2. Azospirillum : Azospirillum is known to have a close associative
symbiosis with the higher plant system. These bacteria have
association with cereals like; sorghum, maize, pearl millet, finger
millet, foxtail millet and other minor millets and also fodder grasses.

6. 3. Azotobacter : It is a common soil bacterium. A. chrococcum is present
widely in Indian soil. Soil organic matter is the important factor that decides
the growth of this bacteria.
4. Blue Green Algae (BGA) : Blue green algae are referred to as rice
organisms because of their abundance in the rice field. Many species
belonging to the genera, Tolypothrix, Nostic, Schizothrix, Calothrix,
Anoboenosois and Plectonema are abundant in tropical conditions. Most of
the nitrogen fixation BGA are filamenters, consisting of chain of vegetative
cell including specialized cells called heterocyst which function as a
micronodule for synthesis and N fixing machinery.

7. Name Crops suited Benefits usually
seen
Remarks
Rhizobium strains Legumes like pulses,
groundnut, soybean
10-35% yield
increase, 50-200 kg
N/ha.
Fodders give better
results. Leaves
residual N in the soil.
Azotobacter Soil treatment for
non- legume crops
including dry land
crops
10-15% yield
increase- adds 20-25
kg N/ha
Also controls certain
diseases.
Azospirillum Non-legumes like
maize, barley, oats,
sorghum, millet,
Sugarcane, rice etc
10-20% yield
increase
Fodders give
higher/enriches
fodder response.
Produces growth
promoting
substances. It can be
applied to legumes as
co-inoculant
List of commonly produced bio-fertilizers in India

8. Name Crops suited Benefits usually
seen
Remarks
Phosphate
Solubilizers (there
are 2 bacterial and 2
fungal species in
this group)
Soil application for
all crops
5-30% yield increase Can be mixed with
rock phosphate.
Blue-green algae
and Azolla
Rice/wet lands 20 -30 kg N/ha,
Azolla can give
biomass up to 40-50
tonnes and fix 30-100
kg N/ha
Reduces soil
alkalinity, can be
used for fishes as
feed. They have
growth promoting
hormonal effects.
Microhizae (VAM) Many trees, some
crops, and some
ornamental plants
30-50% yield
increase , enhances
uptake of P. Zn, S
and Water.
Usually inoculated to
seedlings.

9.  Tips To Get Good Response To Biofertilizer Application
 Biofertilizer product must contain good effective strain in appropriate
population and should be free from contaminating microorganisms.
 Select right combination of biofertilizers and use before expiry date.
 Use suggested method of application and apply at appropriate time as per
the information provided on the label.
 For seed treatment adequate adhesive should be used for better results.
 For problematic soils use corrective methods like lime or gypsum
pelleting of seeds or correction of soil pH by use of lime.
 Ensure the supply of phosphorus and other nutrients.

10.  Precautions To Take While Using Biofertilizers
 Biofertilizer packets need to be stored in cool and dry place away from direct sunlight
and heat.
 Right combinations of biofertilizers have to be used.
 As Rhizobium is crop specific, one should use for the specified crop only.
 Other chemicals should not be mixed with the biofertilizers.
 While purchasing one should ensure that each packet is provided with necessary
information like name of the product, name of the crop for which intended, name and
address of the manufacturer, date of manufacture, date of expiry, batch number and
instructions for use.
 The packet has to be used before its expiry, only for the specified crop and by the
recommended method of application.
 Biofertilizers are live product and require care in the storage
 Both nitrogenous and phosphatic biofertilizers are to be used to get the best results.
 It is important to use biofertilizers along with chemical fertilizers and organic manures.
Biofertilizers are not replacement of fertilizers but can supplement plant nutrient
requirements.

11.  why using of biofertilizers in greenhouse
 The farmers all over the world are turning more and more towards
biological agriculture as they increasingly encounter the hazardous
effects of chemical fertilizers and their prohibitive costs. Biological
farming aims at preserving the natural and ecological balance
according to the environmental standards. Biofertilizers are the
essential soil inputs used in farming that help.

12.  Biofertilizers utility for Green House grown crops:
 Biofertilizers agents secretes auxins and hormones thereby increasing germination.
Once the biofertilizers are applied, they cannot be leached out, evaporate of lost but
increase in number and supply the nutrients throughout the life span of green house
crops. Biofertilizers agents also exhibits fungicidal action. Application of
biofertilizers does not affect the texture of soil/planting medium for green house
crops, but improved the structure and texture. Cost per unit nitrogen is less than
chemically fixed nitrogen. Biofertilizers Increase nitrogen fixation, phosphate
solubilization, sulphur oxidation and supplies other macro and micro plant nutrients
essential for balanced nutrient supply and growth. As well they increase vegetative
growth, increasing total dry matter production and increase yield producing quality
product. Biofertilizers are useful in maintaining and improving fertility status of
planting medium for green house crops.

14.  There are four methods for application of biofertilizers in Tomato:
1. Seed treatment;
2. Cut-piece/set treatment;
3. Seedling treatment;
4. Soil application.
 Application of biofertilizers on tomato crops
 The recommended biofertilizers for tomato are Azotobacter in combination with
PSB. Mycorrhizal inoculation gives additional benefit for mobilizing nutrients
and overcoming soil moisture stress. Biofertilizers are applied by seed coating,
seedling root dip and soil application.

15. 1.SEED TREATMENT:
 Keep the seeds required for sowing one acre of land in a heap on a clean-cemented
floor or polyethylene sheet.
 Prepare culture suspension by mixing one packet (200 g) each of Azotobacter and PSB
biofertilizer in approx. 800 ml of water.
 Sprinkle the culture suspension on the tomato seeds and mix.
 Spread the seeds to dry under shade for some time and then sow.
 An alternate method involves 10% sugar solution or 10% solution of gum Arabic
sprinkled on the seeds serving as a sticker for biofertilizers to seeds. Dry the seeds by
spreading them under shade for some time and then sow. Add the contents of the
inoculant packet uniformly over sticker-coated seeds and simultaneously mix the
contents. Prepare the suspension by mixing 1 kg (5 packets) each of Azotobacter and
PSB culture in 15–20 litres of water. Get the tomato seedlings required for one acre of
land. Dip the root portion of seedlings in the suspension for 30 minutes and transfer to
the main field.

16. 2. SOILAPPLICATION METHOD:
 Mix 2–3 kg each of the Azotobacter and PSB culture packets with 100 kg of well
decomposed cattle manure/compost for one acre of land and sprinkle water to the mixer.
 Keep the mixer overnight for curing.
 Broadcast into soil at the time of planting or at the time of irrigation.
 Mycorrhizal Application in Tomato:
 Apply mycorrhizal culture in the tomato nursery at 100 g/m2 three centimeters below the
soil.
 For planting out, apply 20 g mycorrhizal culture per seedling into the planting pit and
cover with soil.
 For existing plants, apply mycorrhizal culture at 20 g near the root zone along with other
fertilizers.
3. Set Treatment: Suspended & mixed thoroughly 5 kg bio fertilizer for one acre in 100 lit
of water .Treat cane sett by dipping in this suspension before plantin

17. Seedlind treatment

18. Result

19. REFERENCE
https://www.bio-fit.eu/q7/lo8-crop-response-to-biofertilizers?showall=&start=4
https://www.biotecharticles.com/Agriculture-Article/Biofertilizers-for-Greenhouse-Grown-Crops-
4345.html
http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/agri-inputs/bio-inputs/bioinputs-for-nutrient-
management/biofertilizers#section-5
http://ikisan.com/tn-chilli-nutrient-management.html