1. LEARNING

2. What is learning?
The acquisition of knowledge or
skills through experiences,
practice, or study, or by being
taught.
A process which bring about a
change in the individual’s way of
responding as result of practice or
other experiences.
A relatively change in behavior.

3. Theories of Learning
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Classical Conditioning
BF Skinner(1948 )
Operant Conditioning
Thorndike Laws of Learning
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness
Albert Bandura
Social Learning

4. Pavlovian conditioning
or respondent conditioning
Reflexive or automatic type of
learning in which a stimulus
acquires the capacity to evoke
a response that was originally
evoked by another stimulus.

5. Pavlov’s Experiment
CS------------UCS-----------UCR-----------CS-------------CR
buzzer meat salivation buzzer Salivation
powder

6. Burrhus Frederick Skinner(1904-
1990)
BF Skinners Operant conditioning
States that consequences or rewards
can influence how often a behavior
will occur. A behavior followed by a
punishment is less likely occur again.
However, a behavior followed by a
reward is more likely to occur.

7. “Skinner Box” which was
similar to Thorndike’s puzzle
box.

8. Three types of responses or operant
that can follow behavior.
• Neutral operants: responses from the
environment that neither increase nor
decrease the probability of a behavior being
repeated.
• Reinforcers: Responses from the
environment that increase the probability of
a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can
be either positive or negative.
• Punishers: Response from the environment
that decrease the likelihood of a behavior
being repeated. Punishment weakens

9. SKINNERS OPERANT
CONDITIONING
REWARD No-REWARD No-PUNISHMENT PUNISHMENT
discontinuatio Continuation of
n of the behavior
behavior
REWARDED PUNISHED
Continuation of discontinuation of
behavior
the behavior

10. Thorndike Laws of
Learning Effect
 The Law of
The law of effect is a principle of the
psychology of learning described by
Edward Thorndike (1911): It holds that
responses that produce a satisfying or
pleasant state of affairs in a particular
situation are more likely to occur again in
a similar situation.

11.  The Law of Exercise
Practice strengthens the
connection, disuse weakens it.
We learn by doing We forget by
not doing.
 The Law of Readiness
if physically ready, the
connection is satisfying for the
organism. When someone is ready

12. Albert Bandura -Social
Learning
Social learning theory
focuses on the learning that
occurs within a social
context. It considers that
people learn from one
another, including such
concepts as observational
learning, imitation, and
modeling.

13. General Principles of social
learning theory follows:
1. People can learn by observing the
behavior is of others and the outcomes of
those behaviors.
2. Learning can occur without a change in
behavior. Behaviorists say that learning has
to be represented by a permanent change in
behavior; in contrast social learning theorists
say that because people can learn
through observation alone, their learning
may not necessarily be shown in their
performance. Learning may or may not result

14. 3. Cognition plays a role in learning.
Over the last 30 years social learning
theory has become increasingly
cognitive in its interpretation of human
learning. Awareness and expectations of
future reinforcements or punishments
can have a major effect on the behaviors
that people exhibit.
4. Social learning theory can be
considered a bridge or
a transition between behaviorist learning
theories and cognitive learning theories.

15. Educational implications of
social learning theory:
1. Students often learn a great deal
simply by observing other people.
2. Teachers and parents
must model appropriate
behaviors and take care that they
do not model inappropriate
behaviors.
3. Discussing with learners about
the rewards and consequences of

16. Thank You and
God bless!!!!!!