The document discusses the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and the resulting humanitarian harm. It notes that international humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to limit harm to civilians during armed conflict by restricting certain weapons and tactics. However, the use of explosive weapons, such as aircraft bombs and improvised explosive devices, in populated areas like cities often results in indiscriminate harm to civilians. When explosive weapons are used in this way, civilians account for over 90% of casualties. The document argues that stronger international policy is needed to prevent such humanitarian suffering.

1. INTRODUCTION
The devastation caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas has been well
documented over decades of conflict from Dresden in 1945 to Aleppo, Syria today.
Today, conflicts tend to be fought between government forces and rebel groups, such as what is
unfolding in Syria and Ukraine. Unlike a century ago, today terrorist organizations cause huge
levels of harm in countries like Iraq and Pakistan, using tactics such as suicide bombings to
create as much devastation as possible. Conflicts are fought with a combination of high-
technology weapons and rudimental bombs, such as the use of Improvised Explosive Devices
(IEDs) and barrel bombs.
Such violence has in the past been a driver of reforms to International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
today, but it continues to present a serious humanitarian concern that needs to be more fully
addressed.
Contemporary conflicts refers to a state of opposition between persons, ideas or interests, it can
also be a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war.
Populated areas broadly equates to the legal concept of “concentrations of civilians” as used in
Protocol III to the convention on conventional weapons (CCW). “Concentration of civilians"
means any concentration of civilians, be it permanent or temporary, such as in inhabited parts of
cities, or inhabited towns or villages, or as in camps or columns of refugees or evacuees, or
groups of nomads1
Explosive weapons are munitions such as motor or artillery shells, cluster bombs and air-dropped
bombs, as well as improvised explosive devices (IEDs). These weapons are designed to function
through blast and fragmentation effects that kill and injure people in the area around the point of
detonation. When explosive weapons are used in populated areas, civilians are severely affected,
1 Protocol III Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use ofIncendiary Weapons Geneva, 10 October 1980 Article 1 (2) (Protocol (III) on prohibitions or restrictions on
the use ofincendiary weapons {Conventional Weapons Convention and its Protocols}) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/int/convention_conventional-
wpns_prot-iii.htm(accessed March 8 2015)

2. with 91% of casualties reported to be civilians. In incidents where the age of casualties was
reported, children accounted for 15% of worldwide civilian casualties.2
Manufactured explosive weapons are commercially-produced conventional ordnance. They can
be deployed from the air or surface-level and range in size and power from hand grenades to
massive aircraft bombs and multiple rocket launchers.3
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are weapons that are homemade or otherwise manufactured
outside of the conventional arms industry. They come from a wide variety of sources, including
homemade materials, diverted fertilizers, unsecured stockpiles or explosive remnants of war
(ERW). IEDs range in size and power and can be victim-operated, detonated by timer, or by
command including suicide bombs.4
2 Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), An Explosive Situation: Monitoring explosive violence in 2012, AOAV, 2013,
p 3
3 https://aoav.org.uk/2014/three-years-manufactured-explosive-weapons/ accessed March 19 2015)
4 https://aoav.org.uk/2014/three-years-manufactured-explosive-weapons/ accessed March 19, 2015)

3. My view regarding the use of explosive weapons
In my view, the use of these weapons in armed conflict especially in densely populated
residential areas and other populated areas not only puts civilians’ lives at risk but also
significantly increases the likelihood of damage to vital infrastructure and services such as
housing, schools, hospitals, water and sanitation systems, resulting to devastating long-term
effects on people’s lives far beyond the conflict itself, as well as creating the additional danger of
contamination from explosive remnants of war thereafter. These weapons are capable of tearing
apart lives, livelihoods and infrastructure.
Its use was responsible for thousands of children being killed or injured in at least 41 countries
between 2010 -12.5 In addition, it results to children being denied access to healthcare and the
opportunity to go to school. It can also cause children to be displaced from their homes, exposing
them to the risk of separation from their families and communities, and increasing their
vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. Long after the conflict has ended, children continue to
experience the psychological effects of conflicts that could potentially undermine their cognitive,
emotional and social aspects of development. In such a situation, we face the risk of a generation
of “lost children” without an education who bear the trauma of war.
Furthermore, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas is frequently a key factor in grave
violations against children as set out in Resolution 1612 of the UN Security Council. These
violations against children during armed conflict includes: killing or maiming of children,
recruitment or use of children by armed forces and groups, sexual violence against children,
abduction of children, attacks against schools and hospitals, and denial of humanitarian access
for children.6
In December alone at least 107 civilians including 27 children were reportedly killed in Aleppo
Governorate in Syria as a result of indiscriminate aerial bombing attacks and shelling including
the use of barrel bombs continuing to result in deaths, injuries and displacement.7
5 Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), Explosive Violence Monitoring Project: Explosive weapons and children (1 October 2010 – 30 September 2012), AOAV, 2013)
6 Explosive weapons and graveviolations against children.pdf
7 Germany Statement during January 2015 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection ofCivilians in Armed Conflict http://www.inew.org/acknowledgements &
https://aoav.org.uk/2015/40-states-acknowledge-harm-caused-explosive-weapons-populated-areas/ accessed 13 March 2015)

4. I do not support the use of explosive weapons in populated environments, I strongly oppose it as
it inevitably has an indiscriminate and severe humanitarian impact on civilians, both short and
long-term, parties to conflict therefore should refrain from using explosive weapons with wide-
area impact in densely populated areas. Hence, stronger policy, practice and international
standards that will better prevent humanitarian suffering from this violence should be established
and respected.
I do welcome the Secretary General’s concerns, also echoed by the European Union and 29
individual states that have highlighted the problem of the explosive weapons in open debates at
the UN Security Council and Human Rights council.8
The law and the use of explosive weapons
International humanitarian law (IHL) is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to
limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating
in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare by prohibiting weapons that
make no distinction between combatants and civilians or weapons and methods of warfare which
cause unnecessary injury, suffering and/or damage. IHL is also known as the law of war or the
law of armed conflict.9
International humanitarian law contains basic principles and rules governing the choice of
weapons and prohibits or restricts the employment of certain weapons. Humanitarian law has
therefore banned the use of many weapons, including exploding bullets, chemical and biological
weapons, blinding laser weapons and anti-personnel mines. IHL is part of international law,
which is the body of rules governing relations between States. International law is contained in
agreements between States (treaties or conventions), in customary rules, which consist of State
practice considered by them as legally binding, and in general principles.
8 Explosive weapons and graveviolations against children.pdf Updated list at http://www.inew.org/acknowledgements accessed March 3 2015
9 5.1 Basics ofIHL.doc see
http://www.unicef.org/pathtraining/Documents/Session%205%20International%20Humanitarian%20Law/Participant%20Manual/5.1%20Basics%20of%20IHL.doc accessed
March 13 2015

5. The conduct of hostilities
Hostilities are governed by Geneva law and Hague law. The rules covering the conduct of
hostilities limit the right of parties to a conflict to use the methods and means of warfare of their
choice. It essentially covers the conduct of military operations in an armed conflict by defining
proper and permissible uses of weapons and military tactics.
The following are the sevenbasic rules of international humanitarian law in armed
conflicts10
Persons hors de combat and those who do not take a direct part in hostilities are entitled to
respect for their lives and their moral and physical integrity. They shall in all circumstances be
protected and treated humanely without any adverse distinction.
It is forbidden to kill or injure an enemy who surrenders or who is hors de combat.
The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for by the party to the conflict which has
them in its power. Protection also covers medical personnel, establishments, transports and
equipment. The emblem of the Red Cross or the Red Crescent is the sign of such protection and
must be respected.
Captured combatants and civilians under the authority of an adverse party are entitled to respect
for their lives, dignity, personal rights and convictions. They shall be protected against all acts of
violence and reprisals. They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to receive
relief.
Everyone shall be entitled to benefit from fundamental judicial guarantees. No one shall be held
responsible for an act he has not committed. No one shall be subjected to physical or mental
torture, corporal punishment or cruel or degrading treatment.
10 International Committee ofthe Red Cross ICRC publication 1988 ref. 0365 Extract from"Basic rules ofthe Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols” see
https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/basic-rules-ihl-311288.htmaccessed March 13 2015

6. Parties to a conflict and members of their armed forces do not have an unlimited choice of
methods and means of warfare. It is prohibited to employ weapons or methods of warfare of a
nature to cause unnecessary losses or excessive suffering.
Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants
in order to spare civilian population and property. Neither the civilian population as such nor
civilian persons shall be the object of attack. Attacks shall be directed solely against military
objectives.
International Humanitarian Law is founded upon the following principles11
The principle of distinction between civilians and combatants
The specific rules where the principle of distinction is set out concerns Article 48 and 52 of
Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions (prohibits any direct attacks against a civilian
or civilian objects).
The principle of proportionality
The article where proportionality is most prevalent is in Article 51(5) (b) of Additional Protocol I
concerning the conduct of hostilities which prohibits attacks when the civilian harm would be
excessive in relation to the military advantage sought.
Other principles of IHL include: The principle of humanity, prohibition of attacks against those
hors de combat, prohibition on the infliction of unnecessary suffering and notion of necessity
METHODS AND MEANS OF WARFARE COVERED UNDER THE FOLLOWING
ARTICLES:12
Article 35 — Basic rules
1. In any armed conflict, the right of the Parties to the conflict to choose methods or means of
warfare is not unlimited.
11 Basic principles ofIHL see http://www.diakonia.se/en/ihl/the-law/international-humanitarian-law-1/introduction-to-ihl/principles-of-internationallaw/ &
https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0365.pdf
12 Protocol Additional to TheGeneva Conventions of12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection ofVictims ofInternational Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Of8 June1977

7. 2. It is prohibited to employ weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a
nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.
3. It is prohibited to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be
expected, to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment.
Article 36 — new weapons
In the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means or method of
warfare, a High Contracting Party is under an obligation to determine whether its employment
would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by this Protocol or by any other rule of
international law applicable to the High Contracting Party.
BASIC RULE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
Article 48 — Basic rule
In order to ensure respect for and protection of the civilian population and civilian objects, the
Parties to the conflict shall at all times distinguish between the civilian population and
combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives and accordingly shall direct their
operations only against military objectives.
CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN POPULATION
Article 51 — Protection of the civilian population
4. Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited see Article 51(5) (b).
CIVILIAN OBJECTS
Rules outlined under Article 52 — Article 55
The rules that form the basis of international humanitarian law are laid down in international
treaties that can be grouped into four categories: treaties on the protection of victims of war;
treaties on the limitation and/or prohibition of different types of arms; treaties on the protection
of certain objects; and treaties governing international jurisdiction (repression of crimes).13
The result is that IHL forms today a universal body of law.
13 see note 9

8. Weapons that are regulated by IHL treaties include:14
Weapon - explosive projectiles weighing less than 400 grams; Treaty- Declaration of Saint
Petersburg (1868)
Weapon- Bullets that expand or flatten in the human body; Treaty- Hague Declaration (1899)
Weapon - Poison and poisoned weapons; Treaty- Hague Regulations (1907)
Weapon- Chemical weapons; Treaty -Geneva Protocol (1925) & Convention on the prohibition
of chemical weapons (1993)
Weapon- Biological weapons; Treaty- Geneva Protocol (1925) & Convention on the
prohibition of biological weapons (1972)
Weapon- Weapons that injure by fragments which, in the human body, escape detection by X-
rays; Treaty- Protocol I (1980) to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
Weapon - Incendiary weapons; Treaty- Protocol III (1980) to the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons
Weapon- Blinding laser weapons; Treaty- Protocol IV (1995) to the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons
Weapon - Mines, booby traps and "other devices"; Treaty- Protocol II, as amended (1996), to
the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
Weapon- Anti-personnel mines; Treaty- Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel
Mines (Ottawa Treaty) (1997)
Weapon- Explosive Remnants of War; Treaty- Protocol V (2003) to the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons
14 https://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/weapons/overview-weapons.htm

9. Weapon- Cluster Munitions; Treaty- Convention on Cluster Munitions (2008)
Article 1: Incendiary weapon" means any weapon or munitions which are primarily designed to
set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to persons through the action of flame, heat, or
combination thereof, produced by a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on the target.15
Article 2: It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population as such, individual
civilians or civilian objects the object of attack by incendiary weapons. It is prohibited in all
circumstances to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the
object of attack by air-delivered incendiary weapons. It is prohibited to make forests or other
kinds of plant cover the object of attack by incendiary weapons except when such natural
elements are used to cover, conceal or camouflage combatants or other military objectives, or are
themselves military objectives.16
Many provisions of international humanitarian law are now accepted as customary law – that is,
as general rules by which all States are bound even if they have not ratified the treaty concerned.
Legal existing norms and the use of explosive weapons
In contemporary armed conflicts civilians are the primary victims of violations of IHL
committed by both State and non-State parties. The nature of contemporary armed conflicts
continues to provide challenges for the application and respect of IHL in a number of areas,
ranging from the classification of armed conflicts to the use of new technologies.
In many situations States are unable or unwilling to meet the basic needs of civilians and in such
situations IHL provides that relief actions may be undertaken by other actors, including
humanitarian organizations, subject to the agreement of the State. However, there remain many
obstacles to humanitarian access, including military, political and security-related concerns,
which hinder the provision of assistance to civilians in need.
15 see note 1
16 see note 15 & 1

10. A wide array of new technologies has entered the modern battlefield. Cyberspace has opened up
a potentially new war-fighting domain. Remote controlled weapons systems such as drones are
increasingly being used by the parties to armed conflicts. For example The US has used armed
drones in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Libya, and Somalia and recently in the
Philippines. Over 200 children have already been killed in these strikes since 2004.17 The UK is
currently using armed drones in Afghanistan and piloted US drones in Afghanistan, Iraq and
Libya. Israel has used armed drones against Syria, Lebanon, Sudan and Palestine 175 children
have already been killed by US drones, 160 of them in Pakistan18. Despite claims that drone
warfare is more precise, a recent study shows that in Afghanistan drone strikes have caused 10
times more civilian casualties than strikes by manned fighter aircraft.19
Automated weapons systems are also on the rise, and certain autonomous systems such as
combat robots are being considered for future use on the battlefield. There can be no doubt that
IHL applies to these new weapons and the employment of new technology in warfare. However,
these new means and methods of warfare pose legal and practical challenges in terms of ensuring
their use complies with existing IHL norms, and also that due regard is given to the foreseeable
humanitarian impact of their use. 20
Hostilities pitting non-State armed groups operating within populated areas against government
forces using far superior military means are also a recurring pattern, exposing civilians and
civilian objects to the effects of hostilities. The intermingling of armed groups with civilians, in
violation of IHL, has by some armies been used as a justification to by-pass the taking of all
possible precautions to minimize risks to civilians, as required by IHL. In this context, the effects
of the use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas on civilians and civilian structures
continue to be of concern. For example, Hundreds of people in the Central African Republic
17 http://childvictimsofwar.org.uk/get-informed/drone-warfare/ See TheBureau ofInvestigative Journalismhttp://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/11/more-than-160-
children-killed-in-us-strikes/
18 http://childvictimsofwar.org.uk/get-informed/drone-warfare/ seehttp://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/category/projects/drones/
19 http://childvictimsofwar.org.uk/get-informed/drone-warfare/ see http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/us-drone-strikes-afghan-civilians
20https://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/contemporary-challenges-for-ihl/overview-contemporary-challenges-for-ihl.htm

11. have no news of their loved ones following the conflict and other armed violence in the country.
Violence has been on the rise again in the capital Bangui in recent weeks, with reports of armed
robberies and abductions in neighborhoods’ in the north of the city. On 27 January, for instance,
tensions arising from the presence of armed men spilled over into clashes in several villages
between Kaga Bandoro and Botto.21 While peace talks continue, fighting plagues South
Sudanese communities in Unity, Upper Nile and Jonglei states. Hundreds of thousands have fled.
There are growing reports of children being forced to join armed groups.22
A recent challenge for IHL has been the tendency of States to label as ‘terrorist’ all acts of
warfare committed by non-State armed groups against them, especially in non-international
armed conflicts. The use of the term ‘terrorist act’ in the context of armed conflict causes
confusion between the two separate bodies of law and may lead to a situation where non-State
armed groups disregard IHL norms because of a perception that they have no incentive to abide
by the laws and customs of war. The designation of some non-State armed groups as ‘terrorist
groups’ also has significant implications for humanitarian engagement and may impede
humanitarian action. For example, ISLAMIC STATE (IS) a radical Islamist group that has
seized large swathes of territory in eastern Syria and across northern and western Iraq. Its brutal
tactics - including mass killings and abductions of members of religious and ethnic minorities, as
well as the beheadings of soldiers and journalists - have sparked fear and outrage across the
world,23 BOKO HARAM in Nigeria "The conflict in north-east Nigeria has flared up in recent
months, while other areas have seen growing tensions and armed violence. The number of people
killed, wounded or displaced is on the rise, with children being targeted in attacks or
abductions," said Zoran Jovanovic, head of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
21 Central African Republic: Violence continues to take toll on civilians News release 04 February 2015 see https://www.icrc.org/en/document/central-african-republic-violence-
continues-take-toll-civilians accessed March 28, 2015
22 South Sudan: “Snapshot book” helps children find loved ones News release 05 March 2015 see (https://www.icrc.org/en/document/south-sudan-snapshot-book-helps-children-
find-loved-ones).
23 What is Islamic State? 26 September 2014 Fromthe section Middle East see http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144 accessed March 28, 2015

12. delegation in Nigeria24 and in Somalia Islamist militant group AL-SHABAB is battling the UN-
backed government in Somalia, and has carried out a string of attacks in neighboring Kenya. The
group, which is allied to al-Qaeda, has been pushed out of most of the main towns it once
controlled, but it remains a potent threat. Al-Shabab has staged numerous attacks in Kenya. The
2 April massacre at Garissa University, near the border with Somalia, is the bloodiest so far. At
least 147 people died when gunmen stormed the university at dawn. Previously the worst attack
was on Nairobi's Westgate shopping centre in 2013, when at least 68 people died.25
To me, the laws are there, but I can’t say they are inadequate or adequate to regulate use of these
weapons; the burden is compliance, implementation and dissemination of the existing laws due
to several challenges including: weak political structures, radicalization of youths by extremists,
ignorance of the laws by parties to war, poverty and unemployment.
The rules of IHL are open to interpretation; however, the current legal framework has proved
unable to prevent a pattern of increasing civilian harm associated with the use of explosive
weapons in populated areas. The UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) notes that
“IHL has proven relatively ineffective … responding to the humanitarian problems that
explosive weapons cause, or in focusing attention on the moral acceptability of civilian harm”.26
The unregulated widespread availability of arms contributes to violations of international
humanitarian law (IHL) and hampers delivery of assistance to victims.
Contemporary armed conflicts repeatedly demonstrate that the most fundamental and universally
acknowledged laws of war are often disregarded, and existing IHL does not provide effective
mechanisms to stop violations when they occur. But in certain areas, the rules themselves need
strengthening. Many rules of IHL continue to be violated daily. IHL lacks strong and effective
mechanisms for monitoring and promoting compliance.
24 Nigeria: Victims ofconflict and violencestruggle to survive Article30 June 2014 see https://www.icrc.org/en/document/nigeria-victims-conflict-and-violence-struggle-survive
accessed March 28, 2015
25http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689 Who are Somalia's al-Shabab? 3 April 2015.From the section
Africa accessed April 5, 2015.
26 M Brehmand J Borrie, Explosive Weapons: Framing theproblem, UNIDIR, 2010, pp 2–3, seehttp://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/explosive-weapons-framing-the-
problem-354.pdfaccessed 5 April

13. Conclusion and recommendations
While recognition of this pattern of harm is growing among states and international
organizations, the international community must do more to tackle this unacceptable,
unspeakable and preventable suffering looming in cities, towns and populated areas today.
My recommendations to the international community, states and international organizations in
line with the call of the UN Secretary-General to take active steps to address this fundamental
humanitarian issue are as follows:
States have an obligation to ensure respect for IHL. This includes a responsibility to ensure that
the arms and ammunition they transfer does not end up in the possession of persons who are
likely to use them to violate IHL. An Arms Trade Treaty, which the ICRC supports, is meant to
address some of those concerns.
States are to take practical measures that include the following: integrating IHL into training and
military manuals, marking protected objects such as cultural heritage sites, and delivering
identification cards to combatants and protected persons. In addition, States have to spread the
knowledge of IHL.
States should publicly acknowledge that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas causes
severe harm to individuals and communities and furthers suffering by damaging vital
infrastructure. There’s also need for compensation to the victims of war by ensuring that
donations, aids and relief food reaches the right people through monitoring by states,
international organizations and non-governmental organizations involved.
States should established national IHL committees and ministerial bodies to offer legal advice,
technical assistance and capacity building to States authorities on matters concerning
implementation of IHL which are intimate with a specialized structure of the ICRC Advisory
Service to assist States to implement IHL at the national level to facilitate IHL implementation
domestically.
To further the ICRC's work on IHL implementation, the Advisory Service cooperates with
relevant international and regional organizations such as UNESCO, the Commonwealth

14. Secretariat, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, and the International
Criminal Court is vital.27
For the treaties of international humanitarian law (IHL) and other relevant instruments to be
accepted worldwide, national governments must formally adopt them by the process of
ratification or accession. States must then pass legislation and take regulatory and practical
measures for the rules of IHL to be fully effective.
27 https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-advisory-services-international-humanitarian-law#.VL5C8yinG30

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books:
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the
Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Of 8 June 1977
Online sources:
Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), An Explosive Situation: Monitoring explosive violence in
2012, AOAV, 2013, p 3
Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), Explosive Violence Monitoring Project: Explosive
weapons and children (1 October 2010 – 30 September 2012), AOAV, 2013)
Basic principles of IHL see http://www.diakonia.se/en/ihl/the-law/international-humanitarian-
law-1/introduction-to-ihl/principles-of-internationallaw/ &
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toll-civilians (accessed March 28, 2015).
Explosive weapons and grave violations against children.pdf Updated list at-
http://www.inew.org/acknowledgements (accessed March 3 2015).
Germany Statement during January 2015 Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of
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https://aoav.org.uk/2015/40-states-acknowledge-harm-caused-explosive-weapons-populated-
areas/ accessed 13 March 2015).
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2015)
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689 Who are Somalia's al-Shabab? 3 April
2015.From the section Africa accessed April 5, 2015.

16. http://childvictimsofwar.org.uk/get-informed/drone-warfare/ see
(http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/category/projects/drones/ accessed March 28, 2015).
http://childvictimsofwar.org.uk/get-informed/drone-warfare/ see
(http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/us-drone-strikes-afghan-civilians accessed
March 28, 2015).
http://childvictimsofwar.org.uk/get-informed/drone-warfare/ See (The Bureau of Investigative
Journalism http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/11/more-than-160-children-killed-in-
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M Brehm and J Borrie, Explosive Weapons: Framing the problem, UNIDIR, 2010, pp 2–3, see
(http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/explosive-weapons-framing-the-problem-354.pdf
accessed March 8 2015).
Nigeria: Victims of conflict and violence struggle to survive Article 30 June 2014 see
(https://www.icrc.org/en/document/nigeria-victims-conflict-and-violence-struggle-survive
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Protocol III Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons Geneva,
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incendiary weapons {Conventional Weapons Convention and its Protocols}) see
(http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/int/convention_conventional-wpns_prot-
iii.htm accessed March 8 2015).

17. What is Islamic State? 26 September 2014 from the section Middle East see
(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144 accessed March 28, 2015).
South Sudan: “Snapshot book” helps children find loved ones News release 05 March 2015 see
(https://www.icrc.org/en/document/south-sudan-snapshot-book-helps-children-find-loved-ones
accessed March 28, 2015).
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n%20Law/Participant%20Manual/5.1%20Basics%20of%20IHL.doc accessed March 13 2015).