THE WHOLE PRESENTATION DESCRIBE WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION AND A CASE HOW CORAL REEF ARE AFFECTED BY IT .WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION & PHYTOREMEDIATION.

1. www.greenpassport.us
biodabianss.blogspot.com
By -: Lovnish Thakur (IBT- 1ST Sem)
Enrollment NO. –ASU2014010100099
Course code -: 111 (biodiversity & bioprospecting)
www.nationofchange.org

2. Environmental Problems
www.itimes.com
A. Aquatic Environment Issues – Water pollution, Ocean Dead
Zones.
B. Air Quality Issues – Acid rain, Air Pollution, Nuclear Pollution
C. Climate Change Issues – Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Depletion
D. Terrestrial Environment Issues – Desertification, Deforestation,
Soil pollution, Waste Disposal, Mining

3. Sources of pollution

4. Municipal Waste
Open Dump
Sanitary Landfill
Incineration
Ocean dumping

5. Sanitary Landfill
Sanitary Landfill
 Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth
once a day and a thicker layer when the site is full
 Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of
leachates: can cause problem by overflow
 Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting

6. thetrashblog.com

7. Incineration
 Incineration is a
waste treatment
process that involves
the combustion of
organic substances
contained in waste
materials
 produces toxic
gases like Cl, HCl,
HCN, SO2
thetrashblog.com
en.wikipedia.org

8. Ocean Dumping
Problem
 Contributes to ocean
pollution
 Can wash back on beaches,
and can cause death of
marine mammals
 Dredge spoils still dumped
in oceans, can cause habitat
destruction and export of
fluvial pollutants
Ocean Dumping Ban Act,
1988: bans dumping of
sewage sludge and industrial
waste
ocean.nationalgeographic.com

9. Reducing Waste
Incineration, compacting
Hog feed: requires heat treatment
Composting: requires separation of organics from
glass and metals
Recycling and Reusing
Recycle of glass containers.
Plastic: marked by types for easy recycling
Converted into Fibers, trash bags, plastic lumber, fill for
pillows, insulation etc.
Junked cars.

10. Liquid Waste
Sewage
Highly toxic
Industrial Waste &
Used Oil
Deep well Disposal
Pumping in deep
porous layer bounded
by impermeable
formations, well
below water table.
Restricted by
geological
considerations, can
trigger earthquakes
www.nationofchange.org

11. Municipal Sewage Treatment
 Primary treatment:
-:removal of solids
 Secondary treatment:
-:biological
Bacteria and fungi breaks
down organics
Chlorinated to kill germs
can form chloroform which
www.in.all.biz
is carcinogenic
 Tertiary treatment: Filtration and chemical
treatment: expensive
 Sludge is a by-product and is rich in organics and
nutrients

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biodabianss.blogspot.com

13. Radioactive Waste Disposal
Isotopes with short half-lives are gone quickly,
those with long half-lives will decay too little
Low level wastes: 90% of all radioactive wastes
High level wastes e.g., spent nuclear fuel rods
www.greenpeace.org

14. High Level Waste Depository
Rocketing to sun
Under Antarctica Ice sheet
Sea bed disposal
www.beyondintractability.org

15. Impact of pollution on biodiversity
Pollution (Oil spills, human agricultural waste,
fertilization, pesticides, acid deposition, greenhouse
gases etc) caused by human activities has a negative
effect on biodiversity .
Nuclear pollution cause mutation and cause various
disease and disorder which further leads to extinction
of species.
Habitat loss is the greatest reason for biodiversity
loss.
Habitat loss is due to:
• Conversion of natural areas to farms, houses, etc
• Fragmentation of ecosystems by human activities,
housing, transportation, agriculture etc.

16. Coral Reefs and Pollution
25% of all marine species
live in coral reefs
And even more species use
coral reefs as well, mostly as
a nursery for juvenile stages.
Coral Reefs can only survive
in oceans with clear water and
few nutrients at the ideal
temperature and depth.
Pollution mostly from fertilizers
or sewage causes increase of nutrients
More nutrients cause increase of algae growth
This decreases the oxygen and turbidity
( www.noaa.gov)

17. Loss of Biodiversity
Loss of biodiversity come from
death of coral.
Which reduces the number of
fish nurseries and amount of
food.
Many larval organisms die and
adults are few.
Commercial Importance
 Reduced numbers of
commercially fished fish
 Loss of possibilities for
research
(www.noaa.gov)

18. Bioremediation
Bioremediation can be defined as any process that
uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their
enzymes to return the natural environment altered by
contaminants to its original condition.

19. www.navfac.navy.mil

20. Bioremediation
 Bioremediation technology using microorganisms was
reportedly invented by George M. Robinson.
Cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or
sulfate fertilizers to facilitate the decomposition of
crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.
To attack specific soil contaminants, such as
degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria.

21. www.noaa.gov

22. Classification of bioremediation
technology

23. Some example of
bioremediation technique
Bioventing
 landfarming
 bioreactor
 composting
 bioaugmentation
 rhizofiltration
 biostimulation.

24. Some technique
Bioremediation via the addition of fertilizers to
increase the bioavailability within the medium:
biostimulation
 Addition of matched microbe strains to the medium
to enhance the resident microbe population's ability
to break down contaminants: bioaugmentation

25. CCoommppoossttiinngg
Soil Conditioner –
create rich humus
Recycles kitchen and
yard waste
Introduces beneficial
organisms in the soil
Good for the
environment as a
natural alternative to
chemical fertilizers
Reduces landfill waste
zerowastehouston.org

26. PHYTOREMEDIATION
Heavy metals like
cadmium and lead are
not readily absorbed or
captured by organisms
The assimilation of metals
like mercury into the food
chain may worsen matters.
www.noaa.gov
Phytoremediation is useful in these situations, because
natural plants or transgenic plants are able to
bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts,
which are then harvested for removal.

27. www.stevenswater.com

28. Advantages
 the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of
traditional processes both in situ and ex situ
 can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without
excavation
 the plants can be easily monitored
 the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals
(by companies specializing in “phyto mining”)
 it is potentially “the least harmful” method because it uses
naturally occurring organisms and preserves the
environment in a more natural state

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30. References
 ocean.nationalgeographic.com
 www.stevenswater.com
 www.noaa.gov
 www.navfac.navy.mil
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation
 Redpathmuseum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/3.Conservation/impact
s.htm