2. WHAT IS SURFACTANT?
Natural endogenous surfactant is
a compound of
phospholipids, neutral lipids, and
proteins that forms a layer
between the alveolar surface and
the alveolar gas and reduces
collapse by decreasing surface
tension with the alveoli.
Surfactant deficiency is almost
always associated with the
formation of hyaline membranes
in the immature lung and the
onset of respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS).
3. INDICATIONS
Prophylactic administration -
Infants at high risk of
developing RDS due to short
gestation (<32 weeks) or low
birthweight (<1,300g)
Rescue or therapeutic
administration – preterm or full-
term infants who require
endotracheal intubation and
mechanical ventilation because
of increased work of breathing
and increasing oxygen
requirements
4. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The presence of congenital
anomalies incompatible with
life beyond the neonatal
period
Respiratory distress in infants
with laboratory evidence of
lung maturity
5. CUROSURF
Curosurf is a pulmonary
surfactant consisting of an
extract of natural pig lung
surfactant.
It consists of 99% polar
lipids and 1% hydrophobic
low molecular weight
proteins.
Curosurf contains no
preservatives.
6. Directions for Use
Curosurf should be inspected visually for discoloration prior to administration.
The color of Curosurf is white to creamy white. Curosurf should be stored in a
refrigerator at +2 to +8°C (36-46°F). Before use, the vial should be slowly
warmed to room temperature and gently turned upside-down, in order to
obtain a uniform suspension. DO NOT SHAKE.
1. Locate the notch on the colored
plastic cap.
2. Lift the notch and pull upwards.
3. Pull the plastic cap with the
aluminum portion downwards.
4 and 5. Remove the whole ring by
pulling off the aluminum wrapper.
6 and 7. Remove the rubber cap to
extract content.
7. Administration equipment:
- Syringe containing ordered dose of surfactant,
warmed to room temperature
- 5 French feeding tube or catheter, or endotracheal tube
with delivery port
- Mechanical ventilator or resuscitation bag
Resuscitation equipment:
- Laryngoscope and endotracheal tube
- Manual resuscitation bag and airway manometer
- Blended oxygen source
- Suction equipment to include catheters, sterile gloves,
collecting bottle and tubing, and vacuum generator
- Radiant warmer ready for use
Monitoring equipment:
- Neonatal tidal volume monitor, if available
- Airway pressure monitor
- Pulse oximeter or transcutaneous PCO2
- Cardiorespiratory monitor
8. Personnel – Surfactant replacement therapy should be
performed under the direction of a physician by credentialed
personnel which include nurses and respiratory therapists.
10. Initial Dose
The initial recommended dose of Curosurf is 2.5 mL/kg birth weight. This dose may
be determined from the Curosurf dosing chart previously shown.
For Endotracheal tube instillation using a 5 Fr catheter:
Slowly withdraw the entire contents of the vial of Curosurf into a 3 or 5 mL plastic
syringe through a large-gauge needle (e.g., at least 20 gauge).
Attach the pre-cut 8-cm 5 end-hole French catheter to the syringe. Fill the catheter
with Curosurf. Discard excess Curosurf through the catheter so that only the total
dose to be given remains in the syringe.
Before administration, the infant's ventilator settings should be changed to a rate
of 40-60 breaths/minute, inspiratory time 0.5 second, and supplemental oxygen
sufficient to maintain SaO2>92%.
Keep the infant in a neutral position (head and body in alignment without
inclination). Briefly disconnect the endotracheal tube from the ventilator.
11. Endotracheal tube instillation using a 5 Fr
catheter cont.
Insert the pre-cut 5 French catheter into the endotracheal tube and
instill the first half (1.25 mL/kg birth weight) of Curosurf.
The infant should be positioned so that either the right or left side is
dependent for the dose given .
After the first half is instilled, remove the catheter from the
endotracheal tube and manually ventilate the infant with 100% oxygen
at a rate of 40-60 breaths/minute for one minute.
When the infant is stable, reposition the infant so that the other side is
dependent and administer the remaining half using the same
procedures.
Do not suction infant for at least 1 hour after administration unless
there are signs of significant airway obstruction.
Resume ventilator management and clinical care.
13. For endotracheal instillation using the secondary
lumen of a dual lumen endotracheal tube:
Slowly withdraw the entire contents of the vial of Curosurf into a 3
or 5 mL plastic syringe through a large-gauge needle (e.g., at least
20 gauge).
Keep the infant in a neutral position (head and body in alignment
without inclination).
Administer Curosurf through the proximal end of the secondary
lumen of the endotracheal tube as a single dose, given over 1
minute, and without interrupting mechanical ventilation.
After completion of this dosing procedure, ventilatory management
may require transient increases in FiO2, ventilatory rate, or peak
inspiratory pressure (PIP).
15. Repeat doses
Up to two repeat doses of 1.25 mL/kg birth weight
each may be administered, using the same
techniques described for the initial dose.
Repeat doses should be administered, at
approximately 12-hour intervals, in infants who
remain intubated and in whom RDS is considered
responsible for their persisting or deteriorating
respiratory status.
The maximum recommended total dose (sum of the
initial and up to two repeat doses) is 5 mL/kg.
16. PROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS
plugging of endotracheal tube (ETT) by
surfactant
hemoglobin desaturation and increased need for
supplemental O2
bradycardia due to hypoxia
tachycardia due to agitation, with reflux of
surfactant into the ETT
pharyngeal deposition of surfactant
administration of surfactant to only one lung
17. PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS
apnea
pulmonary hemorrhage
mucus plugs
increased necessity for treatment for PDA
marginal increase in retinopathy of
prematurity
barotrauma resulting from increase in lung
compliance following surfactant replacement
and failure to change ventilator settings
accordingly
18. DOSING PRECAUTIONS
The administration of
surfactant should be
interrupted if the infant
experiences long episodes of
bradycardia, decreased
oxygen saturation, reflux of
the surfactant into the
ETT, or airway obstruction
have occurred.
Dosing may resume once
the infant is stable.
19. Surfactant deficiency is almost always associated with
the formation of hyaline membranes in the immature
lung and the onset of respiratory distress syndrome.
RDS is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
premature infants. The incidence of RDS is more
related to lung immaturity than gestational age.
Direct tracheal instillation of surfactant has proven to
reduce mortality and morbidity in infants with RDS.
20. 1. Bower, Barnhart, Betiti, et al. “Surfactant Replacement
Therapy." AARC Clinical Practice Guideline. (1994):
<http://www.rcjournal.com/cpgs/srtcpg.html>.
2. “Recommendations for Neonatal Surfactant Therapy." Pediatric
Child Health. Vol 10. No 2 (2005):
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722820/>.
3. “Curosurf.” Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. (June, 2012)
http://www.drugs.com/pro/curosurf.html
