2.47 tổ chức lớp viết báo khoa học đăng trên tạp chí quốc tế (6)
1. Tổ chức lớp viết báo khoa học đăng trên tạp chí quốc tế (6)
(Biotechnology)
Kha Thái Đức
Đại học Lạc Hồng Giám đốc trung tâm viết báo khoa học bằng tiếng Anh
柯泰德線上英文論文編修訓練服務
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw
Viết Tiếng Anh Học Thuật
2. Tiểu sử cá nhân
Kha Thái Đức (Ted Knoy) đã dạy viết tiếng Anh kỹ
thuật trong các trường đại học ở Đài Loan hơn hai
mươi năm. Ông là tác giả của mười bốn cuốn
sách về viết tiếng Anh kỹ thuật và chuyên nghiệp.
Ông đã thành lập một trung tâm viết tiếng Anh tại
trường đại học Y Yunpei đồng thời cũng là giảng
viên toàn thời gian tại trường. Ông đã chỉnh sửa
trên 55,000 bài viết cho việc đăng báo nghiên cứu
khoa học từ năm 1989. Ông là cũng nhà biên tập
tiếng anh cho một số tạp chí về khoa học, kỹ thuật
và y học của Đài Loan.
3. A. Nền tảng (Background)
• Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu (Setting of research proposal): Mô tả
một xu hướng phổ biến, phát triển hoặc hiện tượng trong lĩnh vực của bạn
để người đọc có thể hiểu được bối cảnh mà bạn đề xuất nghiên cứu đang
được thực hiện .
• Vấn đề nghiên cứu (Research problem) : Mô tả các hạn chế chính hoặc
thất bại của các nghiên cứu trước đây hoặc các phương pháp đã nghiên
cứu khi giải quyết các xu hướng, phát triển hoặc hiện tượng đã nêu .
• Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu (Quantitative
specification of research problem): Định lượng hoặc đưa ra một ví dụ về
vấn đề nghiên cứu được trích dẫn trong tài liệu tham khảo trước đó.
• Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu (Importance of research
problem) : Mô tả các hậu quả về mặt lý thuyết và thực tế nếu không giải
quyết vấn đề nghiên cứu.
4. B. Thực hiện (Action)
• Mục tiêu nghiên cứu (Research objective) : Mô tả mục tiêu của
nghiên cứu đề xuất của bạn và bao gồm các đặc điểm chính riêng biệt
của nghiên cứu để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu , điều mà đã không
được thực hiện trong nghiên cứu trước đây ( một câu )
• Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu (Methodology to
achieve research objective) : Mô tả ba hoặc bốn bước chính để đạt
được mục tiêu nghiên cứu của bạn .
• Kết quả dự kiến ( Anticipated results) : Mô tả các kết quả định lượng
mà bạn hy vọng sẽ đạt được trong nghiên cứu của bạn.
• Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn (Theoretical and
practical contribution to field) : Mô tả cách thức phương pháp hoặc
kết quả nghiên cứu đề xuất của bạn sẽ đóng góp về mặt lý thuyết trong
lĩnh vực nghiên cứu, quy luật và cũng đóng góp thiết thực trong sản
xuất, ngành công nghiệp dịch vụ.
5. Ví dụ 1: Biotechnology
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Proline-rich tyrosine
kinase 2 ( PYK2 ) , a non-receptor phosphorylation
kinase, belongs to the focal adhesion
kinase ( FAK ) family.
Vấn đề nghiên cứu Although in vitro experiments have
indicated that PYK2 is associated with macrophage
mobility, adhesion and regulation, such an association has
not been made through in vivo experiments.
Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu
For instance, PYK2 is deleted in the cell as a mouse
macrophage can affect the phagcytosis function.
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu The inability to
observe its association through in vivo experiments makes
its impossible to understand how the role of PYK2 in
macrophage in vivo.
6. Ví dụ 1 (cont.)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Based on the above, we should develop a novel
animal model that can be observed through macrophage in vivo
experiments.
Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do so, the
regulatory role of a gene in the upstream as promoter and enhancer can be
analyzed by adopting molecular cloning methods. Next, the identified gene
can be linked with a regulating gene to clarify how gene expression sites
are regulated.
Kết quả dự kiến As anticipated, the proposed animal model can observe
macrophage mobility and life cycle, thus facilitating embryo development
research.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn Importantly, the
proposed model is highly promising for use in related bio-medicine fields.
7. Ví dụ 2: Biotechnology
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Gene expression requires that
many proteins interact with regulated elements. However, modulation
of gene expression has not been thoroughly investigated, making it
impossible to determine the period and location of gene expression.
Vấn đề nghiên cứu However, expression of the same gene in a
diverse cell can be regulated based on different expressions and
Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu , thus,
cannot be expressed 100%.
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu The inability to thoroughly
understand the mechanism of distinct gene expression makes it
impossible to understand how this unique mechanism affects embryo
development.
8. Ví dụ 2 (cont.)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Based on the above, we should elucidate the
mechanism of gene expression in a cell owing to the importance of
acquiring genes in a cell for embryo development.
Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do so, the
regulatory role of a gene in the upstream as promoter and enhancer can be
analyzed by adopting molecular cloning methods. Next, the identified gene
can be linked with a regulating gene to clarify how gene expression sites
are regulated.
Kết quả dự kiến As anticipated, analysis results can clarify the mechanism
of gene expression in cells and regulation of tissue-specificity genes.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn Results of this study can
provide a valuable reference for efforts to develop a therapeutic method of
gene expression for patients with genetic defects.
9. Ví dụ 3: Biotechnology
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Cellular signal transduction
includes many cell signal pathways, an area having received
considerable research interest. The cell endoplasmic reticulum
( ER ) Ca2+ pool attempts to maintain an ion concentration balance
of cellular calcium, which is an extremely important organelle. Among
the calcium, an ion is cellular ER to proceed with the protein
translation, protein translocation, folding and cellular ER translation
protein to confirm ER Ca2+ pool plays a significant role. However,
these functions should mainly cause the implementation of many
resident ER Ca2+–binding proteins.The existence of many Ca2+-
binding proteins in the ER is widely documented. Additionally, although
passive in producing ER inside the high concentration, these proteins
have an important physiological function. Additionally, the protein
kinase C accepts some physiological functions after stimulation.
Protein kinase C belongs to serine-threonine kinase about the
message transduction The cell-related hormone or growth factor is
used to proceed to the next step for activation of phospholipase C, thus
producing DAG. Finally, protein kinase C is activated.
10. Ví dụ 3 (cont.)
Vấn đề nghiên cứu However, in addition to having many isoforms, PKC
can differentiate between conventional PKCs (a, b1, b2, and g), novel
PKCs (d, e,ηandθ), atypical PKCs (ζandλ/ι) . Previous research focused
on ER and how to regulate the calcium concentration of the intracellular
pathway. . Therefore, these PKC isoforms activate to some degree
correlation. However, PKC cannot clearly identify the different types of cell
lines that inhibit ER Ca2+ sequestering activity. PKC has also not been
investigated with respect to the intracellular Ca2+ pool.
Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu Still, ER Ca2+
pool has not been investigated with respect to PKC isoforms in cell signal
transduction, the functions of PKC and DNA transcription or translation as
well as various intracellular pathways. Moreover, conventional cell culture
methods can not thoroughly understand the cellular pathway of PKC,
making the cellular apoptosis mechanism unclear as well.
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu The inability to thoroughly
understand protein kinase C and the cell signal pathway will negatively
impact the physiological characteristics of PKC with respect to cellular life
and death.
11. Ví dụ 3 (cont.)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Based on the above, we should
attempt to understand what role macrophage secretion
cytokine plays in the human immune system.
Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do
so, NO can be examined, as found between different
macrophage cells, RAW 264.7 and J774. An identical
stimulator and inhibitor can then be inserted into RAW 264.7
and J774 murine macrophage cells, allowing RAW264.7 and
J774 cells not only to produce the cytokine but also to
induce apoptosis physiology. Moreover, NO content and cell
apoptosis can be examined. Furthermore, RAW 264.7 and
J774 cells can be treated with the LPS in different glucose
concentration media.
12. Ví dụ 3 (cont.)
Kết quả dự kiến As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that NO and other cytokines can locate many
signal pathways of the macrophage. Additionally, the NO
content and protein kinase C of cellular signal regulation
can identify the RAW 264.7 or J774 cell morphology in
different glucose concentration media.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn Results
in this study can demonstrate that, in addition to possibly
inducing the cell apoptosis pathway, NO can promote the
human immune system to achieve an appropriate balance
between cytokines.
13. Ví dụ 4: Biotechnology
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Commonly found in
the RAW 264.7 cell, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium
pool plays a significant role in regulating the concentration
of cellular calcium ion. Additionally, , ER calcium pool can
facilitate protein translation, protein transfer, and protein
embellishment. According to recent investigations,
elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, can
initiate apoptosis; in addition, [Ca2+]i increases before
genome fragmentation and cell death. As well known, as a
major intracellular reservoir of Ca2+ in nonmuscular cells,
endoplasmic reticulum ER is essential for many cellular
functions, including protein processing within ER.
14. Ví dụ 4 (cont.)
Vấn đề nghiên cứu However, while previous studies investigated how
murine macrophage cell line regulates the signal pathway of ER
calcium pool, exactly how the signal pathways of cellular TNF-α, NF-
γB, and MAPK regulates the concentration of cellular calcium ion
remains unclear.
Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu For
instance, cell ER pool investigations have not identified the signal
pathways of TNF-α, NF-γB, and MAPK within an accuracy of 80 % ,
thus making it impossible to determine how RAW 264.7 cell regulates
the signal pathway.
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu The inability to thoroughly
understand the signal pathways of intracellular TNF-α, NF-γB, and
MAPK makes it impossible to determine what role ER calicium pool
and induced cytokine play in the RAW 264.7 cell.
15. Ví dụ 4 (cont.)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Based on the above, we should analyze TNF-α and NF-
κB of the RAW 264.7 cell by using cell culture methods, providing insight into
how the cell signal pathway and immunity regulation of nitro oxide in cellular
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium poolare related. TNF-α,NF-κB and MAPK
can also be determined to be closely associated with the signal pathways of
both human diseases such as cancer.
Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do so, the RAW 264.7
cell can be analyzed using Griess reagent (1% Sulfanilamide, 0.1% NED) and
chemiluminescence. The PKC protein can then be analyzed using western blot
analysis. Next, NF-κB and MAPK can be analyzed using primary and
secondary antibodies. Additionally, the mouse fibroblasts can be used by
adding L929 to serial dilutions of the conditioned media at 5×104 cells per well
(in 96-well plates), followed by treatment with 1 μg/ml actinomycin D. Moreover,
after 24 h of treatment, the viability of cells can be measured by MTT assay.
Finally, a standard curve can be defined using TNF-α.
16. Ví dụ 4 (cont.)
Kết quả dự kiến As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that the TNF-α,NF-κB and MAPK can be found in
the RAW 264.7 cell of the cellular endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) calcium pool signal pathway. Additionally, this
pathway can be understood with respect to elucidating the
characteristics of cancer.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn Results
of this study can provide further insight into not only the
signal pathways of intracellular TNF-α, NF-γB, and MAPK,
but also the role in which ER calicium pool and induced
cytokine play in the RAW 264.7 cell.
17. Ví dụ 5: Biotechnology
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Commonly found in legume seeds,
proteinase inhibitors play a critical role in regulating several
physiological processes such as blood coagulation, complement
fixation, fibrinolysis, and fertilization. As proteins having characteristic
polypeptide scaffolds, most of these inhibitors are grouped into several
families including the Kunitz, Kazal, Burman Birk, Serpin and mucus
families. As well established, the production, invasion and transfer of
cancer cells are significantly related to proteinase inhibitors.
Vấn đề nghiên cứu However, previous efforts have failed to suppress
cancer proteinase inhibitors effectively.
Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu owing to the
inability to identify proteinase inhibitors that can suppress more than
80 of all cancer cells.﹪
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu Consequently, the inability
to understand the physiological role of proteinase inhibitors in plants
makes it impossible to ultimately understand the role that proteinase
inhibitors play in cancer cells.
18. Ví dụ 5 (cont.)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Based on the above, we should attempt to purify
and characterize the coffee senna trypsin inhibitor (CSTI), to which Coffee
Senna, i.e., a leguminosae that belongs to its bean sub-family, by using
protein purification. Essential to understanding the fundamental principles
of protein purification, protease inhibitors can be used to design new
substances capable of effectively controlling diseases and pathological
processes.
Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do so, coffee senna
seeds can be analyzed. CSTI can then be extracted using a crude
extraction method containing ammonium sulfate precipitate. Next, the
senna trypsin inhibitor can then be purified to utilize the column (i.e., gel
filtration 、 affinity chromatography 、 ion exchange column) of various
characteristics (i.e., molecular size 、 molecular charge 、 as well as
molecular polar and affinity). Additionally, the purified protein can be
analyzed to further characterize its heat stability and different SDS
concentrations in order to achieve stability.
19. Ví dụ 5 (cont.)
Kết quả dự kiến As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that CSTI can be extracted and the type of coffee
senna seed can be identified as well. Besides
characterizing CSTI precisely through analysis, its
extraction and characterization can be used to classify the
coffee senna type. Moreover, the CSTI sequence can
achieve sequential alignment of the protein with other
legumes.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn In
addition to providing insight into the physiological
significance of CSTI in plants, results of this study can
contribute to efforts to design substances capable of
effectively controlling diseases and pathological processes.
20. Ví dụ 6: Biotechnology
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Consumers demand shampoos with natural
ingredients and without any harmful side effects. Manufacturers normally select
natural plant additives and attempt to reduce the chemical composition of such
additives. This combination often implies a relatively high retail price of shampoos.
Vấn đề nghiên cứu Although traditional herbs from South Africa are frequently
used in shampoo, the use of China herbs in shampoo has received little attention.
Chinese herbs often depend on the use of fine trauma medicines. Although non-
toxic and mild, Chinese herbs are seldom used in commodities such as shampoo.
Certainly commercial applications of Chinese herbal medicine still have many
limitations, e.g., whether one ingredient has a particular effect, whether valid
ingredients can be extracted purely, or whether the usefulness of the ingredient is
depleted during the purification process, these problems. These issues require
further study. While Chinese herbal medicine has been extensively studied for its
oxidation ability to repress cancer cells, its potential applications for external
treatment such as in shampoos has seldom been addressed.
21. Ví dụ 6 (cont.)
Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu
In addition to numerous investigations, Chinese herbal
medicine can be found in many commercial products.
However, with the growing market in pharmaceutical drugs
and the health foods sector, Chinese herbal medicine has
many attractive features, e.g., anti- oxidation capability,
suppression of fungi, anti-cancer capabilities, toxicity
analysis, and analysis of particular ingredients for research
purposes.
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu Despite the
extensive study of herbal medicine for therapeutic
treatment purposes that has yielded excellent results with
respect to antimicrobial activity of herbal plants, Chinese
herbal medicine has seldom been studied with respect to
its toxicity levels and potential industrial applications.
22. Ví dụ 6 (cont.)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Based on the above, we should develop a novel
formulation involving the use of Chinese herbal medicine that replaces
that of the widely used South African herbal medicine.
Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do so, Chinese
herbal medicine can be analyzed to suppress gram (-) bacteria. Cell
culturing method is then adopted to understand why Chinese herbal
medicine does not have negative side effects. Next, GC and HPLC
methods can be used to understand the adaptability of incorporating
compounds of Chinese medicine in shampoo. The proposed
formulation can enable five varieties of Chinese herbal medicine to
achieve a better outcome than South African herbal medicine can in
terms of suppressing gram (-) bacteria.
23. Ví dụ 6 (cont.)
Kết quả dự kiến As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that , while
traditional South African herbs can restrain the microorganism effect with a
success rate of 90 % upwards, Chinese herbs have the same success
rate of 99 % upwards. This quality makes Chinese herbs highly promising
for efforts to restrain microorganisms and achieve safe testing, implying
safe production and substantial product revenues. The ability to suppress
germs would enable use of flow cytometer examination PGE2 to
understand its anti-oxidation activity, thus making Chinese herb medicine
highly promising for several commercial applications, including treatment
for athlete’s foot and the skin of head tinea owing to its ability to effectively
suppress fungi, as well as treatment of external injuries owing to its ability
as a disinfectant of germs.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn In addition to providing
a valuable reference for Chinese herbal medicine research, the proposed
formulation can provide local healthcare product manufacturers with a
viable alternative to developing shampoos. Its desirable features of
effectively suppressing both fungi and fungi owing to its anti-oxidation
capability further increase its commercial potential.
24. Tài liệu tham khảo
Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing