2. 1.1 Concepts of Educational Technology
Technology - “techne” (Greek)
Meaning:
Skill in using knowledge systematically until achieving
the usual practice of performing a task.
It encompasses process and ideas.
Instructional technology :
A systematic way to develop, implement and evaluate the
whole process of teaching and learning in terms of
specific objectives based on research, education and
human communication and use of human resources and
non-human to produce more effective teaching.
3. Education Technology:
“the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning
and improving performance by creating, using and
managing, appropriate technological processes and
resources”
Is very broad in education to the extent that the
concept of educational technology encompasses an
educational organization itself. The concept and
meaning can be discussed from various angles.
4. 1.2 Educational Technology Domain
Instructional Technology domain 1977
AECT - (Association for Educational Communication and
Technology)
Instructional technology :
Is a complex and integrated process involving people,
procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing
problems and designing, evaluating and managing the
solution to the problems in situations where the learning
process id focused and controlled.
5. Instructional technology domain is divided into three
functions:
i. Teaching management functions
ii. Development function of teaching
iii. Function of learning resources
Technology domain:
Initiated by development functions of teaching,
followed by function of learning resources.
Teaching management function acts as the primary
management of both these functions.
6. To analyse learning and design problems, implement
and evaluate solutions to these problems.
It involves a process that consists of several stages.
First stage:
Conceptualising theoretical model for solving the
problems.
Conducted to obtain scientific information on students,
teaching and learning, learning resource and so on.
7. 1.2.1.2 Function of Learning Resources
Used separately or together to facilitate the teaching
and learning process.
Application level and logistics, learning resources are
selected, used and disseminated
- Anything that store and transmits information to
students.
- Message contains information received by the
students.
e.g. lesson, instruction, and others
8. Main function:
to supervise and control the development of learning
resources so as instructional technology can function
effectively.
Personnel management:
responsible in issues related to the recruitment,
supervision and evaluation of employees.
Main purpose:
To create a good relationship as well as too improve
communication between employees.
9. 1.2.2 Educational Technology Domain 1994
Five domains:
- Design domain
- Development domain
- Use domain
- Management domain
- Evaluation domain
10. Four main areas:
a). Instructional systems design
b). Message design
c). Instructional strategies
d). Pupil characteristics
1. Design domain
- the process to determine the instructional system
component, characteristics and needs for learning
Instructional systems design:
An organized or systematic procedures for analyzing, designing,
building, implementing and evaluating instructional materials, an
educational unit, a course or a curriculum that would help or improve
the students learning and teachers teaching.
11. - Is the development or construction.
- Involves the process of translating the design
specifications.
- Consist of printed materials, audio-visual materials,
computer-based materials and multimedia materials
2. Development domain
- Use is the act of using methods and instructional
models, materials and media tools and environment to
enhance the learning process.
3. Use domain
12. Involves control of the instructional technology through
planning, organization, coordination and supervision of the
resource center or technology education to enable
organized and effective teaching and learning.
4. Management domain
Is the process to determine the suitability and effectiveness of
teaching and learning or educational programs such as student
achievement assessment, evaluation of the use of media, evaluation
of the design and construction of teaching material and evaluation
of programs or educational media project
5. Evaluation domain
13. The use of technology in teaching and learning is only a
supporting material for teachers to teach and not a
substitute for teaching.
The using of educational technology is to help teachers
teach and help students learn a subject content more
effectively.
It is used for teaching and learning and not for
entertainment or to show the ability of teachers to use
technology, also not to waste time while waiting for the
learning of pupils over.
14. Educational resources selected based on their
appropriateness in terms of topics and learning
objectives, student background, class size and physical
condition of the classroom.
Educational resources should be used to achieve the
objectives and the development of teaching and
learning, either for
i. introduction of the topic,
ii. educational development which includes explanation
of concept, or
iii. closing or conclusion
iv. assessment on the understanding of the topic.
15. The use of educational resources must be planned in
three stages, namely:
1. Before use - planning time and manner relate to the
topic being taught
2. During use - planning reviews and emphasising the
important aspects that will accelerate the process of
learning
3. After use - planning further activities / enrichment
and reinforcement
16. 1.4 Role and Importance of Educational
Technology in Teaching and Learning
Technology education is a media application, system,
and technical approach towards teaching and learning
environment. One of the main role and approaches of
educational technology are to promote positive
learning environment, changes in the decision-making
level, changes in the system or changes in the approach
to teaching and changes in learning experience.
17. 1.4.1 Changes in Decision Making Level
Accordingly, Malaysia school syllabus or curriculum are
established by the Ministry of Education. The syllabus
has been drafted based on student skill levels in
different age groups. During the planning of this
syllabus or curriculum, this curriculum planners will
collaborate with instructional designers to determine
the use of educational technology in the school
curriculum.
18. For example
In the implementation of PPSMI Teaching and
Learning of Science and Mathematics in English,
the curriculum has been outlined and media
sources produced in tandem. This can help
teachers in choosing media sources that suits to be
used in the classroom. Apart from saving teachers
time, it also makes learning more effective and
systematic.
19. 1.4.2 Changing the System or Teaching
Approaches
Accordingly, Malaysia school syllabus or curriculum are
established by the Ministry of Education. The syllabus
has been drafted based on student skill levels in
different age groups. During the planning of this
syllabus or curriculum, this curriculum planners will
collaborate with instructional designers to determine
the use of educational technology in the school
curriculum.
20. 1.4.3 Changing the Learning Experience
Important to make effective learning, and can change
student behavior.
Careful planning and rigorous shall be arranged so that
it can help students get the learning experience based
on the objective set by the teacher based on the
curriculum that was enacted.
Plans such as the use of appropriate media either using
computer applications, simulations, demonstrations or
any other materials to help students understand the
learning should be determined so that the critical and
creative thinking can be generated in the classroom so
that pupils are able to apply the learning in their daily
lives.
21. 1.4.4 Promoting a Positive Learning
Environment
Use of effective technology in teaching can stimulate
positive learning environment (effectively) and attract
students.
Use the latest technology such as the use of laptops,
slide to boost student attention optimally if carried out
systematically.
There are a variety of learning approaches that can be
implemented in the classroom using educational
technology in order to generate an effective learning
environment.
22. Among the approaches that can be practiced to
promote a positive learning environment are
cooperative, collaborative learning, team approach and
an individual approach.
23. 1.4.5 Promoting Cooperative Approach
Is involves students working together and be responsible
for each member of the group.
All members must work together in groups to solve a
given problem.
The teacher is responsible for ensuring that each
student in the group work together well.
Social skills are critical among members of the group to
help the group achieve its objectives and maintain
positive relationships.
24. For example
In science, teachers give assignments to students to find
any information related to the Solar System. Pupils are
given time to collect information in the library and
computer labs. The findings are presented in class using
media applications produced by pupils. These activities can
produce students who have high self-confidence, ICT
literate and able to communicate effectively.
25. 1.4.6 Promoting Collaborative Approach
Requires the involvement of all team members. It requires
challenging ideas, support and improve an idea to
consensus group. In this approach, students will gather
ideas or data, share experiences, discuss among
themselves, and solve problems together.
Each team member are committed to perform a given task
and ready to help each other to improve their academic
performance.
