1. Instructor: Laura Gerold, PE
Catalog #10614113
Class # 22784, 24113, 24136, & 24138
Class Start: January 18, 2012 Class End: May 16,
2012

2. “Jefferson had a precise and detailed sense
of geography. Had he not been so busy
with all of his other interests and
obligations, one might imagine him as an
important mapmaker, with his passion for
accurate representation, his draftsmanship
and devotion to the study of land.” Lions of
the West by Robert Morgan (2011)

4.  Create a set of hand-sketched plans that
include the following:
 Drawing Border
 Scale
 Six Orthographic Standard Views (page 165 text)
 Auxiliary Views (If Needed)
 Section View(s)
 Dimensions

5. The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides
certain definite information (Chapter 5).

6.  Items Appropriate for the Project
 Items Not Appropriate for the Project

7.  2/22/12 – Project Proposal Due (10 Points)
 Write a brief memo describing the object you plan on
drawing including plans for how to scale the object.
 Memo should include the following information in
the header:
 To: Laura Gerold
 From: Thomas Jefferson
 Date: February 22, 2012
 Subject: Teakettle Project Plans for 2D Essentials
 Memo should also include a photo or a freehand
sketch of your item.

8.  4/4/12 – 50% Project Plans Due (30 points)
 Turn in what you have drawn so far and
comments will be added to your plans on Post-
it notes.
 Plans at this point should include:
 scale
 drawing border
 three views

9.  5/9/12 – Final Plans Due including all
elements (100 points)
 5/16/12 – Plans returned with score (140
points total including proposal, 50% plans, and
final)

10. Thick and Thin Drawing Lines
Freehand line technique
Line styles

11. ALPHABET OF LINES
• Visible Line – The line that you can see when viewing
an object. It should indicate all visible edges of an
object. They should stand out clearly in contrast to
other lines so the shape of an object is apparent to the
eye.
• Hidden Line - Used to show surfaces, edges, or
corners of an object that are hidden from view

12. ALPHABET OF LINES
• Section Line – Used to indicate the surface in the
section view imagined to have been cut along the
cutting plane line.
• Centerline – Centerlines are used to show
symmetrical features. Examples are the center of
holes or roads.
• Symmetry – Symmetry lines are used when partial
views of symmetrical parts are drawn.

13. ALPHABET OF LINES
• Dimension and Extension Lines– Used when
dimensioning an object.
• Leaders – Used to indicate the part of the drawing
to which the note or description refers.
Arrowheads should touch the object lines.

14. ALPHABET OF LINES
• Cutting-plane Lines– Used to designate where an
imaginary cutting took place.
• Viewing-plane lines – Used to indicate direction
of sight when a partial view is used.
• Same lines used for both.

15. ALPHABET OF LINES
• Short-break Line– Used when it is desirable to
shorten the view of a long part.
• Long-break Line– Same definition as short-break
line

16. ALPHABET OF LINES
• Phantom Line – Used to indicate alternate position of moving
parts, adjacent position of moving parts, adjacent position of
related parts, and repetitive detail. It represents a feature or
component that is not part of the specified part or assembly.
E.g. billet ends that may be used for testing, or the machined
product that is the focus of a tooling drawing.
• Stitch Line – Used for indicating a sewing or stitching process.
• Chain Line - Used to indicate that a surface or zone to receive
additional treatment or considerations.

17.  Coffee Mug Project (Freehand Draw)
 Visible Lines
 Hidden Lines
 Centerline
 Symmetry Line
 Dimension Line (make up a dimension!)
 Leader
 Cutting-plane Line
 Short-break Line

18. The main difference between an instrument or CAD drawing and a freehand
sketch is in the appearance of the lines. A good freehand line is not expected to
be precisely straight or exactly uniform, as is a CAD or instrument-drawn line.
Freehand lines show freedom and variety.
Freehand construction lines are very light, rough lines. All
other lines should be dark and clean.

19. U.S. Customary Units
The Metric System
Dual-Dimensioned

20. • Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn
object relative to the real object.
• On a scale of 1:2, the first number, 1 represents the size of
the object on the drawing. The second number, 2,
represents the size of the object in the real world.
Reduced and Enlarged Scale. Many drawings must be shown at reduced scale for the
object to fit on the paper.

21. For a part that is shown
on the paper at half its
actual size, the scale is
listed in one of these three
ways:
SCALE: 1:2
SCALE: 1/2
SCALE: .5
Architectural drawings list
the scale based on the
number of fractions of an
inch on the drawing that
represent one foot on the
actual object. Example: List the predominant drawing scale in the title
block. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
SCALE: 1/8" 1'

22. Scales are measuring
tools used to quickly
enlarge or reduce
Drawing
measurements.
Types of Scales

23. An engineers’ scale (also called a civil engineers’ scales) is a decimal
scale graduated in units of 1 inch divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60
parts.
Because the engineers’ scale divides inches into decimal units, it is
convenient in machine drawing to set off inch dimensions expressed in
decimals.

24.  Engineers scales are usually used for large areas
that you are trying to “scale down” for use on
large scale plans or maps
 Use Decimals
 1:10 Scale, 1” = 1’, then each division is equal to 0.1
ft.
 1:10 scale is equal to 1” = 10’, 100’, 1000’
 10 Scale can be used as a ruler and can be used to
set off inch dimensions as decimals
 To make a half size drawing from an original
drawing that used a 10 scale, use a 20 scale

25.  Measure Pipe and Stone Drains Length on
Bioretention Plan
 Apply an engineer scale to an object
 Draw a 62.5’ x 84.8’ Room

26. Full Size 1:1 scale
The triangular scales have
one full-size scale and five
reduced-size scales, all
fully divided.
Using these scales, a
drawing can be made full
size, enlarged sized, or
reduced sized.
Half Size 1:2 scale

27.  Similar to engineer scale, but using metric
system
 Full Size is 1:1 scale
 Division is 1 mm in width with calibrations at 10
mm intervals
 Half Size is 1:2 Scale
 Division is 2 mm in width with calibrations at 20
mm intervals
 Used for maps, force diagrams, graphical
constructions with scales such as 1 mm = 1 kg

28. The architects’ scale is intended primarily for drawings of buildings, piping
systems, and other large structures that must be drawn to a reduced scale
to fit on a sheet of paper.
AutoCAD software users sometimes
become confused using architectural
units. When selecting architectural
units and entering lengths, keep in mind
that a value of 1 is one inch, not one foot.
How To Architect - Scale

29.  On an architect scale, 1/8” = 1’
 Full Size
 16 Scale – Sixteen divisions per inch
 Half Size
 To create half size plans, use the full size scale and
divide every dimension by two
 Do not use the ½ scale, which is ½ = 1”
 Double Size
 Use your full size scale and multiply everything by
two

30.  1/16 or 1/8 scale is typically used for overall
building plan dimensions
 ¼ is used for detail plans
 3/8, ½, 1 are used for large details (building
sections)
 ¾ and 1 ½ are used for details

31.  Measure Plans
 Apply an architect scale to an object
 Draw a 15’-2” x 25’-4” Room

32. Mechanical engineers’ scales are divided into units representing inches
to full size, half size, quarter size, or eighth size.
To draw an object to a scale of half size, for example, use the mechanical
engineers’ scale marked half size, which is graduated so that ever ½”
represents 1". In other words, the half-size scale is simply a full-size scale
compressed to half size.
Triangular combination scales are available that
include full- and half-size mechanical engineers’
scales, several architects’ scales, and an
engineers’ scale all on one stick.

33. Lettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object or to
provide detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be easy to
create, and use styles acceptable for traditional drawing and CAD drawing.
Engineering drawings use single-stroke
sans serif letters because they are
highly legible and quick to draw.
Sans serif means without
serifs, or spurs

34. • Most hand-drawn notes use lettering
about 3 mm (1/8") high.
• CAD notes are set using the
keyboard and sized to be in the
range of 3 mm (1/8") tall according
to the plotted size of the drawing.
An Example of Lettering and Titles
Using CAD
• CAD drawings typically use a
Gothic lettering style but often use
When adding lettering to a
a Roman style for titles.
CAD drawing, a good rule of
thumb is not to use more than
two fonts within the same
drawing.

35. The proportions
of vertical capital
letters and numbers
are shown

36. Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering sketches except for
lettering large volumes of notes. Vertical lowercase letters are used on
map drawings, but very seldom on machine drawings.
When large and small capitals
are combined, the small
capitals should be three fifths
to two thirds the height of the
large capitals.

37. Inclined (italic)
capital letters and
numerals, are
similar to vertical
characters, except
for the slope. The
slope of the letters is
about 68° from the
horizontal.

38. Do’s & Don’t
• Never let numerals touch the fraction bar.
• Center the denominator under the numerator.
• Avoid using an inclined fraction bar, except when lettering
in a narrow space, as in a parts list.
• Make the fraction bar slightly longer than the widest part
of the fraction.

39. Use extremely light horizontal guidelines to keep letter height uniform…
Do not use vertical
guidelines to space the
distance from one
letter to the next within
a word or sentence.
For even freehand letters:
• Use 1/8" gridded paper for drawing to make lettering easy.
• Use a scale and set off a series of spaces, making both the
letters and the spaces between lines of letters 1/8" high.
• Use a guideline template like the Berol Rapidesign 925
• For whole numbers and fractions, draw five equally
spaced guidelines.

40. Spacing between Letters
Uniform spacing between letters is done by
eye. Contrary to what might seem logical,
putting equal distances from letter to letter
causes them to appear unequally spaced.
Spacing between Words
Space letters closely within words to
make each word a compact unit, but
space words well enough apart to clearly
separate them from adjacent words.
Spacing between Rows
Be sure to leave space between rows of
lettering, usually equal to the letter height.

41. In most cases, the title and
related information are
lettered in title boxes or title
strips
When lettering by hand,
arrange the title symmetrically
about an imaginary centerline

42.  How to Write Like an Architect
 Use a Ruler for even lines
 Use the Ames Lettering Guide
 Lettering Example (Worksheet 2)
 Lettering Example (Finish Plan)

43. High-quality drawing pencils help produce good quality
technical sketches and drawings.
Hard Medium Soft
The hard leads in this These grades are for These leads are too
group (left) are used general-purpose work in soft to be useful in
where extreme technical drawing. The mechanical drafting.
accuracy is required, softer grades (right) are They tend to produce
as on graphical used for technical sketching, smudged, rough lines
computations and lettering, arrowheads, that are hard to erase,
charts and diagrams. and other freehand work and the lead must be
The softer leads in this on mechanical drawings. sharpened continually.
group (right) are The harder leads (left) are These grades are used
sometimes used for used for line work on for artwork of various
line work on machine drawings and kinds, and for full-size
engineering drawings, architectural drawings. The details in architectural
but their use is limited H and 2H leads are widely drawing.
because the lines are used on pencil tracings for
apt to be too light. reproduction.

44. You might be surprised how much your drawings benefit from finding a style of pencil
that suits your use. Soft pencils, such as HB or F, are mainly used in freehand
sketching.
Choose a pencil that:
• Is soft enough to produce clear black lines, but hard enough not to
smudge too easily.
• Is not so soft that the point breaks
easily.
• Feels comfortable in your hand.
• Grips the lead without slipping.

45. Many choices of media (paper and other) are available for particular
sketching or drawing purposes. Whether you are sketching or are plotting
a drawing from a CAD workstation, choose the type of sheet and size that
suits your needs.
Small notebooks or sketch pads
are useful when working at a site
or when it is necessary to quickly
record information.
Graph paper can be helpful in
making neat sketches
Sketch on Graph Paper

46. There are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet
sizes. Note that drawing sheet size is given as height width. Most
standard sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.
* May also be used as a vertical sheet size at 11" tall by 8.5" wide.

47. • Margins and Borders
• Zones

48. The title block is located in the lower right corner of the format.
Standard areas in the title block provide the information as
shown below.

49. When laying out a drawing sheet, you will
need to consider:
• the size and scale of the object you will
show
• the sheet size
• the measurement system (units) for the
drawing
• the space necessary for standard notes
and title block.
The object you are drawing is the “star” of the sketch. Keep the object
near the center of the sheet. It should be boldly drawn, using
thick visible lines. Make it large enough to fill most of the sheet and so that
details show clearly