4. Hormone receptors
For protein & peptide hormones – receptor is
in plasma membrane
For steroid hormones – receptor is in
nucleus
For prostaglandin hormones – receptor is in
plasma membrane
7. Steps in protein hormone action
1. Hormone-receptor binding
2. G-Protein activation
3. Adenylate cyclase activation
4. Protein kinase activation
5. Synthesis of new products
8. Mechanism of Hormone Action
Receptor
Protein Kinase A
(PKA)
Nucleus
DNA
Protein
Synthesis
(Enzymes)
Plasma Membrane
Protein Hormones
(cAMP second messenger)
C
R
R-ER
Protein Synthesis
Mitochondria
S-ER
Steroid Synthesis
LH
G
Adenylate Cyclase
9. Mechanism of Hormone Action
Receptor
Protein Kinase A
(PKA)
Nucleus
DNA
Protein
Synthesis
(Enzymes)
Plasma Membrane
Protein Hormones
(cAMP second messenger)
G
Adenylate Cyclase
C
R
cAMP
LH
ATP cAMP
C
R
R-ER
Protein Synthesis
Mitochondria
S-ER
Steroid Synthesis
10. C
R
cAMP
Mechanism of Hormone Action
Receptor
Protein Kinase A
(PKA)
Nucleus
DNA
Histones
Protein
Synthesis
(Enzymes)
Plasma Membrane
Protein Hormones
(cAMP second messenger)
G
Adenylate Cyclase
LH
ATP cAMP
(+ PO4)
R-ER
Protein Synthesis
Mitochondria
S-ER
Steroid Synthesis
mRNA
11. Mechanism of Hormone Action
Receptor
Protein Kinase A
(PKA)
Nucleus
DNA
Histones
Protein
Synthesis
(Enzymes) mRNA
Plasma Membrane
Protein Hormones
(cAMP second messenger)
Cholesterol
G
Adenylate Cyclase
C
R
cAMP
LH
ATP cAMP
(+ PO4)
R-ER
Protein Synthesis
Mitochondria
CholesterolPregnenolone
S-ER
Steroid Synthesis
Testosterone
12. Mechanism of Hormone Action
Receptor
Protein Kinase A
(PKA)
Nucleus
DNA
Histones
Protein
Synthesis
(Enzymes) mRNA
Plasma Membrane
Protein Hormones
(cAMP second messenger)
Cholesterol
G
Adenylate Cyclase
C
R
cAMP
LH
ATP cAMP
(+ PO4)
R-ER
Protein Synthesis
Mitochondria
CholesterolPregnenolone
S-ER
Steroid Synthesis
Testosterone
14. Protein Hormones (Ca2+ Second Messenger)
PLC
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+
Protein
Kinase C
Plasma Membrane
GnRH
Receptor
G-protein
R
Plasma
Membrane
Secretory
Granules
PIP2
15. Protein Hormones (Ca2+ Second Messenger)
PLC
PIP2
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+
Plasma Membrane
GnRH
Receptor
G-protein
R
Plasma
Membrane
Secretory
Granules
PIP2
Protein
Kinase C
16. Protein Hormones (Ca2+ Second Messenger)
PLC
PIP2
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+
Protein
Kinase C
Plasma Membrane
GnRH
Receptor
G-protein
DAG
IP3
R
Ca2+
Plasma
Membrane
Secretory
Granules
R
PIP2
17. Protein Hormones (Ca2+ Second Messenger)
PLC
PIP2
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+
Protein
Kinase C
Plasma Membrane
GnRH
Receptor
G-protein
DAG
IP3
R
Ca2+
Plasma
Membrane
Ca2+
Secretory
Granules
R
PIP2
18. Protein Hormones (Ca2+ Second Messenger)
PLC
PIP2
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+
Protein
Kinase C
Plasma Membrane
GnRH
Receptor
G-protein
DAG
IP3
R
Ca2+
Plasma
Membrane
Ca2+
LH
Fusion
Secretory
Granules
R
PIP2
19. Calcium Second Messenger Hormones
GnRH
Triggers release of LH in anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Triggers contractions of smooth muscle
PGF2α
Triggers apoptosis of cell
Inhibition of progesterone synthesis
20. Steroid Hormone Action (Slow)
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
DNA
Receptor
Nucleus
Steroid
(estrogen)
Diffusion?
mRNAR-ER
Protein synthesis
New
Protein
Change in
Cell
Physiology
22. Steroid Hormone (Fast)
Receptor
Protein Kinase A
(PKA)
Nucleus
DNA
Histones
Protein
Synthesis
(Enzymes) mRNA
Plasma Membrane
(cAMP second messenger)
G
Adenylate Cyclase
C
R
cAMP
Estradiol
ATP cAMP
(+ PO4)
R-ER
Protein Synthesis
Ca2+
Ca2+
Smooth Muscle Contraction
(Uterine Myometrial Cell)
23. Steroid Hormone (Fast)
Not the classical mechanism of action of a steroid
hormone
Requires plasma membrane receptor
Operates via protein kinase activation
Estradiol – smooth muscle of uterus
24. Positive & Negative Feedback
Major “controllers” of reproductive hormones
Positive feedback – stimulation of GnRH
Negative feedback – suppression of GnRH
25. Progesterone
Causes strong negative feedback
Strongly inhibits GnRH neurons – when
progesterone is high, there is only a basal
secretion of GnRH
Females under progesterone (midcycle or
pregnant) do not cycle for a period of time that
progesterone is high
26. Estradiol
When estradiol reaches a threshold level, the
surge center releases large quantities of GnRH
Causes release large quantities of LH that
stimulate ovulation
Hormone action requires the presence of receptors.
Hormones (green spheres) are produced by the cells of the endocrine gland and are released into the blood.
The blood delivers the hormones to the target tissue.
TARGET TISSUES contain receptors (orange) that specifically bind the hormone.
NONTARGET TISSUES also have receptors but for other hormones. The specific hormone here will not bind to these receptors.
HORMONES WILL ONLY BIND TO THEIR TARGET TISSUES – CONTAIN SPECIFIC RECEPTORS FOR THAT HORMONE.
NON-TARGET TISSUE WILL NOT RESPOND.
Once the hormone binds to its specific receptor in the target tissue, the target tissue performs its function.
Different hormones act on different types of receptors.
HYPOTHETICAL MODEL OF A RECEPTOR FOR A PROTEIN HORMONE (LH)
Receptors for protein hormones are integral part of the plasma membrane.
They have 3 distinct regions – these regions are referred as the receptor domains.
The receptor for protein hormone (LH) are present in the plasma membrane
HORMONE-RECEPTOR BINDING (1)
The hormone (LH) binds to a specific receptor in the plasma membrane.
ACITVATION OF THE G-PROTEIN (2)
The formation of a hormone-receptor complex activates G-PROTEIN (a membrane-bound enzyme).
G-PROTEIN is transformed and this activates another membrane-bound enzyme – ADENYLATE CYCLASE.
ADENYLATE CYCLASE converts ATP to cAMP.
CYCLIC AMP activates PROTEIN KINASES (cytoplasm). The regulatory subunit binds cAMP and this causes activation of the catalytic subunit that initiates conversion of existing substrates to new products.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW PRODUCTS (4)– products made by the cell are secreted
In this figure, since the final product is testosterone, we can assume that the target tissue is the LEYDIG CELLS OF THE TESTIS.
LH can also bind with the target tissue OVARY (FOLLICLE CELLS) to produce estradiol.
The target enzyme is phospholipase C (PLC).
PLC splits phosphatidyl 4,5, bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3).
IP3 acts by binding to IP3 receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and releasing the Ca2+ stored within. IP3 receptors are Ca2+ channels, activated by IP3 binding.
STEPS OF STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS
Steroid transport
Movement through the cell membrane and cytoplasm
Binding of steroid to nuclear receptor – specific nuclear receptor (if the cell is a target cell)
MRNA synthesis and protein sysnthesis – MRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes where it directs synthesis of specific proteins
*Example of a hormone that exhibits a strong negative feedback
*Example of a hormone that exhibits a strong positive feedback