its about environmental pollution and its control

1. Pollution and waste management

2.  Definition of Pollution
 Types of Pollution
 Air Pollution:
a. Introduction c. Effects
b. Causes d. Prevention
 Water Pollution
a. Introduction c. Effects
b. Causes d. Prevention
 Noise Pollution
a. Introduction c. Effects
b. Causes d. Prevention
OVERVIEW

3. 
 Land Pollution
Introduction Causes
Effects Prevention
 Solid Waste Management
OVER VIEW

4. 
POLLUTION
When Harmful Substances Contaminate the
Environment it is Called Pollution.
(or)
Undesirable change in the physical chemical or
biological characteristics of components of the
environment is known as environmental
pollution

5. 
Types of pollutions
 Air pollution
 Noise pollution
 Marine pollution
 Soil pollution

6. It is an atmospheric condition in which certain substances
such as gases, particulate matter, radio active substances
etc. present in concentrations which can cause
undesirable effects on man and his environment

7. 
Pollutants of air pollution
Gaseous pollutants
• Oxides of sulphur( SO2, SO3)
• Oxides of nitrogen ( NO, NO2, NOx)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Volatile organic compounds( hydrocarbons)
Particulate pollutants
• Smoke (size 0.1 – 1 µm)
• Dust (size 1-2µm)
• Soot
• Fumes (size 0.1-1 µm )
• Aerosols, etc
Radio active pollutants
• Radon-222
• Iodine-131
• Strontium-90
• Plutonium -239

8. On the basis of origin of pollutants they are classified as
 Primary: emitted directly
from point source.
E.g. CO, Nox, etc.
 Secondary: formed by
interaction of primary
pollutants with other
primary pollutants (or)
with some natural
constituents.
E.g. ozone(O3),
Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN),
photochemical smog

9. 
Causes air pollution
1. NATURAL SOURCES
Pollen grains
Volcanic eruption
Forest fire
Salty spray from ocean
Dust storms
Marshy land

10. 
Dust storms
Salty spray from oceanMarshy land
Volcanic eruption
2

11. 2. MAN MADE SOURCES
It includes :
Industrial units
Thermal power plant
Automobile exhaust
Fossil fuel burning
Agricultural activities
Mining
Aircraft
Nuclear explosion
Domestic burning of woods

12. 
Indoor air pollutants
Indoor air pollutants are primary air pollutants. The most
important indoor air pollutant is Radon gas.
Sources of indoor air pollutants are:
• Radon gas is emitted from building materials like bricks,
concrete, tiles, etc that are derived from soil containing radium
• Radon is also found in natural gas and ground water and is
emitted while being used.
• Burning fuel in the kitchen and cigarette smoke release pollutants
like CO, SO2, HCHO (Formaldehyde) and BAP (Benzo-(A)
pyrene).

13. 
3

14. Table 1: Sources, Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria
Pollutants.
Polluta
nt
Descripti
on
Sources
Health
Effects
Welfare
Effects
Carbon
Monoxi
de (CO)
Colorless
, odorless
gas
Motor
vehicle
exhaust,
indoor
sources
include
kerosene
or wood
burning
stoves.
Headaches,
reduced
mental
alertness,
heart attack,
cardiovascula
r diseases,
impaired fetal
development,
death.
Contribute to
the formation of
smog.

15. Sulfur
Dioxide
(SO2)
Colorless
gas that
dissolves
in water
vapor to
form acid,
and
interact
with other
gases
and
particles
in the air.
Coal-fired
power
plants,
petroleum
refineries,
manufacture
of sulfuric
acid and
smelting of
ores
containing
sulfur.
Eye irritation,
wheezing,
chest
tightness,
shortness of
breath,
lung
damage.
Contribute to
the formation of
acid rain,
visibility
impairment,
plant and water
damage,
aesthetic
damage.

16. Nitrog
en
Dioxid
e
(NO2)
Reddish
brown,
highly
reactive
gas.
Motor
vehicles,
electric
utilities, and
other
industrial,
commercial,
and
residential
sources that
burn fuels.
Susceptibility
to respiratory
infections,
irritation of
the lung and
respiratory
symptoms
(e.g., cough,
chest pain,
difficulty
breathing).
Contribute to
the formation of
smog, acid
rain, water
quality
deterioration,
global warming,
and visibility
impairment.

17. Ozone
(O3)
Gaseous
pollutant
when it is
formed in
the
troposph
ere.
Vehicle
exhaust and
certain other
fumes. Form
ed from other
air pollutants
in the
presence of
sunlight.
Eye and throat
irritation,
coughing,
respiratory
tract problems,
asthma, lung
damage.
Plant and
ecosystem
damage.
Lead
(Pb)
Metallic
element
Metal
refineries,
lead smelters,
battery
manufacturer
s, iron and
steel
producers.
Anemia, high
blood
pressure, brain
and kidney
damage,
neurological
disorders,
cancer,
lowered IQ.
Affects
animals and
plants,
affects
aquatic
ecosystems.

18. Particulate
Matter
(PM)
Very small
particles
of soot,
dust, or
other
matter,
including
tiny
droplets
of liquids.
Diesel
engines,
power
plants,
industries,
windblown
dust, wood
stoves.
Eye irritation,
asthma,
bronchitis,
lung damage,
cancer, heavy
metal
poisoning,
cardiovascular
effects.
Visibility
impairment,
atmospheric
deposition,
aesthetic
damage.

19. 
Source control:
Some measures that can be adopted in this direction are:
• Using unleaded petrol
• Using fuels with low sulphur and ash content
• Encouraging people to use public transport, walk or use a cycle as
opposed to private vehicles
• Ensure that houses, schools, restaurants and playgrounds are not
located on busy streets
• Plant trees along busy streets as they remove particulates, carbon
dioxide and absorb noise
• Industries and waste disposal sites should be situated outsdide the city
preferably on the downwind of the city.
• Catalytic converters should be used to help control emissions of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

20. Control measures in industrial centers
• Emission rates should be restricted to permissible
levels by each and every industry
• Incorporation of air pollution control equipment
in design of plant layout must be made mandatory
• Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for
pollutants should be carried out to know the
emission levels.

21. 
Devices used for removal
of air pollutants
For particulate matter
Many devices are available nowadays, choice of which
depends on characteristics of particulate , flow rate,
collection efficiency, etc
Devices used are
• Settling chambers
• Wet scrubbers
• Cyclones
• Fabric filters
• Electrostatic precipitators

22. Settling Chambers
 Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid
particles.
 The gas stream enters a chamber where the velocity of the
gas is reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas and are
recollected in hoppers. Because settling chambers are
effective in removing only larger particles, they are used in
conjunction with a more efficient control device.
4

23. Wet scrubbers
 Dirty gas are allowed to
pass through water in
the chamber
 Particles are made wet
and removed from the
gas stream and leaves
from top of the
scrubber
 This method is very
useful for removal of
toxic and acidic gases.

24. Cyclones
 The cyclones are very
efficient for removal of
large particles.
 Centrifugal force
 Smaller particles are
not removed efficiently.
Figure: Cyclone Collector5

25. Fabric Filters
 Dirty gas is passed through the filter bags which leaves
the bags through their pores, dust particles get
deposited on the inner surface of the bag filters and
form a cake which can be removed by shaking.
 Efficient for removal of very small particles
Figure: Fabric filter (baghouse) components
6

26. Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
 An ESP is a particle control
device that uses electrical
forces to move the particles
out of the flowing gas
stream and onto collector
plates.
 The ESP places electrical
charges on the particles,
causing them to be attracted
to oppositely charged metal
plates located in the
precipitator.
Figure: Electrostatic precipitator components7

27. 
Control of gaseous pollutants from
stationary sources
 The most common method for controlling gaseous
pollutants is the addition of add-on control devices to
recover or destroy a pollutant.
 There are four commonly used control technologies
for gaseous pollutants:
 Absorption,
 Adsorption,
 Condensation, and
 Incineration (combustion)

28.  Gaseous pollutants can be reduced by physical
adsorption on porous solid materials like
charcoal, silica gel, etc.
 Effluent gases can be absorbed in liquid
absorbent, e.g. SO2 absorbed in ammonia
solution.
 Combustion can be used to reduce pollution by
burning the pollutants in combustion equipment
at optimal conditions of oxygen and
temperature.

29. 
Air quality standards and limits
pollutant Minimum Maximum Current
PM2.5 5 99 58
PM10 10 58 48
O3 6 8 7
NO2 21 47 42
SO2 1 92 3
CO 0 6 4
Recent air quality standards in tirupati

30. AQI Category, Pollutants and Health Breakpoints
AQI
Category
(Range)
PM10
24-hr
PM2.5
24-hr
NO2
24-hr
O3
8-hr
CO
8-hr
(mg/
m3 )
SO2
24-hr
NH3
24-hr
Pb
24-hr
Good (0-
50)
0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5
Satisfacto
ry (51-
100)
51-
100
31-60 41-80 51-
100
1.1-
2.0
41-80 201-
400
0.5 –
1.0
Moderatel
y polluted
(101-200)
101-
250
61-90 81-
180
101-
168
2.1-
10
81-
380
401-
800
1.1-
2.0
Poor
(201-300)
251-
350
91-
120
181-
280
169-
208
10-17 381-
800
801-
1200
2.1-
3.0
Very poor
(301-400)
351-
430
121-
250
281-
400
209-
748*
17-34 801-
1600
1200-
1800
3.1-
3.5
Severe 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+

31. AQI Associated Health Impacts
Good (0–50) Minimal Impact
Satisfactory
(51–100)
May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive
people.
Moderately
polluted
(101–200)
May cause breathing discomfort to people with lung
disease such as asthma, and discomfort to people with
heart disease, children and older adults.
Poor
(201–300)
May cause breathing discomfort to people on prolonged
exposure, and discomfort to people with heart disease
Very Poor
(301–400)
May cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged
exposure. Effect may be more pronounced in people
with lung and heart diseases.
Severe
(401-500)
May cause respiratory impact even on healthy people,
and serious health impacts on people with lung/heart
disease. The health impacts may be experienced even
during light physical activity.

32. 
NOISE POLLUTION

33. Noise pollution is defined as, "the unwanted,
unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes
discomfort to all living beings".
Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB),
that is the tenth part of the longest unit Bel.
One dB is the faintest sound that a human ear
can hear.

34. 
Sources of noise pollution
Industrial Noise:
• It is sound with a high intensity sound caused by industry machines
• industrial pollution damages the hearing ability by atleast 20%.
• Continuous exposure to 112dB for eight hours suffer from occupational
pollution.
Transport Noise
• Transport noise mainly consists of traffic noise from road, rail and aircraft.
• This high level of noise pollution leads to deafening in the elderly.
Neighbourhood Noise
• This type of noise includes disturbance from household gadgets and
community.

35. 
 hearing problems,
 hypertension,
 heart disease,
 sleep disturbance.
 Changes in the immune system and birth defects
have been also attributed to noise exposure.
 Trouble Communicating
Impacts of noise

36. Limits in db
Day time
Limits in db
Night time
A Industrial
area
75 70
B Commercial
area
65 55
C Residential
area
55 45
D Silence zone 50 40
PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR NOISE POLLUTION

37. Source / observing situation
Typical sound pressure level
(dB SPL)
Hearing threshold 0 dB
Leaves fluttering 20 dB
Whisper in an ear 30 dB
Normal speech conversation for
a participant
60 dB
Cars/vehicles for a close
observer
60-100 dB
Airplane taking-off for a close
observer
120 dB
Pain threshold 120-140 dB

38. 
 The noise measurements are expressed as” Sound
Pressure Level”(SPL), which is an logarithmic ration
of the sound pressure to reference pressure.
 It is expressed as dimensionless unit , decibel(dB).
 The international reference pressure of 2*10-5 Pa is
the average threshold of hearing for healthy ear.
 Decibel scale is a measure of loudness.
MEASUREMENT OF NOISE

39. 
 Reduction in sources of noise
 Oiling
 Fixing with sound absorbing media
 Planting tress with broad leaves
 Through law
Control of noise pollution

40. 
Marine pollution
Pollution of oceans caused by sewage sludge,
industrial effluent, detergents, agro wastes etc. is
called marine pollution

41. 
Causes of pollution
 Run off waters
 Dumping of wastes
 Oil spills
 Oil ballasts
 Oil drilling
 Discharging industrial
effluents
Effects of pollution
 Eutrophication
 Mortality of fishes
 Mortality of birds

42. 
Nutrients and Algae Growth

43. Sooty tern Laysan finch
Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris
Laysan
albatross
Laysan
ducks

44. Plastics

45. Control of marine pollution
• Preventing dumping of waste
• Oil ballast should not be dumped in the sea
• Oil and grease from service stations should be
processed and reused

46. 
Soil pollution
Contamination of soil with sewage sludge,
industrial sludge, radioactive wastes etc. are
called soil pollution

47. 
sources
 Dumping of domestic
wastes
 Dumping of radio active
wastes
 Dumping of industrial
waste
 Using fertilizers and
pesticides
effects
 Human health
 Loss of soil fertility
 Inhibit non target
organisms
 Contaminate ground
water
 Desertification

48. 
CONTROL MEASURES
 Effluents should be treated before discharging
 Solid waste should be properly collected and
disposed off
 Cattle dung should be used for methane generation
 Mining process should be reduced
 Bio degradable fertilizers and pests should be used

49. MANAGEMENT

50. 
Industrial
Municipal
Agriculture
Medical
Mining and
Sewage sludge
Sources

51. 
Industrial wastes
 Packing materials
 Acids
 Fly ash
 Chemicals‘
 Radioactive waste
 dyes
Municipal wastes
 Degradable
Vegetable waste
Pea shells, egg shells, etc..
 Non biodegradable
Polythene bags

52. 
Effects
 Spoils aesthetics
 Allows mosquitoes
breed and causes health
effects
 Industrial waste
contaminates ground
water
Manage solid waste
 Reduction in use of raw
materials
 Reuse of waste
materials
 Recycling of materials

53. 
Methods of discarding
wastes
• Sanitary land filling
• Composing
• incineration