klintan

1. VI. REKOMENDASI
A. Dasar Pemberian Rekomendasi
B. Rekomendasi Tindakan (Preventif
dan Kuratif)
C. Implementasi Rekomendasi
Pengelolaan OPT

2.  Iklim
 Menentukan jenis hama dan patogen (OPT)
 Menentukan Inang Target
 Menentukan inang alternatif
 Identifikasi daerah/wilayah (Topografi)
 Penghitungan ukuran sampel
 Pola tanam
 Perilaku Petani
A. Dasar Pemberian Rekomendasi

3. Menentukan Jenis Hama dan Patogen (OPT)
1. Menggunakan sumber informasi
√ Ahlinya
√ NPPO (National Plant Protection Organisation)
√ Internet
- www.apsnet.org
- www.cabi.org
- http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/index.html
2. Kualitas sumber informasi
3. Nama OPT (sinonim, nama umum dan ilmiah)
4. Vektor
5. Kemungkinan dampak adanya OPT
Bag pengaruhnya thd inang, sistem produksi, ekosistem,
dan industri

4. 6. Karakteristik OPT
- karakteristik diagnosis
- gejala (akar, daun, batang, umbi, mahkota, buah)
- inang
- daur hidup
7. Koleksi Referensi Spesimen
- handout yg dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi
- mempunyai koleksi referensi contoh tanaman sakit,
patogen
- penggunaan kamera digital
8. Kumpulan Informasi OPT
yi nama umum dan ilmiah, kisaran inang, gejala dan morfologi, foto
berwarna ttg OPT, habitat

5. Menentukan Inang Target
1. Nama inang
2. NIlai ekonomi tanaman inang
3. Tempat hidup dan daur hidup tanaman inang
4. Tanaman inang mudah diperoleh
5. Penyebaran regional tanaman inang
Menentukan Inang Alternatif
Sumber tanaman inang alternatif yaitu tanaman inang lain yang
berdekatan.
Informasi ini bisa diperoleh dari:
- publikasi
- databases
- internet

6. Identifikasi Daerah/Wilayah/Topografi
Ada 6 tingkat:
1. Seleksi daerah yang akan diamati OPTnya.
2. Seleksi distrik
3. Seleksi tempat dalam distrik
4. Seleksi lapangan dalam masing-masing tempat
5. Seleksi sampling dalam masing-masing lapangan
6. Seleksi titik sampling

8. Penghitungan Ukuran Sampel
1. Prevalensi aktual
2. Rancangan prevalensi
Didasarkan pd perkiraan survei awal dr prevalensi aktual OPT di
lapangan dan digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran sampel
3. Perkiraan prevalensi
- Ditentukan selama survei
- Diperuntukkan untuk memperkirakan prevalensi aktual
4. Akurasi metode (berpengaruh langsung pd kemampuan mendeteksi
adanya OPT dan dipertimbangkan dlm memperkirakan ukuran sampel
5. Ukuran sampel adalah jumlah tempat yang diperlukan untuk survei

9.  Bdsk masalah yang ada, dapat diambil kesimpulan
sekaligus sebagai acuan dalam pemberian rekomendasi
pengendalian untuk petani.
Berdasarkan waktu timbulnya gangguan, perlindungan
tanaman dilakukan melalui 2 cara, yaitu secara preventif
dan kuratif.
Perlindungan tanaman secara preventif: pencegahan
sebelum tanaman terganggu.
Perlindungan tanaman secara kuratif: mengurangi
kerugian selama tanaman terganggu.
Perlindungan tanaman yang baik dilakukan secara
preventif terlebih dahulu dan jika tanaman mengalami
gangguan dilakukan perlindungan secara kuratif.
B. Rekomendasi Tindakan (Preventif dan Kuratif)

10. Perlindungan tanaman terhadap hama dan penyakit
dilakukan melalui 6 cara pelaksanaan dan 5 prinsip.
 Enam cara pelaksanaan perlindungan tanaman, yaitu
cara budidaya, penggunaan tanaman tahan, cara fisik,
cara mekanik, peraturan, dan penggunaan bahan
kimia.
Lima prinsip perlindungan tanaman, yaitu eksklusi,
eradikasi, ketahanan, proteksi dan penghindaran.

11. Cara-cara pelaksanaan perlindungan tanaman:
1. Cara kultur teknis atau budidaya tanaman
a. Pengolahan tanah
b. Sanitasi yaitu usaha membersihkan tempat-tempat
yang kemungkinan digunakan oleh pengganggu
untuk hidup, berkembangbiak, maupun bertahan.
c. Pemupukan yaitu usaha menambah hara tanah
sehingga tanaman menjadi lebih sehat dan mampu
mentoleransi kerusakan atau menjadi tidak mudah
diserang oleh pengganggu.

12. d. Rotasi tanaman atau pergiliran tanaman yaitu
menanam tanaman secara bergantian (bergilir)
dengan tanaman yang berbeda jenis akan dapat
memutus daur hidup pengganggu.
e. Pengaturan waktu tanam
Penggeseran waktu tanam dapat sangat membantu
mengurangi timbulnya gangguan.
2. Penggunaan tanaman tahan
Kelemahan:
 Biayanya tinggi
 Sulit mendapatkan sumber gen
 Sering menimbulkan biotipe atau ras baru
 Tanaman tahan hasil transgenik masih dipertanyakan
pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku manusia sebagai
konsumen.

13. 3. Cara fisik
Cara fisik dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan faktor-faktor
fisik, misalnya suhu, kelembapan, sinar atau radiasi.
4. Cara mekanik
Cara mekanik dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat dan
tenaga.
5. Penggunaan peraturan atau undang-undang karantina
Cara ini lebih bersifat mencegah masuk, berkembang,
dan menyebarnya suatu pengganggu dari dan ke daerah
atau negara.
6. Penggunaan bahan kimia

14. Prinsip-prinsip perlindungan tanaman :
1. Eksklusi penganggu
Prinsip eksklusi bertujuan untuk mencegah masuknya
pengganggu ke daerah yang masih bebas pengganggu.
Misalnya: Karantina
2. Eradikasi tanaman
Prinsip eradikasi bertujuan untuk membunuh atau mengurangi
banyaknya pengganggu yang berada di lahan atau di bagian
tanaman.
Misalnya: cara budi daya yang berprinsip eradikasi (pergiliran
tanaman, sanitasi, dan penggunaan mulsa polietilen), fisik
(penggunaan radiasi untuk membunuh patogen permukaan, uap
air panas untuk sterilisasi tanah), kimia(fumigasi tanah
menggunakan formalin, perlakuan benih menggunakan
pestisida), dan hayati (penggunaan antagonis, penggunaan
tanaman perangkap dan pemusnahannya).

15. 3. Ketahanan tanaman (resistensi)
Tanaman tahan berarti tanaman yang mempunyai
kemampuan untuk menghambat perkembangan hama
dan patogen atau dapat beradaptasi terhadap
pengaruh lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan.
4. Proteksi
5. Penghindaran

16. C. Implementasi Rekomendasi Pengelolaan OPT

17. HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
Mock Orange
Philadelphus spp.
Bacterial blight,
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. syringae
Small watersoaked
spots that turn dark
brown to black. A
slight chlorotic halo
may be present.
Lesions may be
angular. Leaves may
become distorted and
shoots may die back.
Common in cool wet
seasons.
Remove and destroy
infected leaves and
shoots. Avoid
overhead watering.
Protect nursery stock
from rain and frost.
Space plants for good
air circulation.
CHEMICAL: Fixed
coppers.
Cherry/Chokecherry
and other Prunus spp.
grown as landscape
plants Prunus spp.
Bacterial spot and
canker, Pseudomonas
syringae pv. syringae
Angular or circular,
red/brown lesions
which drop out giving
the leaf a tattered
appearance.
Occasionally cankers
form on twigs and
branches.
Seldom serious in
landscape settings.
Prune cankered wood
during dormant period.
Cleap up leaves and
other debris in fall.
CHEMICAL: Copper.

18. HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
Cherry/Chokecher
ry and other
Prunus spp. grown
as landscape
plants Prunus spp.
Black knot,
Apiosporina
morbosa
Infection occurs in spring
with olive-green, elongate
swellings on branches
visible the next spring.
Galls turn woody and
black later that second
summer.
Remove infected branches 3-4ä
below galls before budbreak.
Remove nearby wild
chokecherries.
CHEMICAL: Apply lime sulfur as
a dormant application following
pruning or thiophanate-methyl
when dormant, at pink bud, full
bloom and 3 weeks later.
Brown rot,
Monilinia
fructicola
Sudden browning and
death of flowers. Cankers
on small branches. Most
noticeable is the browning
and dropping of fruit,
often with a gray/brown
spore mass on the surface.
Infected fruits shrivel
(form mummies) and
persist on the tree through
winter.
Remove and destroy all
mummified fruit.
CHEMICAL: Benomyl, captan,
chlorothalonil, ferbam, iprodione,
myclobutanil (cherry only),
propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl,
vinclozolin, wettable sulfur. Begin
as flower buds first open and
continue as per label directions.

19. HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
Rose Rosa spp. Black spot,
Diplocarpon
rosae
Purple to black leaf spots with
a fibrous or fringed
appearance. Foliage yellows
and drops. Leaves are most
susceptible while expanding.
Severe under wet conditions
with susceptible cultivars.
Infections on canes are not
common.
Rake and destroy fallen
leaves especially at end of
season. Avoid dense
plantings. Prune canes back
to two buds when cane
infections are present. Plant
resistant cultivars. AVOID
overhead watering.
CHEMICAL: Dormant sprays
include lime sulfur and
tribasic copper sulfate.
Growing season sprays
include chlorothalonil,
ferbam fixed coppers,
mancozeb, thiophanate-
methyl, triforine, wettable
sulfur, ziram, or zyban..

20. HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
Rosa spp. Crown gall,
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Soft spongy or woody galls
with an irregular surface
and shape develop on the
roots and/or crown. Size
varies from less than an
inch to several inches.
Canes may be girdled and
killed. Bacteria are soil-
borne.
Plant only disease-free nursery
stock. Inspect closely before
planting. Do not plant where the
crown gall organism is present in
soil. Avoid planting/cultivation
injuries. Destroy infected plants.
CHEMICAL: Nursery only: Galltrol
as a preventative.
Downy mildew,
Peronospora
sparsa
White/gray, powdery
fungal growth on leaves,
flowers, and succulent
/green plant parts.
Distorted growth and
flowers. Tip dieback.
(Overwinters in infected
buds and leaves and on
twigs and branches.)
Water only at the base and
infrequently to keep humidity low.
Do not crowd plants. Locate planting
and prune area plants to provide good
air circulation. Rake and destroy
fallen leaves. Plant cultivars with
resistance.
CHEMICAL: Dormant spray of lime
sulfur. Growing season: Fenarimol,
thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon,
triforine, wettable sulfur, ziram, or
zyban.

21. HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
Rosa spp. Powdery
mildew,
Sphaerotheca
pannosa
White/gray, powdery fungal
growth on leaves, flowers, and
succulent/green plant parts.
Distorted growth and flowers.
Tip dieback. (Overwinters in
infected buds and leaves and
on twigs and branches.)
Water only at the base and
infrequently to keep
humidity low. Do not crowd
plants. Locate planting and
prune area plants to provide
good air circulation. Rake
and destroy fallen leaves.
Plant cultivars with
resistance.
CHEMICAL: Dormant spray
of lime sulfur. Growing
season: Fenarimol,
thiophanate-methyl,
triadimefon, triforine,
wettable sulfur, ziram, or
zyban.

22. HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
Root knot
nematodes,
Meloidogyne
spp.
Knots or small galls of root
tissue are the most common
and easily recognized symptom
caused by root knot
nematodes.
Avoid replanting in an
infested area.
To inspect prior to
introducing them into a
landscape or nursery.

23. INSECT DAMAGE MANAGEMENT
Whitefl ies
Order
Hemiptera
Both adults and nymphs
cause damage by sucking sap
from the foliage and
vectoring plant viruses.
Infested plants are stunted
and leaves turn yellow and
may drop off. Whitefl ies
secrete honeydew on which
sooty mold may develop.
Similar control as for aphids. Dip or spray plant
with insecticides. Also may use systemic
insecticides applied as a granular or liquid to soil.
Washing with warm, soapy water can help reduce
pest infestations of white fl ies. For soapy
water, use 1 to 2 teaspoons of a mild dishwashing
liquid soap per gallon of water. Do not use
laundry detergent or automatic dishwashing
detergent. Several Phytoseiid mites are known
predators of whitefl ies and commercially
available.
Thrips
Order
Thysanoptera
Thrips feed on plant sap and
also are known to vector
plant viruses. Feeding
damage results in the leaf
surfaces becoming whitened
or silvery and speckled. Leaf
tips wither, curl up and die.
Buds will fail to open
normally.
Similar control as for aphids.
Dip or spray plant with insecticides. Also may use
systemic insecticides applied as a granular or
liquid to soil. Washing with warm, soapy water
can help reduce pest infestations of thrips. For
soapy water, use 1 to 2 teaspoons of a mild
dishwashing liquid soap per gallon of water. Do
not use laundry detergent or automatic
dishwashing detergent. Several Phytoseiid mites
are known predators of thrips and commercially
available.

24. INSECT DAMAGE MANAGEMENT
Springtails
Order
Collembola
Springtails can jump with the
aid of a forked furcula (taillike
structure) when disturbed.
Most often seen after
watering because this forces
them to the surface.
Attracted to moist high-
organic soils and feed mainly
on decaying organic matter.
Some species may feed on
the root system, causing
wilting.
Drench soil with insecticide. On sensitive
plants, water soil to bring insects to
surface and then use a foliar spray to kill
insects.
Mealybugs
Order
Hemiptera
Damage is caused by sucking
plant sap and injecting toxins
into the plant, which causes
yellowing, stunting and
eventually plant death. Like
aphids, mealybugs secrete
honeydew on which sooty
mold may develop.
Dip or spray plants. To ensure wetting of
mealybugs, add mild household detergent at a
rate of ½ teaspoon per gallon of water with
solution. Also may use systemic insecticides
applied as a granular or liquid to soil. Washing
with warm, soapy water can help reduce pest
infestations of mealybugs. For soapy water, use 1
to 2 teaspoons of a mild dishwashing liquid soap
per gallon of water. Do not use laundry detergent
or automatic dishwashing detergent.