3. Environmental Factors:
Size of area and usable space
Fragility of environment
Wildlife resources
Fragility of environment
4. Social Factors:
Viewing Pattern
Tourists’ viewing choices
Visitors’ opinions
Availability of facilities
5. To increase carrying capacity
Design viewing tracks, trails etc.
Reduce conflict between competing uses
Provide information and interpretation services
Increase durability of resources
Encourage off-season use
6. Carrying capacity = Area used by tourists
Average individual standard
Total of Daily Visits = Carrying capacity X Rotation Coefficient
Rotation coefficient = No. of daily hours
Average time of visit
Carrying Capacity = Specific area used by tourists
Average individual standard per area
7. 5 ha
4 ha .1 ha
7 ha
8 ha Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
Carrying
7.5 ha 100,000sqm ///5,000
70,000 sqm /5,000
75,000 sqm /20,00
84,000 sqm 500
50,000 sqm 200
80,000
40,000
1,000 20
500
10 ha sqm/pax ==100pax
sqm/pax = 14 pax
sqm/pax = 15 pax
sqm/pax ==400pax
sqm/pax 20 pax
sqm/pax 4.2
50
80
8.4 ha
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation
24 hrs ///6 hrs = 2
12 hrs /24hrs = 2
12 hrs 2 hrs = 3
12 hrs 4 hrs = 1
12 hrs / 6 hrs = 3
6 4 3
Total Daily Visit
Total Daily Visit
Total Daily Visit
Total Daily Visit
Given: Size of the sample protected area = 50 hectares 100 pax X 2 = 28 pax
4.2 pax X 2 = 100pax
14 pax X 1 = 40 pax
20
50
80 3 12.6pax
400 pax X 32= 1,200 pax
15 30
150 pax
240 pax
8. Carrying Capacity of water in an island
Assumptions:
10% of rainfall (recharge), 5% to flush water
5% effective recharge
125mm x 5% 6.25 mm
1,000 hectares (Total effective recharge area)
Recharge 6.25 mm x .001m/mm x 1,000 ha x 10,000m2/ha.
62,500 m3/month or 2,083.3 m3/day
Resident use 3,000 pax x 0.25 m3/pax/day 750m3/day
Available water 2,083.3 m3/day – 750 m3/day 1,333.3 m3/day
Tourists that can be served 1,333.3 m3/day / 0.7 m3/tourist/day =
1,904 tourists
12. A. Environmental
B. Institutional
C. Policy
• 1. Long Gestation Period
2. Ecotourism is a niche market
3. No or little existing ecotourism programs
D. General Knowledge
E. Lack of Skilled Ecotourism Personnel
15. Mountaineering/Trekking Climbers’ Responsibilities
If there is an established trail, walk in a single line
Do not take anything from the forests as souvenir
Avoid disturbing wildlife
Never leave garbage along the trail or at the campsite
For human waste, each climber can dig his own “toilet”
Bring along camping equipment
Do not bathe or wash dishes along rivers
Be sensitive; learn the locals’ culture
Abandon the old practice of digging trenches
Do not buy
Find out the maximum capacity
Always register
Avoid giving money
Make sure that health measures are taken into account
Always hire a guide
17. Mountaineering/Trekking
Grading System
Gradual trail
Easy 2-4 hours of Clearly Marked
walking Located in rolling terrain
Trail with combination of
4-6 hours of few steeps ascents
Moderate
walking rolling terrain
Steep Trail
Strenuous 4-8 hours of Obstacles, thick vegetation,
walking rivers crossings
Water discipline
37. Safety Measures
Light is the most important tool.
Never enter a cave alone.
Never enter a cave without proper equipment.
Always tell somebody where the team will go and what time it is expected
to be back
Look for tell-tale signs of flash-flooding, like mud on the wall
Never enter a cave without a competent guide
Never touch any animal inside a cave
Never touch delicate limestone formations
Do not leave anything inside caves
Never write or vandalize the cave formations and walls
Never take anything as souvenir.
38. Caves
INDAY NELLY DELES MYSTICAL CAVE
SOHOTON CAVES NATIONAL PARK
SAGADA
HOYOP-HOYOPAN
PENABLANCA