Mr. Koushal Kumar Has done his M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India. He obtained his B.S.C and M.S.C in computer science from D.A.V College Amritsar Punjab. His area of research interests lies in Artificial Neural Networks, Soft computing, Computer Networks, Grid Computing, and data base management systems

1. ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE &
NEURAL NETWORKS
Koushal Kumar
M.Tech CSE
Lovely professional university
Mob:+918968939621

2. ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE &
NEURAL NETWORKS
Are computers smart enough to replace people?

3. INTRODUCTION TO AI
 Artificial intelligence (AI)
 Computers with the ability to duplicate the functions
of the human brain
 Artificially intelligent systems
 The people, procedures, hardware, software, data,
and knowledge needed to develop computer systems
and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of
intelligence

4. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
 The history of computer development is often referred to in
reference to the different generations of computing devices.
Does anyone know the different generations?
 Each generation of computer is characterized by a major
technological development that fundamentally changed the way
computers operate.

5. First Generation: 1940 to 1956
 During this generation, computers were built
with vacuum tubes.
 These electronic tubes were about the size of
a light bulb.
 The first computers were often enormous,
taking up entire rooms.

6. Second Generation: 1956 to 1963
 This generation begins with
Transistors replacing vacuum
tubes
 Allowed computers to
become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient
and more reliable
 First computers that stored
their instructions in their
memory

7. Third Generation: 1964 to 1971
 The development of the
integrated circuit was the hallmark
of the third generation of computers
 Transistors were minimized and
placed on silicon chips, which
drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers
 users interacted with third
generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and
interfaced with an operating system

8. Fourth Generation: 1971 to Present
 The microprocessor brought the
fourth generation
 thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip
 Equivalent of the first generation
(entire room) could now fit in the
palm of the hand

9. Fifth Generation: Present & beyond
 Fifth generation computing devices,
based on artificial intelligence, are
still in development, though there
are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being
used today
 The goal of fifth-generation
computing is to develop devices
that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning
and self-organization

10. Brain and Machine
The Brain
– Pattern Recognition
– Association
– Complexity
– Noise Tolerance
The Machine
– Calculation
– Precision
– Logic

11. Assessment of Current AI
1. Current AI ≈ Advanced Computing (rather than
“Intelligence“)
2. If an AI technique sounds too good to be true, you are
right most of the time.
3. If an AI technique requires "common sense," it is unlikely
to be fully practical in the foreseeable future.

12. What is artificial intelligence?
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of
machines and the branch of computer science
which aims to create it.
 Intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-
natural, man-made) entity; the study and design
of intelligent agents, where an intelligent agent is
a system that perceives its environment and
takes actions which maximize its chances of
success.

13. Artificial
intelligence

14. Major Branches of AI(1)
Perceptive system or Artificially intelligent system
 A system that approximates the way a human sees,
hears, and feels objects
 Vision system
 Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and
pictures
 Robotics
 Mechanical and computer devices that perform
tedious tasks with high precision
 Expert system
 Stores knowledge and makes inferences

15. Major Branches of AI(2)
 Learning system
 Computer changes how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback
 Natural language processing
 Computers understand and react to statements
and commands made in a “natural” language,
such as English
 Neural network
 Computer system that can act like or simulate the
functioning of the human brain

16. Benefits of Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial intelligence has been used
in a wide range of fields including
medical diagnosis, stock trading,
robot control, scientific discovery
and toys.
 Artificial intelligence is widely used
in the field of gaming e.g. the game
of chess.

17. What is Neural Network?
 computer architecture in which processors are connected in a
manner suggestive of connections between neurons;
 can learn by trial and error any network of neurons or nuclei
that function together to perform some function in the body
NEURAL NETWORK ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

18. Layers of Neural Networks
Each ANN is composed of a collection of
perceptions grouped in layers.
the three layers:
input, intermediate
(called the hidden
layer) and output.
Several hidden layers
can be placed
between the input
and output layers.

19. Types of Layers
• The input layer
– Introduces input values into the network
– No activation function or other processing
• The hidden layer(s)
– Perform classification of features
– Two hidden layers are sufficient to solve any problem
– Features imply more layers may be better
• The output layer.
– Functionally just like the hidden layers
– Outputs are passed on to the world outside the neural network.

20. Benefits of Neural Networks
 Pattern recognition, learning, classification, generalization
and abstraction, and interpretation of incomplete and
noisy inputs
 Provide some human problem-solving characteristics
 Robust
 Fast, flexible and easy to maintain
 Powerful hybrid systems

21. ADVANTAGES…
 A neural network can perform tasks that a linear
program can not.
 When an element of the neural network fails, it
can continue without any problem by their
parallel nature.
 A neural network learns and does not need to be
reprogrammed.
 It can be implemented in any application.
 It can be implemented without any problem.

22. DISADVANTAGES…
 THIS CAUSES THE LOSS OF HUMAN
CONTROL OVER THOSE "DEEMED
MACHINES".
 THEY MAY DOMINATE US IN THE NEAR
FUTURE.
 SOMETIMES IT MAY CAUSE THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE "ENTIRE
BEAUTIFUL HUMAN RACE"

23. APPLICATIONS OF AI & NN
 Artificial Intelligence in the form of expert systems
and neural networks have applications in every field
of human endeavor.
 Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range
of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading,
robot control, scientific discovery and toys.
 Neural Networks are used in the recognition
systems such as voice recognition.

25. Queries?..