Biochem Unit for Biology 12 in BC

1. BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit 1 - 2016

2. BIOCHEMISTRY BASICS
Parts of the Atom
What are the main parts of an atom that are shown below?
Neutron
Proton
Nucleus
Orbital
Electron

3. BIOCHEMISTRY BASICS
Bonding
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

4. BIOCHEMISTRY BASICS
Representing Covalent Bonding
How do we represent covalent bonds?
Electron Dot Structural Molecular

5. BIOCHEMISTRY BASICS
Representing Covalent Bonding
How do we represent covalent bonds?

6. BIOCHEMISTRY BASICS
Representing Covalent Bonding
This is what you will see most:
Hydrocarbon chain
Amino acid
Glucose

7. WATER
Properties and Importance

8. WATER
➤ Liquid at room temperature
➤ Universal solvent for polar molecules
➤ Both cohesive (self) and adhesive (other) properties
➤ Density difference btw solid and liquid states
➤ High specific heat capacity
➤ Polar molecule - Hydrogen bonding (H-bonds)

9. WATER
Electronegativity
What is electronegativity?
Defn: The affinity of an atom to attract bonding pair of
electrons. The higher the electronegativity, the more attractive
forces the atom has.
O H
3.5 2.1
(–) (+)

10. WATER
Electronegativity
What is the result of electronegativity on a water molecule?

11. WATER
Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding in Water
The result of the electron pull in water creates polar regions in
the molecule.
Covalent Bond
Hydrogen Bond

12. Organic Molecules

13. ORGANIC MOLECULES
Which atom is found in all organic molecules?
All organic molecules contain at least one carbon atom.
“Captain, I am
detecting carbon-
based life forms on
the surface.”

14. HYDROCARBONS
Basics and Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons are simply long chains of Carbon atoms (C) with
Hydrogen atoms (H) attached. These can be linear or cyclic.
Linear (unbranched)
Cyclic

15. HYDROCARBONS
Basics and Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons may contain single, double, or triple bonds
between Carbon atoms. We group these into Alkanes, Alkenes,
and Alkynes based on the type of bond.

16. HYDROCARBONS
Basics and Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons can contain functional groups that provide them
with various properties. Below are examples of 3 functional
groups that we will see in this course.
carboxyl grouphydroxyl groupamine group

17. MACROMOLECULES
Building Blocks
All large molecules (macromolecules) in our bodies are created
from monomers. The building and deconstruction of these
macromolecules are done by two processes.
Dehydration Synthesis
Simply put, we take small
things and make one big thing.
Dehydration = removing water
Synthesis = put together
Hydrolysis
Simply put, we use water
to break a big thing apart.
Hydro = water
lysis = break apart

18. CARBOHYDRATES
Structure and Function

19. CARBOHYDRATES
Structure
The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides.
All carbohydrates follow the generic formula of CnH2nOn
Examples of monosaccharides include:
Glucose (C6H12O6) Fructose (C6H12O6)

20. CARBOHYDRATES
Function
Structural: Plants, Bacteria, Insects.
Energy: Short term use and storage.

21. CARBOHYDRATES
Polymers
Disaccharides: When two monosaccharides are joined together
in a dehydration synthesis reaction they form a disaccharide.

22. CARBOHYDRATES
Polymers
Examples of Disaccharides:
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

23. CARBOHYDRATES
Polymers
Polysaccharide: When very long chains of monosaccharides are
arranged into a complex molecule we call this a polysaccharide.
Polysaccharides have different structures and functions
depending on the monomers that produce them.

24. CARBOHYDRATES
Polymers
Glycogen: Produced when very long chains of the monomer
glucose are bonded together.
Function: Long term energy storage in animals.

25. CARBOHYDRATES
Polymers
Starch: Produced when very long chains of the monomer
glucose are bonded together.
Function: Long term energy storage in plants.

26. CARBOHYDRATES
Polymers
Cellulose: Produced when very long chains of the monomer
glucose are bonded together. The difference between starch and
cellulose is the monomer glucose is reversed 180 degrees each
time in cellulose.
Function: Structural compound found in plants.

27. CARBOHYDRATES

28. LIPIDS
Structure and Function

29. LIPIDS
Structure
All lipids are insoluble in water. The building blocks of lipids are
glycerol and fatty acids.
Glycerol fatty acid (saturated)

30. LIPIDS
Function
Long term energy stores
Membrane formation
Serve as hormones
Provide insulation
Protection of internal organs

31. LIPIDS
Polymers
Triglycerides: fats and oils that are formed by synthesizing a
glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids.

32. LIPIDS
Polymers
Triglycerides: the fatty acids (10-30 carbon chains) are what
provide the variability in fats and oils.
Saturated fatty acids: all the carbon atoms in the chain contain
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Usually solid at room
temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bonds between
carbon atoms in the chain. Usually liquid at room temperature.

33. LIPIDS
Polymers
Triglycerides:
Unsaturated
Saturated

34. LIPIDS
Polymers
Phospholipids: A
modified triglyceride.
One fatty acid is
removed and replaced
with a phosphate group.
This creates a polar
molecule. One end
hydrophilic (water
loving) and the other is
hydrophobic (water
hating)

35. LIPIDS
Polymers
Cholesterol and Derivatives: found in many areas of the body
such as cell membranes. Also include steroids and bile acid.

36. PROTEINS
Structure and Function

37. PROTEINS
Structure
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. One end
contains an amine group and one end contains a carboxyl group.
There are 20 amino acids, of which 9 can not be produced by
your body.
The generic amino acid molecule looked like this:

38. PROTEINS
Function
Structural Proteins
Enzymes - speed reactions (end in ase)
Antibodies
Transport carriers
Allow materials to cross cell membrane

39. PROTEINS
Polymers
Peptide chains: amino acids are bonded together via
dehydration synthesis. The bond formed between amino acids
are called peptide bonds.

40. PROTEINS
Polymers
Levels of Organization: The more amino acids that are added
to the structure, the more complex it becomes. We group
proteins structures into 4 classifications.
Primary: polypeptide chain.
Secondary: helix and sheets
Tertiary: Globular Structures
Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains.

41. PROTEINS
Polymers
Levels of Organization:

42. PROTEINS
Polymers
Levels of Organization:

43. PROTEINS - DISEASE
Alzheimer’s
Amyloid plaque made
of protein envelops
axons
Tau changes shape and
stick together causing
tangles inside cell
bodies.

44. PROTEINS - DISEASE
Creutzfeld-Jacobs disease
Normally soluble prion
proteins become insoluble
These proteins become
insoluble in the presence
of other insoluble prions
Insoluble prions damage
brain tissue causing disease

45. NUCLEIC AIDS
Structure and Function

46. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Structure
The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a 5 sided sugar, and a
nitrogenous base.
The generic nucleotide molecule looked like this:

47. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Structure
There are 5 nitrogenous bases that are used to create the
polymers DNA and RNA.

48. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Function
Energy
Storage and transfer of genetic information

49. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Polymers
DNA and RNA:

50. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Polymers
DNA and RNA:

51. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Polymers
DNA:

52. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Special Nucleotide: ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains the nucleic acid
adenine. It has 3 high energy phosphates attached.
ATP is the energy currency for the cell.When phosphates
are removed, energy is released that allow for reactions to
occur in the cell.

53. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Special Nucleotide: ATP