1. CLAUSES

3. agroup of words
with a subject and
a verb.

4.  INDEPEDEPENDENT
 DEPENDENT

5.  Has a subject and a
verb
 Can stand by itself as a
complete sentence

6. The ice melted.
Mr. Smith arrived at the airport
early this morning.
We must find a new strategy.
I play basketball.

7. Clauses are combined in three different ways:
coordination, subordination, and by means of
semicolon.
 COORDINATION
- Involves joining independent clauses with one of the
coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, nor, for,
and yet.
e.g.
For example:
Mr. Smith arrived early this morning, but I didn’t
meet him.

8.  SUBORDINATION
- It involves turning one of the clauses into a
subordinate element through the use of
subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.
e.g.
Although Ramonita often thought about joining the
choir, she never talked to her friends about it.
 SEMICOLONS
- Can connect two independent clauses with or
without the help of a conjunctive adverb
e.g.
Ramonita has such a beautiful voice; many couples
have asked her to sing at their wedding.
Ramonita’s voice has a clear, angelic quality;
furthermore, she clearly enjoys using it.

9.  functions not as a sentence but
as a part of speech (a noun or
an adjective or an adverb).
Therefore, it cannot stand alone
as a sentence.
 It is attached to some part of an
INDEPENDENT clause.

10.  Noun clauses
 Adjective clauses
 Adverb Clauses

11.  act as simple nouns and identify
persons, places, things, etc.

13.  What he had to say to us was incredible.
 Where we slept is not worth mentioning.
 Who came to the party is no concern of
yours.

14.  I don't know which one is best.
 Tell me whose car you are driving.
 Anne wished that she could ride a
horse.

15.  give information about nouns (people,
things, places, etc.)
 They appear after the noun or pronoun
they modify and usually begins with
RELATIVE PRONOUNS such as:
that, which, who, whom or whose
or sentences with a RELATIVE ADVERB
such as:
before, since, when, where, or why

16.  As a Subject
e.g.
• Pavarotti, who sings at the Metropolitan
Opera, is a tenor.
• The job has been given to the man whom
you recommended.

17.  As a Direct Object
e.g.
• Someone broke the window that I
recently fixed.
• The bat which you have used has been
broken.

18.  As an Object of a Preposition
e.g.
This is my aunt of whom I have spoken.
We judge a man by what he does.

19.  As an Adjective
e.g.
• I have a friend whose witty remarks
amuse me.
• I listened to the song that you told me
about.

20.  RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
-it specifies or restrict the nouns. A relative
clause begins with a relative pronoun like
that or who.
e.g.
The building that they built in San
Francisco sold a lot of money.
(in this case, it specifies which building the
speaker is referring to.)

21.  NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
- It adds extra information about an
already- specific noun. It begins with the
relative pronoun like which or who.
e.g.
The building, which they built in San
Francisco, sold a lot of money.
(in this case, there’s only one building to
talk about, whereas the example for
restrictive clause implies that there could
be several buildings.)

22.  dependent clause that modify verb,
adjective, adverb or verbal.
 It does this by pointing out where,
when, in what manner, to what
extent, under what condition, or
why.

23. Dependent clauses can modify like adverbs.
Such clauses can express nine (9) important
relationships with certain subordinating
conjunctions:
oTIME: when, before, while, since
I’ll do the laundry when I’m out of clothes.

24. o PLACE: where, wherever
After finding the book where I had left it, I
hurried back into the house.
o MANNER: as, as if
He kicked the can as if it was a ball.

25. o CONDITION: if, so, unless, provided that
Unless you make the payment, service will
be cut off.
o CAUSE: because, as, since
The train, three hours late because the
locomotive had broken down, was full of
angry passengers.

26. o PURPOSE: in order that, so that
The officers worked hard all day so that
the hall would be ready for the party.
o RESULT: that, so that, so . . . that
We were so hungry that we ate stale
crackers.

27. o DEGREE OR COMPARISON: than, as much
as,
as . . . as, just as
John climbed farther than you did.
o CONCESSION: though, although
Although he did not score, he made the
best play of the game.

28. Read the ff: clauses carefully and decide which
are independent and which are dependent.
1.the moon is blue
2.when the sun shone brightly
3.from his vantage point he realized
4.although the bluebirds have returned
5.form a distant hill he approached
6.after the train arrived
7.Andy panda sat on the veranda
8.the man with the hat was smiling
9.within the pages of this book are serious
thoughts
10.when we were young