1. Silver halide crystals in dental x-ray film absorb x-radiation during exposure and store the energy, forming a latent image. There are two main methods for processing film: manual processing involves developing, fixing, washing and drying films by hand, while automatic processing completes these steps mechanically without rinsing. 2. A panoramic radiograph provides a view of the entire maxilla and mandible, while periapical films examine individual teeth and surrounding structures using paralleling or bisecting technique. Intraoral films also include bitewings and occlusals. Extraoral exams include cephalometric films of the skull. 3. Patient radiation exposure is minimized by following ALARA principles -

1. _____ absorb
x-radiation
during x-ray
exposure and
store the
energy from
the radiation.
2 methods of
processing
radiographic
films:
Accelerator:
Acidifer:
Air Bubble
Appearance:
ALARA
concept:
Aluminum
Filters remove:
Amperage
determines:
Beam
Alignment
Device:
Best: Film
speed,
Collimation,
Technique, &
Exposure
factors
Bitewing:
Cephalometric:
CMRS: (# of
films)
Collimator:
Concave dot:
Cone-cut
Appearance:
1. silver halide crystals
2. manual and automatic
3. sodium carbonate- alkali or base solution
to activate the developing solution
4. acrtic acid or sulfuric acid- neutralizes the
alkaline developer
5. white spots on film image
6. states that all exposure to radiation must be
kept to a minimum, "as low as reasonably
achieved"
7. low-energy, less penetrating, longer
wavelengths
8. the amount of electrons passing through
the cathode filament
9. used to help the radiographer position the
PID in relationship to the tooth and film
10. Using F-speed instead of D-speed reduces
the absorbed dose by 60%, Using a
rectangular collimation instead of a round
reduces the absorbed by 60-70%, Can be
limited by using longer source-to-film
distance, long-cone & paralleling
technique, Exposure can be limited by using
a higher kilovoltage peak
11. examines the interproximal surfaces of the
crowns of both MX and MD teeth w/ crestal
bone
12. provides a leteral view of the skull
13. # of films depends on the radiographic
technique used & the # of teeth present,
Edentulous pt: 14 films, Dentulous pt: 14-20
films
14. lead diaphragm used to restrict the size of
the x-ray beam (round, rectangular, cone)
15. away from tubehead or source of radiation
16. a clear, unexposed area on the film
Consumer-Patient
Radiation Health &
Safety Act: (1981)
Control panel used
to: (3)
Convex dot:
Critical Organs: (4)
Curve of Spee:
Density:
Describe the Role
of Developer:
Describe the Role
of Fixer:
Developer Spots:
Developing &
Fixing solutions
are/are not
sterilizing agents:
Developing Agent:
(2)
Developing
purposes: (2)
Developing
Solution
Chemicals: (4)
Difference between
Manual &
Automatic
Processing:
Distance
Recommendations:
Dose:
Double Exposure
Appearance:
Dropped Film
Corner
Appearance:
17. issues of education & certification of
persons using radiographic equipment
18. allows for regulation x-ray beam,
control electrical current for
generation of X-rays, & house control
buttons and settings
19. surface towards tubehead or source of
radiation
20. skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, &
bone marrow
21. smile line curves up
22. overall darkness or blackness
23. reacts w/ silver halide crystals on the
film that were affected by radiation,
These crystals form the images
24. removes any crystals that did not react,
hardens the emulsion, and preserves
the image
25. dark spots appear on the film
26. are NOT
27. hydroquinoine- generates black tones
& sharp contrast, elon- acts to quickly
produce, generates shades of gray
28. softens emulsion, & distinguishes
between exposed and unexposed silver
halide crystals to form image
29. developing agent, preservative,
accelerator, restrainer
30. automatic has no rinse
31. avoid the primary beam & limit x-
radiation exposure, stand at least 6 ft.
away from x-ray tubehead
32. the amount of energy absorbed by a
tissue
33. two (double) images are superimpose
on top of each other
34. the occlusal plane appears tipped or
tilted
DANB RHS
Study online at quizlet.com/_55hkp

2. Exposure time
is measured in:
Exposure Time:
Exposure time:
Extension arm
used to: (3)
Extra-Oral
Radiographic
Examinations:
Fast Film:
Federal
Regulations-
1968:
Federal
Regulations-
1974:
Film Bending
Appearance:
Film
Compostion:
(4)
Film Creasing
Appearance:
Film emulsion
purpose &
mixture:
Film Exposed
to White Light
Appearance:
Film Holding
Device:
Film Storage:
(Temp &
Humidity)
Film-less
Radiography
Introduced In:
Filtration:
Fixer Spots:
Fixing Agent
(Clearing
Agent):
Fixing
purposes: (2)
Fixing Solution
Chemicals: (4)
35. impulses
36. standard- 1/60th sec, digital- 1/100th sec
37. 1/60th of a second- standard & 1/100th of
a second- digital
38. suspend tubehead, house electrical wires,
& allows movement in all directions &
positioning of the x-ray tubehead
39. inspection of large areas of the skull or jaw
40. reduces exposure to radiation
41. Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act:
Standardize performance of x-ray
equipment
42. US FDA standardized all manufacturing of
radiographic dental equipment (all
machines must meet this)
43. film appears stretched & distorted (all or
portion of film)
44. film base, adhesive layer, film emulsion,
protective layer
45. a thin radiolucent (dark) line appears on
the film (usually straight)
46. to give film greater sensitivity to x-
radiation, homogeneous misture of gelatin
& silver halide crystals
47. film appears black
48. reduces exposure to pt, stabilizes film &
reduces film movement
49. store in cool, dry place. Temp- 50-70
degrees F, Humidity- 30-50%
50. 1987
51. removes unwanted x-rays, amount equal to
0.5-1.0 mm
52. white spots appear on the film
53. sodium thiosulfate or ammonium
thiosulfate- remove unexposed silver halide
crystals
54. removes unexposed crystals (unenergized),
& hardens the emulsion
55. fixing agent, preservative, hardening
agent, acidifier
Fogged Film
Appearance:
Hardening
Agent:
Identification
dot:
Image:
Incorrect Film
Placement
Appearance:
Incorrect
Horizontal
Angulation
Appearance:
Incorrect
Vertical
Angulation
Appearance:
Information
on Label for
Mount: (4)
Interproximal:
(Purpose, Film
Type, &
Technique)
Inverse Square
Law:
Inversely
proportional
means:
Kilovoltage
Peak Rule:
Kilovoltage
Peak:
kVp controls:
kvP:
Labial:
Latent Image:
Latent Period:
Lead Apron:
Lingual:
56. gray film image; lacks detail and contrast
57. potassium alum- hards and shrinks
emulsion
58. small, raised bump
59. picture or likeness of an object
60. no apices on the film
61. overlapped contact areas appear on the film
62. short teeth w/ blunted roots appear on the
film (foreshortened)
63. pt. full name, radiographers name, date of
exposure, doctor name
64. examine the crown of both the mx & md
teeth on a single film, & adjacent surfaces of
teeth & crestal bone, bite-wing film, bite-
wing technique
65. the intensity of radiation is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
from the source of radiation
66. that as one variable increases, the other
decreases
67. when kilovoltage is increased by 15,
exposure time should be decreased by half.
When kilovoltage is decreased by 15,
exposure time should be doubled
68. pentrating power, quality
69. the quality or wavelength and energy of the
x-ray beam
70. 65-100 kVp range- peak of enegry
71. facing patient to view (pt.'s right side, your
left), convex
72. stored image not visible on the film
73. the time that elapses between exposure to
ionizing radiation and the appearance of
observable clinical signs
74. protects lap & chest
75. behind patient to view (pt.'s right side, your
right), concave

3. mA:
Manual Film
Processing: (5)
Maximum
Accumulated Dose:
Maximum
Permissible Does
(MPD):
Milliamperage
Regulates:
Milliamperage:
Molar Bite-Wing
must include:
Most effective
method of reducing
pt exposure to
radiation:
Nonstochastic
Effects:
Occlusal:
Occlusal: (Purpose,
Film Type, &
Technique)
OFD(Object-Film
Distance):
Over Exposed Film
Appearance:
Panoramic:
Patient movement
Appearance:
Penumbra:
Periapical:
Periapical:
(Purpose, Film
Type, & Technique)
76. 7-15 range- amount
77. developing solutions, film rinse,
fixing solutions, wash film, dry films
78. based on worker's age.
MAD= (N - 18) x 5 rems/year
MAD= (N - 18) x 0.05 Sv/year
79. maximum dose equivalent a body is
permitted to receive in a specific
amount of time w/ little or no injury.
Occupational- 5.0 rems/year (0.05
SV/year)
Nonoccupationally- 0.5 rems/year
(0.005 Sv/year)
80. the temperature of the cathode
filament
81. current coming in; tells you how
many, # of, qt.
82. Distal 1/2 of second premolar, all
molars present, & both MX & MD
molars, & crestal bone
83. fast films
84. have a threshold and increased
severity with increased absorbed dose,
ex. loss of hair, decreased fertility,
erythema
85. examines large area of the MX or MD
jaw
86. examine large areas of the mx or md
on a single film, occlusal film,
occlusal technique
87. the film and the object should be as
close together as possible to reduce
the amount of magnification
88. film appears dark
89. provides a view of the entire mx and
md
90. film image is distorted or blurred
91. fuzzy, unclear area that surrounds a
radiographic image
92. examines the entire tooth and
surrounding structures
93. used to examine the entire tooth &
supporting bone, periapical film,
paralleling & bisecting technique
Phalangioma
Appearance:
Photons:
Place _____
barriers on all
equipment to be
____ during
procedure:
Polychromatic
x-ray beam:
PPE in
radiology:
Premolar Bite-
Wing must
include:
Prescribing
Dental
Radiographs:
Preservative:
Preservative:
Purpose of Film
Processing: (2)
Purpose of Lead
Foil Sheet:
Purpose/Why of
Film Mounting:
(4)
Radiation:
Radiograph(X-
ray film):
Radiolucent:
Radiopaque:
Receptor:
Replace Manual
Chemicals:
94. patient's finger appears on the film image
95. bundles of energy with no mass or weight
that travel as waves at the speed of light
and move through space in a straight line
96. removable, touched
97. a beam that contains many different
wave-lengths of varying intensities
98. gloves, eyewear, & gowns should be used
at all times, Mask is optional.
99. Distal 1/2 canine, all premolars present
& 1st molars of the MX & MD teeth, &
crestal bone
100. based on the individual needs of the pt,
professional judgement of the dentist: #,
type, & frequency
101. sodium sulfite- antioxidate to prevent
developer solution from oxidizing in
presence of air, extends life
102. sodium sulfite- prevents chemicals from
deteriorating
103. to convert the latent (invisible) image on
the film into a visible image, to preserve
the visible image so that it is permanent
and does not disappear from the dental
radiograph
104. to prevent film fogging from scatter
radiation
105. easier/quicker to view/interpret, easily
stored, decrease chance of error in
determining pt. R/L, & decrease
handling/damage to emulsion
106. a form of energy carried by waves or
stream of particles
107. a picture; recording medium
108. black areas- allow x-rays to pass
through, greater penetration of x-rays
reach x-ray film
109. gray/white areas- resist passage of x-rays
(block)
110. something that responds to a stimulus
111. every 3-4 weeks

4. Replenisher Solutions
must be replenished:
Restrainer:
Reticulation:
Reversed Film
Appearance:
Rinsing purpose:
Scatter radiation
causes:
Shades of Gray:
SI Units of Radiation:
(3)
Silver Halide crystals
duty:
SLOB:
Speed of Light:
State Gov't Regulations
determine when &
how dental x-ray
equipment is
monitored:
Stochastic Effects:
Target-film distance:
Target-object
distance:
Target-surface
distance:
TFD(Target-Film
Distance):
The dental
radiographer should
stand ______ degrees
away from the
primary beam:
112. daily
113. potassium bromide- control
developer solution & prevent the
developing of exposed and
unexposed silver halide crystals,
prevents fog
114. emulsion cracking (pebbled or
cracked appearance), from temp
being over at least 5 degrees
115. light images w/ a herringbone
pattern appear on the film
116. to remove developer chemicals
117. film fogging
118. 256
119. Couloms/kilogram (C/kg), gray
(Gy), sievert (Sv)
120. absorb x-radiation and store
energy
121. same lingual, opposite buccal
122. 186,000 miles per second
123. MN- mandatory every 2 years
124. direct function of dose with the
probablility of occurrence
increasing with increased dose,
ex. cancer, genetic mutations
125. distance from the source of
radiation to the film
126. distance from the source of
radiation to the tooth
127. distance from the source of
radiation to the patient's skin
128. the distance from the target to the
film should be as long as possible
to direct the most parallel rays to
the film and object
129. 90-135
The thyroid collar must
be worn for all intraoral
& extraoral films: (True
or False)
Thyroid Collar:
Tomogram:
Traditional Units of
Radiation: (3)
Tube head or tube
housing used to:
Two Types of Filtration:
Two types of lightening:
Types of Intra-Oral
Radiographic
Examination: (3)
Types of Scanners: (3)
Umbra:
Under Exposed Film:
Unexposed Film
Appearance:
Water Bath purpose:
Wavelenght determines
the: (2)
What mounting is
preferred by ADA:
When to mount film(s):
Which PID is preferred
& why:
Who mounts film:
Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen:
William Rollins:
X-radiation:
X-ray film holders:
130. False
131. protects thyroid gland
132. provides a view of sections of
the TMJ
133. roentgen (R), radiation
absorbed dose (rad), roentgen
equivalent man (rem)
134. produce x-rays
135. inherent and added
136. safe light- (7 1/2 or 15 watts,
red-orange light spectrum), &
overhead lighting- used to
perform tasks
137. periapical, interpoximal, &
occlusal
138. round drum, flat screen, & slot
scanner
139. clear area on the center of the
film image (most focused area)
140. film appears light
141. clear film w/ a bluish tinge
142. rinses out chemicals from film
143. energy and penetrating power
of radiation
144. labial
145. immediately after processing
146. Longer (16-inch PID) is
preferred because it produces
less divergence of the x-ray
beam
147. any trained dental professional
148. discovered x-radation in 1895
149. developed first dental x-ray unit
150. a high-energy radiation
produced by the collision of a
beam of electrons with a metal
target in an x-ray tube
151. stabe(styrofoam bite block,
slimplest), XCP, Bite tab, EEZE
grip, etc.

5. X-ray Machine Purpose: (2)
X-ray:
152. 1- produce quality radiographs, 2- detection of disease & lesions for diagnostic purposes
153. beam of energy