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States of Consciousness Chapter Overview
- 1. States of Consciousness Chapter 7
- 15. Awake & Alert During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps) . An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity. Beta Waves
- 16. Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps) . A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
- 17. Sleep Stages 1-2 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps) . A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves
- 18. Sleep Stages 3-4 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps) .
- 19. Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.
- 20. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.
- 21. Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
- 23. Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
- 38. Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No.
- 40. Both Theories Mimi Forsyth
- 57. Drugs Summary
- 58. Influences on Drug Use The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
- 59. Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
- 60. Marijuana Use The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.
Notas do Editor
- OBJECTIVE 1 | Discuss the history of psychology’s study of consciousness and contrast conscious and unconscious information processing.
- OBJECTIVE 2 | Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.
- OBJECTIVE 3 | Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm, and identify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.
- OBJECTIVE 4 | List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ.
- OBJECTIVE 5 | Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person.
- OBJECTIVE 6 | Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation.
- OBJECTIVE 7 | Identify four theories of why we sleep.
- OBJECTIVE 8 | Identify major sleep disorders.
- OBJECTIVE 9 | Describe the most common content of dreams.
- OBJECTIVE 10 | Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.
- OBJECTIVE 11 | Define hypnosis , and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people.
- OBJECTIVE 12 | Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain.
- OBJECTIVE 13 | Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness.
- OBJECTIVE 14 | Define psychoactive drug.
- OBJECTIVE 15 | Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.
- Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent. Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?
- OBJECTIVE 16 | Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.
- OBJECTIVE 17 | Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.
- OBJECTIVE 18 | Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.
- OBJECTIVE 19 | Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
- OBJECTIVE 20 | Discuss the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to drug use.
- OBJECTIVE 21 | Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.