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1. First Children’s
Encyclopedia
First reference for young readers and writers

3. First Children’s
Encyclopedia
A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK

4. Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK,
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI
Editors Penny Smith, Lorrie Mack,
Caroline Stamps, Lee Wilson
Project Art Editor Mary Sandberg
Designers Laura Roberts-Jensen, Lauren Rosier Our world
Publishing Manager Bridget Giles 6–7 Our world
Art Director Rachael Foster 8–9 The Arctic
Production Editor Siu Chan 10–11 Canada and Alaska
Jacket Designers Natalie Godwin, 12–13 United States of America
Laura Roberts-Jensen 14–15 Mexico and Central America
16–17 South America
Contents first published in various titles of the DK First Reference series 18–19 Africa
(Illustrated Atlas, Encyclopedia, Human Body Encyclopedia, Science
Encyclopedia, Animal Encyclopedia, Nature Encyclopedia, Dinosaur 20–21 Scandinavia
Encyclopedia, Space Encyclopedia) in Great Britain between 22–23 UK and Ireland
2002 and 2008 by Dorling Kindersley.
This edition first published in Great Britain in 2010 by 24–25 The Low Countries
Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL 26–27 France
Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley Limited 28–29 Germany and the Alps
A Penguin Company 30–31 Spain and Portugal
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
32–33 Italy
176265 – 11/09 34–35 Central Eastern Europe
36–37 Eastern Europe
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any 38–39 Southeast Europe
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, 40–41 Russia and Central Asia
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
42–43 Middle East
A CIP catalogue record for this book 44–45 Southern Asia
is available from the British Library. 46–47 Southeast Asia
ISBN 978-1-40535-273-4 48–49 China and neighbours
Colour reproduction by MDP, UK 50–51 Japan
Printed and bound by Toppan, China
52–53 Australia
Discover more at 54–55 New Zealand and the Pacific
www.dk.com 56–57 Antarctica
58–59 Flags of the world
People and society
60–61 World of people
62–63 Religious lands
64–65 Religious life
66–67 Writing and printing
68–69 Art and architecture
70–71 Music
72–73 Theatre and dance
74–75 Clothes and fashion
76–77 Sport and leisure
78–79 Working people
2

5. History of people 148–149 How plants work 226–227 Changing states
80–81 World of history 150–151 Fungi 228–229 Amazing atoms
82–83 Early people 152–153 Micro life 230–231 Molecules
84–85 Ancient Egypt 154–155 Food chains 232–233 Reactions and
86–87 Ancient Greece changes
88–89 The Romans Ecosystems and habitats 234–235 What is energy?
90–91 The Vikings 156–157 Ecosystems 236–237 Electricity
92–93 Aztecs, Incas, and 158–159 Polar regions 238–239 Light
Mayas 160–161 Deciduous forests 240–241 Sound
94–95 Knights and castles 162–163 Rainforests 242–243 Forces and motion
96–97 20th century 164–165 A sea of grass 244–245 Machines
166–167 Life in a meadow
Human body 168–169 At the water hole Planet Earth
98–99 Your amazing body 170–171 Desert regions 246–247 Our planet
100–101 What makes you 172–173 Life in thin air 248–249 Earth’s structure
you? 174–175 Cool caves 250–251 Rocks and
102–103 Building blocks 176–177 The flowing current minerals
104–105 Organizing the 178–179 Still waters 252–253 Shaping the land
body 180–181 Survival in the sea 254–255 Soil
106–107 Bones and muscles 256–257 Resources in the
108–109 Brain and senses Age of the dinosaurs ground
110–111 Breathing 182–183 Age of the 258–259 Fresh and salt
112–113 All about skin dinosaurs water
114–115 Body defences 184–185 What is a 260–261 The water cycle
116–117 Eating and dinosaur? 262–263 The atmosphere
digestion 186–187 A hip question 264–265 Weather
118–119 Making a baby 188–189 Find a friend 266–267 The energy crisis
120–121 Amazing facts 190–191 Eggstraordinary
about YOU! eggs The universe
192–193 Sauropods 268–269 What is space?
The living world 194–195 Cretaceous cows 270–271 Where does space
122–123 The living world 196–197 Horns and frills begin?
124–125 What is an animal? 198–199 T. Rex 272–273 Our place in space
126–127 Types of animal 200–201 Big and bold 274–275 The Milky Way
128–129 The world of 202–203 Meet the raptors 276–277 Rockets
mammals 204–205 Monsters of the 278–279 Moon journey
130–131 Marsupials deep 280–281 Men on the moon
132–133 Water mammals 206–207 How was it made? 282–283 Space shuttle
134–135 The world of birds 208–209 What happened? 284–285 Working in space
136–137 The world of 210–211 Living dinosaurs 286–287 Exploring Mars
reptiles 288–289 The Sun
138–139 The world of Science and technology 290–291 A star is born
amphibians 212–213 What is science? 292–293 The Big Bang
140–141 The world of 214–217 Advances in science
insects 218–219 Being a scientist Reference section
142–143 The world of 220–221 Science and 294–297 Glossary
non-insects everyday life 298–303 Index
144–145 The world of fish 222–223 All living things 304 Acknowledgements
146–147 What is a plant? 224–225 Properties of matter
3

6. Introduction
Using this book The First Children’s
Encyclopedia is divided into
ten colour-coded chapters so
you can see what you are
In these pages you can find a country looking for at a glance:
and discover its major features, look at Our world
culture and history, and observe wildlife People and society
and ecosystems. You can also explore the History of people
world of science – from how technology Human body
works to what’s going on inside the The living world
Ecosystems and habitats
human body. Enjoy a thrilling journey! Age of the dinosaurs
Science and technology
What’s what on a page? Planet Earth
The universe
The pages have special features
that show you how to get your hands The Curiosity quiz will get
on as much information as possible! you searching through each
section to find the pictures.
Look out for these:
The living world The living world
Curiosity quiz
The living world Insects such as
Look through The
living world pages and
Our amazing world is filled with millions butterflies are
invertebrates. see if you can identify
Snake
of species, or types, of living thing. They the pictures below.
can be as big as an elephant or so Plants
small you have to look through Plants cannot move
Spider around like animals. To
a microscope to see them. Dragonfly
survive and grow, they
Micro-organisms have to make their own
Animals Micro-organisms are very
food. In turn, plants
The animal kingdom is tiny – they are made up
of a single cell. provide food for many
made up of vertebrates
This amoeba is animals and fungi.
(animals with a backbone) magnified more
and invertebrates (animals than 100 times. Signs of life
without a backbone). Living things share some
characteristics. They all
Mammals, birds, Sunflower need food and oxygen. They
reptiles, amphibians, also grow, reproduce, and
Coral reef and fish are vertebrates.
adapt to their environment.
Fungi Tree frog
Fungi (like toadstools,
mushrooms, and moulds)
Deer
are neither plants nor
animals, but they’re more
like plants than animals.
Fungi
Become
an expert
126-127 Types
of animals
148-149 How
plants work
122 Invertebrates – they make up 97 per cent of all animal species. 123
Which group of animals has the most members?
Become an expert tells
you where to look for more
information on related subjects.
4
There is a question at the bottom of each page.

7. Using this book
Text gives you
information
Hands on
about a subject.
Want to try
Materials science Properties of matter
something for yourself? of matter
Properties
Safety
glass
Compressibility
Gases can be
squashed, or
Then look atthey are... Some materials are hardflexible.
What a
brittle, while others are
There are many different
and compressed, by
squeezing more
into the same
“Hands on” tip. properties of matter.
Some materials are colourful, while
others are transparent. These kinds
Boiling point is the
hottest a liquid can get Brittleness
space. This is what
happens when you
pump up a tyre.
Foot pump
before becoming a gas. of features are called “properties”. Some materials, such as glass, are Gas can be compressed
very brittle and will break when because its particles are far
Freezing point is the apart. A bicycle pump pushes
temperature at which A cork floats on oil.
pushed out of shape. Safety glass is the particles closer together.
a liquid becomes a solid. Oil floats on water. designed to crack rather than break. Diamond is
the hardest
Gas particles
Plasticity is how well Hardness mineral.
Does it float? A scientist called Friedrich Mohs created a
9
a solid can be reshaped. Corundum
It’s easy to learn about scale of ten minerals to compare how hard they
some properties, such are. Many materials are graded on this scale.
Hands on tells you Conductivity is how well
a material lets electricity
as the ability to float.
The amount of matter
5
Apatite
10
Diamond
6 7 8
how to get stuck in or heat travel through it.
Malleability is how well
in a certain volume of
an object is called its 2
4
Fluorite
Feldspar Quartz Topaz
density. Objects and Gypsum 3
and try an experiment a solid can be shaped
without breaking. liquids float on liquids
1
Talc Calcite
of a higher density and
for yourself. Tensile strength is how
much a material can
sink through liquids
of a lower density.
Softest
mineral Photographs
stretch without breaking.
Flammability is how A plastic building brick sinks H a n ds o n show you
easily and quickly a through oil but floats on water.
Collect some
substance will catch fire.
Reflectivity is how well
An onion sinks through oil and
water, but floats on syrup.
different pebbles
and put them in order of
information
Syrup sinks below water.
Buttons contain mini a material reflects light.
Water reflects well.
hardness. A pebble is harder
than another if it scratches it. about a subject.
This is how Mohs worked
Transparency is how
facts: quick information well a material will let
light pass through it.
A good insulator
Heat cannot easily pass
out his scale.
at your fingertips. Flexibility is how easily
through some materials.
These are known as A smooth flow
Quick quiz
a material can be bent. Some liquids flow more
insulators. For example,
easily than others. It depends
Solubility is how well
aerogel can completely
block the heat of a flame. on their “stickiness”, or viscosity. questions are
a substance will dissolve,
But don’t try this at home! Hot lava from a volcano flows
such as salt in water. slowly because it is sticky. at the bottom
224 Yes, a diamond is the hardest mineral of all. It will scratch quartz. 225
Is a diamond harder than quartz?
of each page.
The universe Men on the moon
Here comes Earth
Men on the moon Instead of the moon rising,
the astronauts saw
Earth rising over the
How did they talk?
There’s no air in space, so
Colour coding
On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first moon’s horizon – it sound has nothing to travel
identifies each
through. Lunar astronauts
person to walk on the surface of the moon. He was looked four times
use radio equipment in
joined by Buzz Aldrin. A third astronaut, bigger than the
moon looks their helmets. chapter at
d o r wha
Mike Collins, remained in orbit with the ei r from Earth.
a glance.
W
t?
command and service modules. The lunar
module computer
on Apollo 11 had just
71K of memory. Some
Neil
calculators can Armstrong
now store more
than 500K.
We have transport!
The lunar What did they do? Three later Apollo missions
This dish
module was Armstrong and Aldrin each carried a small electric car, antennae
nicknamed
the Eagle. spent almost 22 hours a lunar rover, which allowed the allowed the
astronauts to explore away from astronauts to
on the moon. About send pictures
2.5 hours of this the lander. These were left on the to Earth.
was spent outside moon when the astronauts left.
the Eagle, collecting
rock and soil samples,
setting up experiments,
and taking pictures.
d or what
One lunar rover
reached a top
What was it like?
ir
speed of 22 km/h
Buzz Aldrin described (13.5 mph).
We
the moon’s surface Splashdown
as like nothing on
Earth. He said it
consisted of a fine,
talcum-powder-like
The astronauts returned to
Earth in the Apollo 11 command
module. This fell through the
atmosphere and landed in the
?
dust, strewn with Pacific Ocean. A ringed float
pebbles and rocks. helped to keep it stable.
Want to know
280 281
Why is there no blue sky on the moon? Because the moon has no atmosphere.
something surprising?
Every page is Then look at a “Weird or
colour coded to what?” tip.
show you which Weird or what? are
chapter it’s in. packed with extra weird
or wonderful facts.
Check here for the answer. 5

8. Our world
Our world
Land covers a third of
planet Earth, and water
and ice cover the rest.
We divide the land into
North
seven main chunks called
America
continents. The sea is
divided into five major Atlantic
areas called oceans. Pacific Ocean
Ocean
Inside the Earth South
The core of the Earth is made America
of metal – solid in the middle and
molten all around it. We live on a thin,
solid crust, a bit like the crust of a pie.
Where people live
This picture of Earth at
night was taken by a
satellite in space. The
bright bits are made
by lights on the surface.
They show where the
world’s big cities and
towns are.
6
How long would a trip around the Equator take at walking speed?

9. Arctic Ocean Our world
Europe
Asia
Pacific
Africa Ocean
Equator
The Equator is
an imaginary line
Indian around the middle
of the world.
Ocean Australia
n
hern Ocea runs all the
ut
The So wa y around Antar ctica
.
Southern Ocean Can you find...
The smallest continent?
The continent of Australia is
Antarctica also the world’s biggest island.
Seven continents The most crowded
continent? About 3,500
North America, South America, Europe, million people live in Asia.
Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica are
The biggest ocean? The
Earth’s continents. Sometimes people call Pacific Ocean is as big as all
Europe and Asia one continent (Eurasia). other oceans put together.
About a year (without stopping for a rest). 7

10. The Arctic
The Arctic An imaginary line called
the Arctic Circle marks
the outer edge of the
At the top of the world is the North Arctic region.
SA)
a (U
Pole, and around this is an area sk
la Prudhoe Bay
A
called the Arctic. The Arctic is mostly a
Se
ocean. In its centre is a gigantic lump o rt
uf
of floating ice that never completely
a
Be
melts. Further out are the northern
tips of the continents and the huge
island of Greenland.
Moose
Arctic people Queen Arctic tern
Elizabeth
Canada
Arctic people live in the icy lands Islands
around the Arctic Ocean. The
weather is too cold for growing
crops, so Arctic people get all their Ellesme
re Isla
nd
food from animals. They survive
by fishing, herding reindeer, and Ptarmigan Qaanaaq
hunting seals and whales.
G
ee
r
Polar bear
nl
an
d
8
Who was the first person to reach the North Pole?

11. The Arctic
The Arctic tern catches small
fish and shrimps by swooping
across the surface of the sea.
Chukchi
Sea
Walrus
R
us
Seal
A
rc
Pole to pole
si
ti
The Arctic tern spends
an
Arctic
c
most of its life flying.
Laptev
Ci
It breeds in the Arctic
Fed
Ocean Sea during the northern
rcl
summer. Then it flies
erat
e
all the way to the
Antarctic, where it
stays during the
ion
southern summer.
Arctic wolf
Noril’sk
The North Pole
Kara Keeping warm
Sea Arctic animals
Franz have to endure
Josef bitterly cold
Novay
Land weather. Walruses
Musk ox
have a layer of
a Ze
blubber (fat) to keep
ml
them warm. Polar
y
Svalbard
a
Reindeer
bears and reindeer
have thick coats of fur.
an d Sea Barents
re enl Iceberg
Sea
G
Killer whale
Murmansk
Tromsø
Norwegian Sea
An American called Robert Peary, in 1909. 9

12. The Americas
Canada and Alaska Ellesmere
Canada is the second-largest country in the Island
world, and Alaska is the largest of all the US
states. Despite their huge size, both places have
small populations because much of the land Queen Elizabeth
is covered in thick forest Islands
Caribou
or frozen for most Oil drilling
Banks
Island
of the year.
it
ra
Prudhoe
Bay Victoria Island
t
in gS
Huskies
Ber
pulling sled
a
Se
Musk ox
g Alaska (USA) Great Bear
Berin Mount McKinley
Ma Lake
(Denali) cke
6,194m (20,320ft) Yukon nzie
C
Anchorage
Territory Northwest Territories
Mo
Yellowknife
Walrus
un
Valdez Whitehorse
t ain
Moose
s
Fur seal Mountie
Juneau (policeman)
British
Columbia Grizzly
Saskatc
Salmon bear
Ro
ck
The Trans-Alaskan Pipeline
hewan
y
M Alberta
Totem pole ou
Pa
The USA’s largest oil-drilling area is nt
in Alaska. A huge overground pipeline, ai Edmonton
ns
cif
1,287 km (800 miles) long, carries the oil Timber
Regina
ic O
from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez.
Vancouver Vancouver
Island Calgary
cean
Victoria
Canadian
Calgary skyline
U S A
10
What is the tallest mountain in North America, at 6,194 m (20,320 ft) high?

13. Canada and Alaska
N
Industries
E Here are some of the main
industries in the region.
Timber from trees is used
W as building material or for
S making furniture.
Oil is used to make fuels
Hooded seal like petrol, and chemicals
such as plastics.
Baf Wheat is grown in the centre
fin
Isla of Canada on prairies, which
nd
are huge, flat fields.
Metals such as zinc,
Right whales aluminium, gold, and silver
Iqaluit (whale watching is are mined in Canada.
a popular activity)
Inuit Canada goose
children
Nunavut
Black
bear Newfoundland
a n a d a and Labrador
Newfoundland dog
Huds
St. John’s
on
Ba
Beluga whale and calf
y
Mining
Gannet
Prince
Québec Edward
Island
an
New Charlottetown
Brunswick Nova Scotia
Halifax c e
Maple leaf
Québec Fredericton O
tic
Beaver
Montreal
Manitoba
an
Ontario Snowboarding CN Tower,
OTTAWA
Lake Toronto
Atl
Winnipeg
S uperior Lake
HuronToronto
Lake Ontario
Michigan
Lake
Niagara Falls
prairies Erie
ke
La
Harbour porpoises
Mount McKinley (Denali). 11

14. The Americas
United States of America
The United States Technology
industry
of America is an Seattle
enormous country Olympia
Grizzly bear
made up of 50 states. olu Washington (brown bear)
C
mb Bison Missouri
There are mountains, Salem River ia Helena
Montana
deserts, forests, Mount Rushmore
Roc
National Memorial
wetlands, and Oregon
ky
Boise
Skiing in the
vast plains in Idaho
M
Rockies
ou
the USA. Golden Gate Gre n t a i Wyoming
Bridge ns
at
Salt
Lak
Carson City Cheyenne
Pacific O
e
Mountain lion
Salt Lake City Wheat
harvesting
Nevada
Ca
San Francisco Utah Denver
lif
Colorado
or
ni
a
ce
an
Hollywood Hills
do Ri ver
Monument Valley
Los Angeles Santa Fe
Death Valley
National Monument
Arizona New Mexico Road
runner
C o l o ra
Hawaii One of the USA’s 50 states Sonoran
is a group of eight volcanic Phoenix
islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Kauai This state is called Hawaii.
Desert
Niihau Honolulu Socorro space telescope
Oahu Molokai Gila monster
Lanai Maui
N
Ri
o
Gr
an
Hawaii
de
W
Mount Kilauea, on the main
island of Hawaii, is the world’s E
most active volcano.
S M e x i c o
12
Which is the only US state not shown on this map?

15. United States of America
This map shows 48 of the 50 states
C a n a d a of the USA. The other two states are
thousands of kilometres away. Alaska
is northwest of Canada, and Hawaii
is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
Blueberries
Superior Augusta
La ke Maine
Verm
New pshire
Ham
Bismarck La
North Minnesota
on t
ke
Riv
Dakota tario
er
H
Wisconsin
On
Lake ichigan
Boston
uro
e Massachusetts
k
n
Rhode
La
Pierre
M New York Island
Connecticut
South Dairy farming Michigan
ie Statue of Liberty
Er
Great
Dakota Detroit New York
ke Pennsylvania
Iowa La Harrisburg
New
Jersey
Chicago Ohio
Nebraska Indiana Delaware
Maryland
Lincoln WASHINGTON DC
Raccoon Sears Tower, Chicago
West
s
American football
Virginia
ain
Illinois io Riv
er Virginia
an
Topeka The Capitol building,
Oh
Missouri St. Louis nt Washington, DC
e
ou
ck y
Kansas American Kentu c
M
Raleigh
O
bald eagle
Plains
an
e ssee North Carolina
tic
Tenn
hi
ac
South
Atlan
al
Oklahoma Arkansas pp Carolina
r i
Rive ipp
City Country music A
Mississ
“Tornado Alley” Little Rock Mississippi Atlanta
Oklahoma Alabama
Georgia
Dallas Montgomery Kennedy Space Center
Paddle steamer
Oil wells Tallahassee
Texas Louisiana
Baton Rouge
Florida
New Orleans
The Evergla
Jazz music de
s Dolphin-
watching
Cowboy Miami
xico
f Me
lf o American alligator
Gu
Alaska (see page 10-11). 13

16. The Americas N
Prickly
pear cactus
Sonoran
Tijuana Desert U S A
Baj
W E
a
Gul
Ca
f of r n
R i o G ra n de
S
li
Cattle
Ca i a
fo
lif
S Armadillo
or
ni
a Si
ie
er
rr
ra
a
M
M
ad
ad
Monterrey
re Monarch
Gulf of Mexico
re
Boojum Los Mochis O butterflies
tree
Or
cc d
i en
ien
Atlante
Brown
ta Mariachi
statue
La Paz l at Tula
tal
pelican
Grey M e x i c o
whale Agave
Pa c
ifi
cO Guadalajara
cea MEXICO CITY
Veracruz
n
Mexico and Catedral Metropolitana
Central America Acapulco
Did you know?
Mexico and Central America form a
natural bridge linking the USA to Coffee beans and
bananas are Costa Rica’s
South America. The north of Mexico most important crops.
is dry and dusty. As you travel south, Chocolate was first
the weather gets rainier and the land made in Mexico, from the
seeds of the cacao tree.
becomes greener, with lush rainforests
Sugar cane from Central
covering mountains and volcanoes. America and the Caribbean
is used to make sugar.
14
How do spider monkeys use their tails?