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1. Women Entrepreneurship-A Dynamic Approach To
The Pulsating World Of Economy For An
Organization
Prof.(Dr.) Deepak Gupta1, Mrs.Meenakshi Sharma2
Abstract
The role of women Entrepreneurship is the most important towards economic contribution for an organization as well as to the
nation. This is the resource of economic growth. The Women Entrepreneur is an innovator, action Oriented and highly
motivated. They create new jobs for themselves, others and provide society with different solutions to the Management problems.
The economic participation of women as entrepreneurs, employees and leaders is recognized as a measure of a nation‟s
dynamism. Government is promoting women‟s economic empowerment which will be the driving force behind economic growth
and the fight against poverty. Development Corporations are now gearing itself towards the management of the home grown
entrepreneurs. Credit Scheme of the government will prove sustainable for the benefit of women entrepreneurship. This will be a
positive step to stimulate entrepreneurships, economic development and growth with high technology and manufacturing.
It has been seen that the equal opportunity between men and women from the perspective of women entrepreneurship is still not a
reality. In order to realize the benefits of policy changes it is important to incorporate a Women Entrepreneurial Dimension in
considering al SME‟s and growth policies eg.meeting women financial needs at all stages of the business continum,take-up of
business development and support services, access to Corporate, government and International markets, technology access and
utilization..
Motivation towards Women Entrepreneurs are governed by Push and Pull factors such as the need for independence, self-
fulfillment , work flexibility and a need for challenge to self employment, Other factors such as dissatisfaction with salaried jobs
and insufficient family income pushed them into self employment. Women Entrepreneurs are also facing obstacles such as
obtaining finance, work home conflict; lack of training in business and management skills. Government is to increase the ability
of women to participate into the labor force and equal treatment in the workforce as well as improve the position of women in
society to have benefits in terms of women entrepreneurs.
This research paper deals with the dynamism of women Entrepreneurship, objectives, motivational factors, obstacles and
supports to women entrepreneurship, government activities towards the upliftment of women entrepreneurship, their training and
development program to be organized by government / private organizations and practical recommendations.
Keywords: Dynamism, Econimic Empowerment, Entrepreneurial dimension.
1. Director, Appejay Institute of Technology,
School of Management for Women, Greater
Noida.
2. Lecturer, Appejay Institute of Technology,
School of Management for Women, Greater
Noida.

2. Introduction
Women entrepreneurship plays an important role towards economic contribution for an organization
as women entrepreneurs have right attitude for innovation, orientation of their actions in the
desired direction and high motivational thinking towards the people working with them. In the
present age they have their economic participation as entrepreneurs, employers and leaders which
are reorganized as a measure of the nation‘s dynamism.
Government is also encouraging to promote women‘s economic empowerment which will be driving
force behind the economic growth and the fight against poverty. Corporations also are now gearing
up for the management of home grown women entrepreneurs with creative scheme which will prove
sustainable for the benefit of women entrepreneurship.
Motivational factors are also governing women entrepreneurs and those factors are push and pull
factors such as the need for independence, self fulfillment, work flexibility – and a need for challenge
to self employment and other factors such as dissatisfaction with salaried jobs and in sufficient
family income pushed them into self employment. Government should look into the benefit of policy
changes where growth policies are meeting . Women financial needs at all stages of the business
continuum, take up of business development and support services as well as technology access and
utilization.
It is obvious that women‘s presence in politics and elsewhere in society is one of the greatest
achievements in history. They put their great effort and the right attitude to thrive for their goals in
society and prove their independence from men. The continuing improvement of a women‘s role in
society will continue to benefit the economy. Moreover, they are willing to take jobs in areas where
men have no desire to work at all.
Importance of Women Entreneurs
Women entrepreneurs are putting their efforts , with right attitude to achieve their goal either in
society or in any organization or at their working place. They have their self motivational efforts in
the areas of interest. They also have a massive potential which can be utilized for the development of
the organization or nation. At present women brings in solutions to market inequalities with their
different type of innovations of those of the men.
Nowadays they are making their innovations based on the works requirement and women
entrepreneurs are covering in a big way in the service sector that is tourism, health, social services,
teaching etc. They have their creativity and new ways of thinking innovation, involving the
consumer as well as they adapt policies to allow better family life and work balance.
In business world the main reasons for women to come forward into business are their skill,
knowledge and adaptability. They also accept challenging role to meet her personal needs and
become economically independents. At present they are meeting the challenges and coming in a big
way as designers, interior decorators , exporters, publishers , garment manufacturers as well as they
are still exploring new avenues for participation in the economical fields.
Obstacles to Women Entrepreneurs
The negative attitudes fo the society towards women in business make them suffer from significant
material constraints through to unhelpful thinking of the environment. They feel that they are
victims of discrimination. It has been seen from the society that the discrimination against women
seems to be even worse in cities where financial sector is male oriented. They feel particular
difficulties in getting bank finance for their ventures.
Women entrepreneurs face challenges which cover a wide spectrum including level of education,
inter role conflicts emanating from greater parenting responsibilities. They face a dearth of financial
assistance and social cultural constraints. No doubt with men and women experiencing personal
problems, women feel more difficulties. The women have lack of self confidence and not being taken
seriously by providers of funds. This has been widely acknowledged that Indian women have access
to fewer researches then men. They tend to have lower access to lend credit facilities, education and
training facilities.

3. Practically, following obstacles are being faced by women entrepreneurs:-
1. Lack of business management skill
2. Lack of education and training in general
3. Inter- role conflict ( Work /home conflict)
4. Lack of self confidence
5. Isolation from business network.
6. Socio-cultural environment /lack of respect form male community and stereotype.
7. Lack of timely business performance.
8. Presence of child care.
9. Family presence
10. Great fear of failure.
Role and Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurs
The role of women entrepreneurs is considered in the economic development of the nation for various
reasons due to their own characteristics. They tend to be highly motivated and self directed. They
possess specific characteristics that promote their creativity and generate new ideas for dong the
things. Based on observations it has been found that most of the women have 7 ( seven) common
characteristics in their mid life.
1. Autonomy: They have strong desire to think of their own and call their own shots and
put their value first.
2. Resilience: They have the ability to bounce back form setbacks as things have learned
to be through the road blocks that will evitable show up .
3. Initiatives: Women entrepreneurs are self starters. They keep momentum swing after
the initial burst of energy.
4. Confidence: They have their high level of confidence and get others to believe in them
too. They have the confidence to find the resources they need.
5. Intutive: They have good business sentiments. They use left brain rational thinking to
analyse problems. Women tend to trust their intuition in business more often than
man.
6. Decisive : Women entrepreneurs are action oriented. They take the decision at right
time to achieve their desired results. Women have had a life time of experience to fire
tune their decision making ability.
7. Connections: Women enterprenurers build relationships. They build networks and try on
seeing opportunities for connections for mutual benefits with their network at the developed
stage they start and sustain their business.
In sum, women entrepreneurs share their characteristics of sharp communication skill, intuitive
people skills, consciousness building competitive, and nurturing integrating abilities to get the
desired business goal.
Dynamics of Motivational Factors (Push and Pull Factors) To Women
Enterpreuners
The study /resarch has been made about the forces involved in movement of motivational factors
which motivate the women to start their business. The knowledge regarding the profile of the women
entrepreneurs will help the govt or the policy makers to develop a positive environment for women to
start their own business.
The motivational factors which act in the form of push and pull for women entrepreneurs to start the
business are generally diagnosed as negative ( Push) and positive ( pull) factors.
The push factors such as unemployment and retrenchment, which force people to become
entrepreneurial in order to survive. On the other hand pull factors are positive factors, such as govt
support and role models, which might influence people to choose entrepreneurship as a career option
. It has been seen that 20% of women are encouraged into entrepreneurs by pull factors and the near
80% have been forced by push factors.

4. The pull factors i.e. positive factors to entrepreneurships are very much useful for independence,
advancement and self fulfillment providing a challenge to the female entrepreneur the desire to be
their own boss and to control their own life. It provides more flexibility for balancing work and
family.
The influence of role models such as their parents, family, friends or leading entrepreneurs in the
community can make career choice to them.
Push motivational forces are dissatisfaction with salaried jobs redundancy ( lost your job or
representation), lack of available work insufficient family income or need for a flexible work
schedule.
Support and Development for Women Entrepreneurs
Women Entrepreneurs need to be understood for their better conditions favourable to an
entrepreneurial environment to provide a better education and support system.
Govt can provide female entrepreneurs with special loans, subsidies, funds, enterprise centres,
entrepreneurs awards training, advisory support, information products and web portals. Govt should
add factors such as education, training and family work reconciliation. Govt should create and
guarantee the existence of favourable conditions.
In most of the cities many programmes and legislations have been implemented to improve life for
women entrepreneurs but results are yet to come. Apart from the above support system govt should
get the provisions of facilities embedded in the programmes through community based assignments
or group rather than political applications . Govt should also ensure that facilities are put into
proper use and to prevent the misappropriation of funds.
Women entrepreneurs want post -start up support that should be accessible after trying out the
skills, learned in earlier training. Mentoring in the method to provide this type of support which can
be very effective as it addresses the specially problems faced by individual entrepreneur. The support
is to be based as individual as well as group based assistance in specific problems where mentors
seek as a role models.
Development of Women Entrepreneurship
This is based on three main goals namely
1. Increasing access to finance for women.
2. Adding value to investment products and
3. Advertising gender barriers in the business enabling environment.
Govt should help in developing women entrepreneurship providing small business as well as a set of
incentives to them such as business incubation training and the creation of a networking
organization for business people.
Conclusion
Women entrepreneurs are motivated to start their own business by motivational factors – Push and
Pull factors. The most important motivators for starting up a business are the need for
independence, the need for flexible work schedules, the need for a challenge , dis satisfaction with
salaried jobs, the need for social status, the influence of role models and insufficient family income.
The problems of women entrepreneurs are inhibiting laws and regulations family problems, lack of
confidence, influence of the social cultural environment.
The support and development needs indicated also reflect the obstacles. Govt should overcome these
obstacles to ensure the success of small and medium sized women owned business in India.
There are insufficient organizations for women development in the country. The women
entrepreneurs have specifc needs such as training and skill development , financial support for their
business which needs to be handled ina way which could enhance their capabilities and strengths.

5. Women Entrepreneur: A conceptual study on their
challenges and opportunities
Saroj Ranjan
Abstract
Economic development of any country will be lop –sided without involving women who constitute half of the world population.
Evidence has unequivocally established that. Entrepreneurial sprit is not a male prerogative. Women owned business are highly
increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potential of women has gradually been changing
with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the
main reason for women to emerge into business ventures. Major objective of the study are to ascertain the factors in the
emergence of women entrepreneur. Further study highlighted the major constraint and challenges faced by women entrepreneur
and opportunities available to them. At the end the paper makes some suggestion for increase or promotion of women
entrepreneurs and healthy growth of women entrepreneurs in India
Keywords: Lop-sided, unequivocally, Growing sensitivity, healthy growth.
1. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, KNIPSS, Sultanpu (U.P.)
Introduction
The emergence of women entrepreneur and their contribution to the national economy is quit visible
in India. The number of women entrepreneurs has grown over a period of time, especially in the
1990s. Women entrepreneur need to be lauded for their increased utilization of modern technology,
increased investments, finding a niche in the export market, creating a sizable employment for
others and setting the trend for other women entrepreneur in the organized sector. Indian women
business owners are changing the face of business of today, both literally and figuratively. The
dynamic growth and expansion of women owned business is one of the defining trends of past decade
.and all indications are that it will continue unabated. For more than a decade, the number of
women owned business has grown at one and a half to two times the rate of all business. Even more
important, the expansion in revenues and employment has far exceeded the growth in numbers.
Women Entrepreneurship in India
States No of Unit Registered No of Women Entrepreneurs Percentage
Tamil nadu 9618 2930 30.36
Uttar Pradesh 7980 3180 39.84
Kerala 5487 2135 38.91
Punjab 4791 1618 33.77
Maharastra 4339 1394 32.12
Gujrat 3872 1538 39.72
Karnataka 3822 1026 26.84
Madhya Pradesh 2967 842 28.38
Other states 14576 4185 28.71
and UTS 57452 18848 32.82

6. Why do women take –up Employment?
Push factors
1. Death of bread winner
2. Sudden fall in family income
3. Permanent inadequacy in income of family
Pull factors
1. Women‘s desire to evaluate their talent
2. To utilize their free time or education
3. Need and perception of women‘s liberation, equity
etc.
4. To gain recognition , importance and social status
5. To get economic independence
· Some other factors
· Nature of entrepreneurship; -women enter into entrepreneurial activity because regular
employment does not provide them with the flexibility, control or challenge offered by business
ownership.
· Motivation; several evidences suggest that women do not lack the motivation to enter into
business ownership. They are often highly motivated than their male counterparts to overcome the
barriers to business start up.
· Empowerment; Indian women are becoming more empowered now a days. Legislation is being
progressively drafted to offer them more opportunities at various levels.
· Social condition; population growth results in a strong positive relationship on entrepreneurial
activity. Across genders, the increase in demand and competition for the job pushes more people into
necessary entrepreneurship. For women, in particular, the relatively high involvement in necessary
entrepreneurship indicates that self employment is used as a way to circumvent institutional and
cultural constraints with respect to female employment, as well as a way to provide supplemental
family income.
· Economic condition; Auspicious economic condition favors the participation of women
entrepreneurial activity. the smaller amount of financial capital requirement and higher proportion
of available bank loans positively correlates the level of female entrepreneurship to economic
condition . in fact in a country like India , the relationship between the size of unofficial economy
and entrepreneurial activity is positive.
· Literacy and education; increased level of education have played a crucial role in initiating
· Literacy and education; increased level of education have played a crucial role in initiating the
process of entrepreneurship. It is not only the literatures that are starting the business but those
with education and skill are also exploiting profit opportunities.
Women Entrepreneurship in India
· Earlier there were 3Ks
1. Kitchen
2. Kids
3. Knitting
· Then came 3ps
1 Powder
2. Pappad
3. Pickles
· At present there are 4Es
1. Electricity
2. Electronics

7. 3. Energy
4. Engineering
· Mhila Grih Udyog
7 ladies started in 1959; lizzat pappad
Lakme
Simon Tata
o Shipping corporation
a. Mrs.sumati Morarji
Constraints faced by women entrepreneur
In India, although women constitute the majority of the total population, the entrepreneurial world
is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nation are recognized and are more prominent in
business world. But the Indian women entrepreneurs are facing major constraint .like—-
Lack of confidence – in general, women lack their confidence in their strength and competence. The
family members and society are reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. To a certain
extent, this situation is changing among Indian women and yet to face a tremendous change to
increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship.
Socio cultural barrier – women‘s family and personal obligations are sometime a great barrier for
succeeding in business carrier. Only few women are able to manage both home and business
efficiently, developing enough time to perform all their responsibility.
Market oriented risk —- self compition in market and lack of mobility of women make the
dependence of women entrepreneurs on middlemen indispensable. Many business women find it
difficult to capture the market and make their products popular. They are not fully aware of the
changing market conditions and hence can effectively utilize the services of media and internet.
Motivational factor –self motivation can be realized through mindset for a successful business,
attitude to take up risk and behavior towards business society by shouldering the social
responsibilities. Other factors are family support, government policies, financial assistance from
public and private institution and also the environment suitable for women to establish business
units.
Knowledge in business administration – women must be educated and trained constantly
toKnowledge in business administration – women must be educated and trained constantly to
acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management. This can be
facilitating women to excel in decision making process and develop a good business network.
Awareness about the financial assistance – various institution in financial sector extend their
maximum support in the form of incentives , loans and scheme etc. even then every women
entrepreneur may not be aware of all assistance provided by the institutions . so the sincere efforts
taken towards women entrepreneurs may not reach the entrepreneurs in rural and backward areas
Exposed to the training programme — training programmme and workshop for every type of
entrepreneurs is available through the social and welfare associations based on duration, skill and
purpose of training programme. Such programme is really useful to new, rural and young
entreuneurs who want to set up a small and medium scale unit on their own.
Identifying the available recourses — women are hesitant to find out the asses to cater their needs in
financial and marketing areas. In spite of the mushrooming growth of associations, institutions and
scheme from the govt. side, women are not enterprising and dynamic to optimize the resources in the
form of reserves, assets mankind or business volunteers.
Challenges Faced by women entrepreneur
1. Many girls who study well are denied of good education. The parent should not restrict them and
they should be allowed to choose the field of education as per their choice. In young age itself, the
decision making quality and freedom to choose make them grow well .not only for studies, for
marriage and choosing their carrier also, they should be given full freedom.

8. 2. The women are expected to spend more time for family and more responsibilities are thrust on
them so that they can not even think of doing business. The family members should understand
them and give way for continuing their effort for becoming and being women entrepreneurs.
3. The family members may hesitate to invest money in business started by women or permit to
avail bank loan. Sometimes, all the property may in the name of male persons and they may not
be ready to put security for availing a bank loan. First the women should find a solution for the
opposition in the family for doing a business and try to get full moral and financial support from
them, the women should not be treated as supplementary income providers
4. In the male dominant society, it is not easy to come up in business field. Many business men do
not want to enter into business deals with women entrepreneurs. The women should tackle this
problem wisely and make understand that they are in no way, inferior to men
5. To earn confidence from bank for getting a loan is much more difficult task for women
entrepreneurs. But, the women entrepreneurs are sincere in repayment of loan. The local
government and bank should come forward to help the women to get loan in easy way, without
putting unrealistic conditions.
6. The women should not take emotional fillings in business. They should prove that they posses
high management skills and courage, ready to take risk and ability to solve problems.
7. The women should not lose hope if they face failure, in spite of taking many efforts. They should
not give up even if the loss is more. They should try to come up successfully again.
8. The women entrepreneurs should meet and discuss their problem, whenever they find time.
They should bring up many women to this field. They should attained seminar and conferences.
9. The women entrepreneurs should not stand alone saying that they are women they can move
well with other women and men entrepreneurs.
10. The women should learn to keep up business secrets and avoid gossip. They need not enter into
disputes or support unnecessarily to anybody.
Supportive Measures for Women‘s Economic Activities and
Entrepreneurship
Direct and Indirect Financial support
· Nationalized bank
· State Financial Corporation
· State industrial development corporation
· District industries centre
· Difference rate scheme
· Mahila udyug needhi scheme
· SIDBI
· State small industrial development corporation (SSIDCs)
Yojna/scheme and programmes
· Nehru rojgar yojna
· Jawahar rojgar yojna
· TRYSEM
· DWACRA
· Rashtriya Mahila kosh
· Mahila samridhi yojna
· Indira mahila yojna
Technological training and award
· Stree shakti package by SBI
· Entrepreneurship development institute of India
· Trade related entrepreneurship assistance and development
· National institute of small business extension training
· Women‘s university of Mumbai

9. · Vocational training progrrame for women
· State level specialized training institutions.
Federation and associations
· National commission for women
· Employment and income generating training cum production units for women
· Women ‗s development corporation
· Central government institutions
· Scheme available thorough banks state level financial packages for women
· NGO initiatives.
Suggestions
1. Procedure of getting finance should be simple
2. Effective propagation of progrrammes and yojna
3. Linkages between product ,services and market centers
4. Encouragement to technical and professional education.
Conclusion
Independence brought promise of equality of opportunity in all sphere to the Indian women and laws
guaranteeing for their equal right of participation in political process and equal opportunity and
right in education and employment were enacted. But unfortunately, the government sponsored
development activities have benefited only a small section of women. The large majority of them are
still unaffected by change and development activities have benefited only a small section of women
i.e. the urban middle class women. The large majority of them are still unaffected by change and
development. the reason are well sighted in the discussion part of this article . it is hoped that the
suggestions forwarded in article will help the entrepreneurs in particular and policy –planners in
general to look into this problem and develop better scheme , developmental programmes and
opportunities to the women folk to enter into more entrepreneurial ventures . This article here tries
to recollect some of the successful women entrepreneurs like Kiran Majumdar Shaw CEO Biocon,
Shahnaz Hussain and vimalben M pawale, ex president, Sri Mahila udyog lijjat papad.
References
1. Babbar, bindiya,‖women entrepreneurship in India challenges and achievements.‘‘
2. Bashier, seema, attitude towards women entrepreneurs in J&K.
3. Bhattacharjee, s.k and Akhouri, M.m.p, profile of a small industry entrepreneur
4. Vasant desai, Dynamics of entrepreneurial development and management
5. Journal of small business and entrepreneurship
6. Kurukshetra, January 2008
7. WWW.Google.com
8. www. education.com

10. Motivations And Realities In Women’s Business
Networking
Hemant Chauhan1, Palki Setia2, Rajesh Saini3
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the paper is to highlight some interim findings from an ongoing action research project centred on a
women‟s business network in Uttarakhand. This paper focuses on the motivations of women business owners for participation in
the network and their actual experiences of doing so. It draws upon the business relationships literature, social capital theory
and previous entrepreneurship network research. It recognises the recent critique of the over-emphasis in the extant research on
structural and quantifiable interact ional dimensions and particularly the limitations in relation to providing an understanding of
women‟s experience.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The current study is located within an action research framework of cycles of planning, acting,
observing and reflecting leading to a spiral effect towards increasing precision. In addition to the opportunities provided within
the overall methodology for ongoing observation and critical reflection, the empirical data for the paper was gathered via 25
telephone interviews and two sets of qualitative questionnaires administered at network events resulting in 16 and 26 responses
respectively.
Findings: In relation to motivations for participation in the network, the most common was to meet like minded women; it is
significant to note that a fifth of respondents were seeking new business. In relation to perceived benefits achieved from network
participation, personal benefits identified were sharing experiences with a peer group and deriving motivation and confidence
from speakers. A fifth of respondents reported specific business benefits. However, significantly, there was a mismatch between
those who had joined the network to gain business and those who had achieved new business as a result of participation in the
network. Further, those reporting new or increased business which they attributed to their involvement in the network were
those who regularly attended network events and activities.
Implications: Women‟s business networking is explored within the context of building business relationships. It is proposed that
women entrepreneurs need to better understand and draw upon the issues of demonstration of commitment, trust building,
reciprocity, information sharing and cooperation which lead to the building of social capital, in order to maximise the
effectiveness of their business network activity.
Originality/Value: The study supports the case for alternatively framed research in order that women‟s experience of business
networking can be more fully revealed.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Business Networks, Business Relationships.
1. Research Scholar (Management) Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
2. Research Scholar (Management) Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
3. Student (Management) BRD College of Management & Science Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

11. Introduction
Recent critique of the extant entrepreneurship network research suggests there has been an over-
emphasis on structural and quantifiable interact ional dimensions. Corresponding limitations are
identified in relation to providing an understanding of women‘s experience in this area. This
exploratory paper presents some interim findings from ongoing action centred on a network of
women business owners in Uttarakhand, with a view to contributing to the current gap.
The paper focuses on the motivations of women business owners for participation in the women
business owner network and their actual experiences of doing so. It questions the extent to which the
development of business relationships within women‘s business networking is currently fully
understood (especially among women business owners themselves and within the business support
sector) and the potential influence of perceptions about the social capital of a network of this type on
its sustainability.
Therefore, the aim of the paper are: to highlight some indicative findings from the latest cycle of the
action research; and, to explore the findings in relation to the literature on business relationships
and on social capital theory. Building upon the action research context, there are opportunities to
provide feedback data to the Network participants that may influence the ongoing development of
their individual and collective networking activities Secondly, the indicative findings suggest
opportunities for future and further research in this area
Entrepreneurship network research
Existing entrepreneurship research into networks has tended to consider inter-organisational (or
formal) networks and personal (or personal contact, social, or informal) networks. The latter of these
constructs, with its emphasis on the social context and environment of entrepreneurship and roots in
social network theory, provides the background for this paper.
Widely accepted frameworks of network analysis, drawn from social network theory, focus on
network morphology (the pattern and structure of the network) or interact ional dimensions
(network process).The four elements of the structural dimension being anchorage (network focus),
reach ability (how easy it is for network actors to contact one another), density (extent to which
network actors are connected to one another) and range (the diversity of the network actors). The
five interact ional elements being content (how people understand, act, and behave in relation to
other network actors), intensity (the extent to which individual actors honour their obligations to one
another), frequency (frequency and amount of time network actors spend interacting with one
another), durability (the length of time a network relationship lasts) and direction (the degree of
mutuality or reciprocity or otherwise of a relationship)Current gaps in the research or under-
researched areas have been identified as ―the process of networking; the contents of network
relations; the dynamic nature of networks; networks in practice; and the skill of networking. Further
there are specific gaps in understanding ―the relationship between gender, business owner networks,
social capital and men and women‘s‘ experiences of business ownership‖.
Social capital and entrepreneurship
Among the numerous descriptions and definitions of social capital, while referring also to the World
Bank definition, ―the norms and social relations embedded in social structures that enable people to
coordinate action and to achieve desired goals‖, if human capital is ‗know how‘, social capital is ‗know
who‘.
s.s pandey (2009) and kumari rinki (2010) discerned different types of social capital, exploring the
significance of weak ties in particular. In Putnam‘s analysis of bridging and bonding capital,
bonding social capital (strong ties) in existing networks of those with shared characteristics
(ethnicity, age, gender etc) is equated with ‗get by‘, compared to bridging social capital and creating
new network relationships (weaker ties) of people who are unlike one another, characterised as ‗get
ahead‘). Sharma (2011) work ads further to this analysis by identifying the significance of bridging

12. capital as a means of overcoming structural holes between groups. This translates as being able to
achieve earlier access to and transmission of a more diverse range of information leading to the
potential for faster revenue growth. Recent research questions the value in all situations of long
ties, proposing rather that complex contagions, including social contagions, might require wide
bridges
In their summary of previous research, pooja mehta (2008) comment that the social capital of
networks has been ―variously described as resulting from the form, content, connections, tangible
and intangible resources and support that may be acquired‖. The debate over how social capital may
be measured, however, is ongoing. Social capital has also been linked to sustainable development,
being described as ―an important asset for creating and maintaining healthy communities, robust
organisations and vibrant civil societies‖ .Previous research has indicated that women business
owners are more likely to source from and employ people from local communities thus building a
sustainable business with slow but steady long term growth and commitment to local communities
and a local area.
Significantly, in the context of the following section on the development and management of business
relationships, trust, reciprocity, information sharing and cooperation have been identified as
essential factors in building social capital, increasing in a cumulative effect with each interaction.
Critique of extent frameworks of network analysis
More recently limitations in the accepted understandings of entrepreneurship networks research
have been identified. In common with other aspects of entrepreneurship, research on business owner
networks has been based on male models of entrepreneurship and on male experiences and
perceptions and may not reflect accurately those of female entrepreneurs. There is a dearth of
empirical research into the types of networks women business owners use and how they make use of
them.
Further, it has been suggested that extant frameworks for analysing networks, network activity and
for measuring network success may be gendered. Their focus on structural and quantifiable interact
ional dimensions gives rise to an over-reliance upon counting, for example, numbers of contacts and
frequency of using them. As a result they fail to adequately identify and measure the experience of
women business owners.
Methodology: Action research context and methods
The empirical study was undertaken within an action research framework. Action research has been
characterised as lending itself particularly to situations where the researcher is an insider within
the research setting, to the pursuit of small scale studies of relevance within the immediate locus of
research and where there is an issue to address with some kind of practical change envisaged as an
outcomes.
In this case, the researcher currently has a part-time involvement as a lecturer and researcher
within a university setting but is also a woman business owner herself of almost 20 years standing
and is therefore part of the local business community. The researcher was a founder member of the
‗WBO‘ Network and continues to have an involvement in the organising committee.
As outlined above, the current paper is based upon a study undertaken within the most recent cycle
of ongoing action research based on the Vale Women‘s Business Network. Three ongoing areas of
concern to the organising committee provided the key research questions for the study: what are the
motivations of individual women business owners for participation in the network? What benefits do
they perceive as a result of network participation? Is there a correlation between their initial
motivation and perceived benefits? The data was collected via telephone interviews with a sample of
25 network members selected randomly using the ‗WBO‘ network database of members and two sets
of qualitative questionnaires administered at network events, resulting in 16 and 26 questionnaire
responses respectively. The research participants were asked why they had joined the network,
what personal benefits they had derived from taking part in the network and what business benefits
they had derived from taking part in the network, how they would describe the skill(s) involved in

13. networking and what if anything prevents them from being able to network as effectively as they
would like in general and more specifically in relation to the ‗WBO‘ network. From this a coding
framework was developed and segments of text were then coded and clustered accordingly. Event
participation records were used to confirmed attendance patterns.
Findings
Motivations for participating in the women business owner network
When asked about their motivations for joining the ‗WBO‘ Network, the most common response was
to meet like minded people (36% of telephone interview respondents). Typical comments were: ―to
meet like minded women‖, ―to meet business women for support‖, ―to meet and network with other
business women locally‖ Those new to business, had slightly more specific aims: ―To meet other
women who are self employed and to gain any help and guidance from ‗WBO‘ Network and members
on running your own business‖, ―Was quite desperate to join some networks in the area as there
didn‘t seem to be very many! Also liked the idea of a women-only network, it seemed less
intimidating when I was just starting out in business‖. 24% of the telephone interview respondents
had joined ―to network‖. Only 20% of telephone interview respondents reported overtly that they
aimed to get business as a result of taking part in the network. 8% of the telephone respondents
were partly interested in joining the network for social reasons:
Personal benefits of taking part in the women business owner network
The most common personal benefits reported centred on sharing experiences with a peer group,
making business contacts and deriving motivation and confidence from speakers at monthly
networking events: ―Meeting people and making friends, becoming better known in the community‖,
―Meeting members and gaining information regarding contacts in business, e.g. Venture Wales‖,
―Meeting other women who are trying to juggle many priorities who are prepared to ‗tell it how it is‘‖,
―The talks at the meetings have been positive and empowering. I always leave feeling very uplifted!‖
Business benefits
20% of telephone interview respondents and 20% of questionnaire respondents identified specific
business gains as a result of their participation in the network: ―I have been able to talk about
aspects of my business and sell some products‖, ―Making business contacts to support my business in
the form of supply as well as customer‖, ―The work we have gained through the network, the contacts
we‘ve made both directly and indirectly that have led either to suppliers or to work‖, ―The meetings,
making contacts which have happily resulted in quite a few jobs for us‖.
Interestingly, those who had achieved new business as a result of taking part in the network were
not those who had joined with that as their key motivation. It may be significant that all of those
who did report direct business benefits had participated in the monthly networking events.
Skills involved in networking
The most common response to the question of which skills are involved in networking was
communication skills (50% of the questionnaire respondents). Typical, specific comments were:
―Being able to talk to people you don‘t know‖, ―Listening‖, ―Be interested, not interrogational!‖. One
respondent summarised eloquently points made by several others: ―Other significant responses/skills
identified were confidence (15% of the questionnaire respondents) and interpersonal skills (also 15%
of the questionnaire respondents).
Barriers to effective networking
The most common barrier to being able to network effectively was lack of time (42% of the
questionnaire respondents). The only other significant response was Lack of confidence/shyness
(19%). Specific comments were: ―Time, or lack of! Juggling family and work‖, ―Sometimes feel shy in
company when everyone knows each other‖ and ―Perhaps not enough self belief‖.

14. conclusion
The emphasis on accessing a group of like minded business women aligns with the proposals of for a
new framework of analysis (including emotional support data) to include women‘s experience of
business networking in order to achieve better understandings. It also reflects recent research from
psychology which suggests that same gender role models are more important for women than for
men in relation to increasing self efficacy
While the most significant skills identified as necessary for effective networking were
communication skills, it is interesting also that confidence was regarded both as a skill involved in
networking but also that lack of confidence was perceived as a barrier to effective networking. In
this particular case, the ‗WBO‘ network launch event centred on ‗how to network‘ but it may be that
practical guidance or workshops on how to manage communications within network environments,
or how to network, are themes that need to be repeated at regular intervals for the benefit of new
participants
The issue of the extent to which initial motivations for network involvement are fulfilled clearly will
have an impact on future participation and this in turn will ultimately have a bearing on the
sustainability of the Network itself. Two sets of issues arise in this connection.
Firstly, there was a mismatch between those whose motivation for participation in the Network was
primarily to gain business and those who actually did achieve new business. Further, it was
observed at a number of the Network events that there was reluctance among some women business
owners to promote their businesses too overtly, or that permission to do so would be sought from the
perceived organisers. Equally, there was a degree of resistance to individual attempts to do so,
particularly in the case of a guest or new member. As an interesting parallel, previous research has
recognised that women tend not to make instrumental use of their network contacts in order to
progress their careers.
Secondly, it is interesting to note that those who had derived a direct business gain from being
involved in the Network were those who participated in the monthly events. It has also been
observed at events that groups of the women business owners have consciously discussed trust and
‗give and take‘ as factors involved in relationship building.
As indicated in earlier sections, the literature suggests that successful business relationships
develop over time. It has been claimed that ―it takes 6-8 contacts with someone before you know
each other well enough to have established a long term business relationship‖. Therefore, it is
proposed that women entrepreneurs need to better understand and draw upon the stages and
processes involved in developing and managing business relationships and the issues of
demonstration of commitment, trust building, reciprocity, information sharing and cooperation
which lead to the building of social capital in order to maximise the effectiveness of their business
network activity.
Next stage
As discussed, the small scale study that informs this paper was framed within an action research
approach. These interim findings have already been reported back to the ‗WBO‘ network organising
committee who have discussed and supported them. Consequently, they have been used both in the
planning of the next programme of activities but also in re-formatting the monthly meetings. There
is also support for further research with current members to explore some of these findings in
further depth but also a study involving past members aimed at understanding why they no longer
participate in this particular network.

15. “Stepping-Out to Seize the Power”
Jaya Jain1, Uppasna Mittal2
Abstract
Women, an important part of society or commonly known as better-half in a family has been growing and unfolding her wings
and occupying the top most positions in organizations whether banking, entertainment, infrastructure or stock broking etc.
The paper tries to find out various factors which affect growth and development of women entrepreneurship in India and provide
suggestive strategies to overcome the barriers for women empowerment. Indian society was not open or positive towards the
thought of „woman as a risk-taker‟ which posed many barriers in their growth, but gradually the mindset has been changing
towards the promotion and development.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurship, Barriers, Empowerment, Woman risk-taker, Mindset.
1. Lecturer, MBA Deptt. SRSMCEM, Tewariganj, Lucknow.
2. Lecturer, MBA Deptt. SRSMCEM, Tewariganj, Lucknow.
Introduction
‗WOMEN‘ is an important part of society. In India females are always dominated by men as males
are considered superior than woman. In early days women‘s in rural areas use to do some handicraft
work or prepare some homemade food products to earn some money. As they are illiterate so chances
of growth are very less but as day by day they become aware of their needs and importance there
starts improvement in there conditions. There are certain factors which force women to take
employment like death of bread winner, permanent inadequacy in family income or their desire to
evaluate their talent, to utilize their free time etc. Women bear all the responsibility for meeting
basic needs of the family.
Entrepreneurs
There are many ways and meaning to understand the term entrepreneur. But in general it can be
said ―Entrepreneur is one who sees opportunity, takes risk, utilizes his /her capital and arranges
resources to accomplish a task that is of a new/pioneer/innovative type‖.
The pioneer or new or innovative criteria can be explained by:-
Any value adding process which is completely or partly or even fractionally new to other available
substitute.
The new mess may be in product, in manufacturing process, in supply process or even in feature of
the product with some core problem solving capacity
This is a very broad definition of entrepreneur to cover the various aspects and interest of
businessman/women of developing countries because they are having no such adequate resources
and knowledge to go for real innovations for their business and suppose they innovate something,
the acceptability, absorbility, affordability of the innovations in the market is questionable and
doubtful.
An entrepreneur is a person who buys ‗services‘ at a certain price with a view to sell their product at
‗uncertain‘ prices in the future.For ex.: vegetable vendor, grocer, etc. they all are entrepreneurs.
Apart from this if we talk about a school going child or one pursuing any kind of education is also an
entrepreneur, because they invest in their education with a hope of getting reward in the future.
Women entrepreneur

16. When we speak about the term ―women entrepreneurship‖ we mean an act of business ownership
and business creation that empowers women economically, increase their economic strength and
position in the society.
―An enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of
capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated by the enterprise to women.
Characteristics of women entrepreneur
i. Women see their business as a cooperative network of relationships among members not as a
distinct profit generating activity.
ii. Women entrepreneur have passion for their work.
iii. Willingness to work for their community.
iv. They have a suppressed need to be recognized as an individual rather than dependent on
somebody.
v. Management style of women entrepreneur relays on open communication and participative
decision
making.
vi. Can handle the pressure and make adjustments accordingly.
Objectives of the study
The main purpose of the study of women entrepreneurship is as follows:
a) To find out various reasons as to why more and more women are moving towards
entrepreneurship.
b) Identification and analysis of factors which hinders the growth and development of women
entrepreneur.
c) To exhibit the push and pull factors in an enterprise.
d) To provide suggestive strategies to the problems faced by the women entrepreneur group.
Methodology of the study
This research paper is a logical analytical review on the recent advancement in the field of women
entrepreneur in India.hence this paper would be answering following questions:
1. Why women opt for entrepreneurship?
2. What is the need of women entrepreneur?
3. What are the barriers against women entrepreneurship?
4. What are the various suggestive strategies for solving the problems of women
entrepreneurs?
1. Why women opt for entrepreneurship?
Women often leave the corporate world and move towards the entrepreneurship by starting their
own business to show their creativity and talents to this men dominating society. This way helps
them providing additional flexibility and life balance in managing their personal life as a wife and as
a mother.
Generally, women start their own business because of three personal benefits
a) Personal freedom
b) Security
c) Self satisfaction
We describe these as:
Freedom seekers
They are those who are dissatisfied with the inequities in pay and discrimination among co-workers
and had a desire to choose their working hours, environment and people.
Security seekers
They are those who have been stimulated to become entrepreneur because of some personal
misfortune such as layoff, dismissal, divorce, death or retirement of their spouse.

17. Satisfaction seekers
These are generally house wives, who do not have previous experience or skills but want to prove
that they can be effective and become efficient part of the society.
According to Helms the reason behind women‘s entering into business is ―internal stable reason‖ (I
want to be my own boss) while men have ―external stable reason‖ (I saw a terrific market
opportunity).
2. What is the need of women entrepreneur?
i. To utilize the available time and workforce in productive manner.
ii. To raise the standard of living
iii. To provide the opportunity to feel self actualization.
iv. To support ‗home business‖
3. What are the barriers against women entrepreneurship?
There are some umpteen problems faced by women at various stages beginning from their initial
commencement of enterprise, in running their enterprise. Their various problems are as follows:
a)Arrangement of Finance
For every business undertaking Finance is said to be the ―life blood‖, whether it is large, medium or
small enterprise. Women entrepreneurs face the problems of shortage of finance on two important
bases. Firstly, women do not in general have property on their own names to use that as collateral
securities for obtaining loans/funds from banks and other financial institutions. Thus their access to
external sources is very limited .Secondly, obtaining the support of bankers, managing the working
capital, lack of credit resources are the problems which still remain in the male‘s domain.
b) Cut-throat Competition
Women entrepreneurs do not have a proper organizational set-up to pump in a lot of money for
canvassing and advertisements. Thus they have to face a stiff competition with the men
entrepreneurs who easily involve in the promotion and development area and carry out easy
marketing of their products with both the organized sector and their male counterparts. Such a
competition ultimately results in the liquidation of women entrepreneurs.
c) Lack of education and prevalent levels of illiteracy amongst women
In India, around (40%) of women are still illiterate. Illiteracy is the root cause of socioeconomic
barriers or hurdles. Due to lack of Knowledge of latest technological change, know-how and
education creates problems before women to set up competitive enterprises.
d)Domination by male and ideology of male dominated society
Male chauvinism is still prevalent in many parts of the country yet. The constitution of India speaks
about the equality between both the sexes, i.e. men and women. But in practice, women are looked
upon as ―abla‖ i.e. weak in all respects. Thus women suffer from a number of problems, in a nutshell
in a male dominated society; women are not treated equal to men. This in turn, serves as a barrier to
woman‘s entry into business.
e) Lesser risk and uncertainty bearing attitude
Women in India lead a protected life. They are even less educated and economically not stable
neither self-dependent. All these factors reduce their ability to bear risks and uncertainties involved
in a business unit, which is the most important criteria of every business activity.
f) Lack of self-confidence and optimistic attitude amongst women
Today all the women are suffering from one major problem of lack of self-confidence, will-power,
strong mental outlook, optimism etc. They always fear from committing mistakes while doing their
piece of work, moreover there is limited initiative of taking risk and bearing uncertainty in them.
Thus all these psychological factors often obstruct their path of achieving success in the area of
enterprise.

18. g) Old and outdated social outlook to stop women from entering in the
field of entrepreneurship
Also one of the dominant reasons for their failure is the attitude of society people towards their
modern business prospects and developing attitude. Women nowadays have low risk
taking ability because of the number of questions put forward by the conservative society people.
Thus they are under a social pressure which restrains them to prosper and achieve success in the
field of entrepreneurship.
h) Absence of proper support and back-up for women by their own
family members and the outside world people
Many a times their own family members are not supporting and cooperating as well as having
encouraging attitude to dare to enter into the entrepreneurship field. They are always making many
pessimistic feelings to be aroused in their minds and making them feel that family and not business
is a place meant for them. Due to such limited scope of help and cooperation from family and other
people, they drop the idea of excelling in the enterprise field.
Apart from the above discussed problems there may occur other series of serious problems faced by
women entrepreneurs are improper infrastructural facilities, high cost of production, attitude of
people of society towards the women modern business outlook, low needs of achievement and socio-
economic constraints often puts women behind in the field of enterprise.
various suggestive strategies for solving the above discussed problems
On the basis of the problems faced by women entrepreneurs, there is a provision of a number of
solution measures to overcome the aforesaid problems:
i) Attempts should be taken to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-operate women entrepreneurs.
ii) Proper training institutes should be established for enhancing their work knowledge, skills, risk
taking abilities, enhancing their capabilities.
iii) Attempts by various NGO‘s and government organizations to spread information about policies,
plans and strategies on the development of women in the field of industry, trade and commerce.
iv) Establishing various policies to offer easy finance schemes for economically strengthening the
position of women.
v) Offering seed capital, up-liftmen schemes, women entrepreneurs fund etc. to encourage them
economically.
vi) To extend confessional rates facilities and schemes for women entrepreneurs to prosper in the
field of enterprise.
vii) To establish all India forums to discuss the problems, grievances, issues, and filing complaints
against constraints or shortcomings towards the economic progress path of women entrepreneurs
and giving suitable decisions in the favors of women entrepreneurs and taking strict stand
against
the policies or strategies that obstruct the path of economic development of such group of women
entrepreneurs..
Conclusion
There is a great scope of women entrepreneur in India. As we know India is a developing country
and so many opportunities are available for the growth of women in India. It can be said that today
we are in a better position wherein women participation in the field of entrepreneurship is
increasing at a considerable rate, efforts are being taken at the economy as well as global level to
enhance woman‘s involvement in the enterprise sector. This is mainly because of attitude change,
diverted conservative mindset of society to modern one, daring and risk-taking abilities of women,
support and cooperation by society members, changes and relaxations in government policies,
granting various up-liftment schemes to women entrepreneurs etc.

19. Thus, what else is required is to continue with the above changed trend, emphasizing on educating
women strata of population, spreading awareness and consciousness amongst women to outshine in
the enterprise field, making them realize their strengths, and important position in the society and
the great contribution they can make for their industry as well as the entire economy. If every citizen
works with such an attitude towards respecting the important position occupied by women in society
and understanding their vital role in the modern business field too, then very soon we can pre-
estimate our chances of out beating our own conservative and rigid thought process which is the
biggest barrier in our country‘s development process. We can promise ourselves and make a sincere
commitment of contributing to the field of women entrepreneurship at individual level which un-
doubted bring drastic positive change in growth and development of women entrepreneurship at
country and even at a global level.
References
1. http://ezinearticles.com/?An-Insight-Into-the-Emergence-of-Women-Owned-Businesses-As-an-
Economic-Force-in-India&id=1797236
2. http://www.articlesbase.com/entrepreneurship-articles/women-entrepreneurship-in-india-
909659.htmlhttp://www.ghallabhansali.com/admin/file/Women%20Entrepreneurs.pdf
3. http://ssmrae.com/admin/images/551ea2ac7e7ef2e570798fb5bbbee9b5.pdf
www.answers.com
4. http://www.ifad.org/evaluation/public_html/eksyst/doc/insight/pi/india-13.htm
5. http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/sewa-a-movement-to-transform-
women%E2%80%99s-lives-in-india-and-beyond/
www.wikipedia.org
Self Skills Enhancement Among Women
Entrepreneurs Based On - Emotional Intelligence
Dr. Sangeeta Saxena1, Harshit Agarwal2
Abstract
Entrepreneurs are the driving force of any given economy as they help in building an economy. Traditionally there has been
dearth of women entrepreneurs in the country, but lately the numbers are burgeoning which augurs all good for the national
economy. Presently women entrepreneurs comprise about 10% of the total entrepreneurs in India. If prevailing trends continue
to grow, it is likely that in another five years, women will comprise 20% of the entrepreneurial force in India. They are
flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of
economic participation. As their participation is growing the dimensions in the form of challenges and opportunities in case of
women entrepreneurs in digital era are scaling to new proportions. In case of women entrepreneurs self skills enhancement can
be achieved by overcoming psychological disorders such as Depression, Unexplained fear of rejection, pessimism, Investment
phobia, ADD (Attention Deficiency Syndrome), workaholic tendencies, Low self-esteem etc.

20. The current paper is an investigation about the common psychological disorders among women entrepreneurs and how they can
be trained to enhance self skills through building emotional intelligence for their bright future.
Keywords: Women Entreprenerus, self skill enhancement, psychological disorders, emotional intelligence.
1. Asstt. Professor, Future Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly.
2. Lecturer, Future Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly.
Introduction
Entrepreneurs are the driving force of any given economy as they help in building an economy. It is a
multi- dimensional task and essentially a creative activity. Traditionally there has been dearth of
women entrepreneurs in the country, but lately the numbers are burgeoning which augurs all good
for the national economy. Presently women entrepreneurs comprise about 10% of the total
entrepreneurs in India. If prevailing trends continue to grow, it is likely that in another five years,
women will comprise 20% of the entrepreneurial force in India. They are flourishing as designers,
interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of
economic participation. As their participation is growing the dimensions in the form of challenges
and opportunities in case of women entrepreneurs in digital era are scaling to new proportions.
Women entrepreneurship is a recent phenomenon and in the process have to face various problems.
In case of women entrepreneurs self skills enhancement can be achieved by overcoming psychological
disorders such as Depression, Unexplained fear of rejection, pessimism, Investment phobia, ADD
(Attention Deficiency Syndrome), workaholic tendencies, Low self-esteem etc. through developing
emotional intelligence .
Research Methodology
The current research is based on analysis of the secondary data relating to the evaluation of self skill
enhancement among women entrepreneurs while building emotional intelligence. The sources for
collecting secondary data are journals, reviews, referred books and websites.
Review of Literature
The methodology in leadership studies involving emotional intelligence is gradually improving.
Many early studies had the leader complete measures of emotional intelligence, evaluate their own
leadership style, and rate their own effectiveness as leaders. More recent studies have used multi-
measures and had both supervisors and subordinates rating the leaders for style and effectiveness.
These later studies find that some traits or competencies of emotional intelligence are related to
effective leadership and/or transformational leadership style but there is more support for emotional
intelligence and effective leadership having a connection because they have similar features in
common, e.g. empathy or involvement. Another approach to the study of emotional intelligence and
leadership is through the demonstration that emotional intelligence abilities and competencies can
be taught to trainees and that these abilities or competencies continue to be evident years after
individuals have completed training programs. There is a gap between the ―promise‖ for emotional
intelligence and what has been empirically demonstrated to be the abilities or competencies that are
actually needed for an individual to be an effective leader. There is a need for emotional intelligence
researchers to take a step backwards and consider including some of the contributions other
leadership researchers have been making over the last 60 years. It is also important to determine
whether it is necessary for every effective leader to have acquired the entire arsenal of emotional
intelligence competencies.
Few examples that have resulted in developing emotional intelligence in business:
1. An analysis of more than 300 top-level executives from fifteen global companies showed that six
emotional competencies distinguished stars from the average: Influence, Team Leadership,
Organizational Awareness, self-confidence, Achievement Drive, and Leadership (Spencer, L. M.,
Jr., 1997).

21. 2. Research by the Center for Creative Leadership has found that the primary causes of
derailment
in executives involve deficits in emotional competence. The three primary ones are difficulty in
handling change, not being able to work well in a team, and poor interpersonal relations.
3. After supervisors in a manufacturing plant received training in emotional competencies such as
how to listen better and help employees resolve problems on their own, lost-time accidents were
reduced by 50 percent, formal grievances were reduced from an average of 15 per year to 3 per
year, and the plant exceeded productivity goals by $250,000 (Pesuric & Byham, 1996). In
another
manufacturing plant where supervisors received similar training, production increased 17
percent.
There was no such increase in production for a group of matched supervisors who were not
trained (Porras & Anderson, 1981).
4. One of the foundations of emotional competence — accurate self-assessment — was associated
with superior performance among several hundred managers from 12 different organizations
(Boyatzis, 1982).
5. Another emotional competence, the ability to handle stress, was linked to success as a store
manager in a retail chain. The most successful store managers were those best able to handle
stress. Success was based on net profits, sales per square foot, sales per employee, and per dollar
inventory investment (Lusch & Serpkeuci, 1990).
Psychological problems faced by women entrepreneurs:
Women undergo various emotional changes when they give up their regular jobs for whatever
reason. When they feel they are ready to pick up the threats again, they might find that they have
been left far behind in the race as newer and more qualified people have entered the fray. Either in
sheer frustration, or in an attempt to prove their worth to themselves, some women might turn to
home-based businesses as an alternative to a job. Others might do so with every intention of being
successful in their venture. Whatever might be the reason for becoming an entrepreneur, it will do
you good to analyze yourself and have an action plan to deal with the emotions that control you. The
various psychological problems are as follows:
An unexplained fear of rejection
A person may be intimidated by the marketing and sales aspect of a business. Any home-based
business will prosper only with some marketing which could be just PR or a soft sell. If a person shy
away from ‗selling‘ his/her product or recoil at the thought, it is time to overcome this by reading up
books on marketing skills, or even practicing sales talk with friends as an audience.
Depression
A person might be prone to depression which will cloud all his abilities to think straight. A severe
emotional problem is which the person cannot stop feeling sad or ―down‖ or ―empty‖ and constantly
feels helpless and hopeless. Depressed people often struggle with anxiety and irritability, a lack of
motivation, a loss of pleasure in things they used to like to do, and problems with eating, sleeping,
and pains. Many depressed people have suicidal thoughts, and 10-15% will eventually take their own
lives.
ADD (Attention Deficiency Syndrome)
Generally extremely creative people are so brilliant with their new ideas that they go from one to the
other without pausing to think ‗ in short, they are visionaries with broad and far reaching creative
ideas. They cannot allow themselves to get bored but then they do have a problem with focus. What a
person got to understand is that a home business would require twice as much concentration as a
regular job because the responsibilities are that much more. Such people would do well to practice
meditation to calm and focus the mind.
low self-esteem

22. This is quite common, especially when people are in the grip of the fear of rejection and depression.
Low self-esteem is a huge problem that one has to overcome in life in general ‗ but it can become
absolutely insurmountable in the office environment. Actually being self employed is tougher most of
the time but once a person take a firm hold of him/her and believe in their capabilities to make it
happen and succeed, it is a gamble a person should make. Never let low self esteem hamper one‘s
progress. It is advisable for everyone to go to a counselor to get rid of the problem real fast.
workaholic tendencies
Keep clear boundaries between work and the home office. In the beginning, a person might find
him/her working long hours. The danger is that a person might get used to working this way and
forget to balance the hours spent with his/her family. Therefore strike a clear balance right from the
beginning and schedule their family time and stick to it. It is so easy to neglect their family ‗just this
once‘, but it may become an unwelcome habit.
pessimistic Attitude
―A Pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an Optimist sees the opportunity in every
difficulty‖. Once a person focus on what he/she wants rather than what they don‘t want, he/she will
find that things have a knack of working out. One of the best quotes we read recently goes ―Come to
me with your solutions, not your problems‖. So ask yourself positive questions so that we get better
answers. Ask ―How can I reward my clients who pay me promptly?‖ instead of asking ―Why is it that
my clients are such poor paymasters?‖ This way, a person may become a positive thinker and can get
more things done faster.
Stress
When faced with important events (stressors) which are threatening or very hard to deal (cope) with,
people experience stress. Psychological symptoms of stress include anxiety and tension,
uncontrollable worrying, irritability, distractibility, and difficulty in learning new things. Physical
symptoms include difficulty in sleeping, loss of appetite or excessive appetite, fatigue, and pains.
Neurosis
A neurosis is characterized by anxiety, internal tensions and conflicts, uncontrollable avoidance of
threatening situations, and ineffective coping. Examples include panic, phobia, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, and posttraumatic stress.
Schizophrenia
A set of severe psychological symptoms which make it very hard to work, play, and be with other
people. ―Positive‖ symptoms include delusions (irrational beliefs), hallucinations (sensory
experiences in the absence of stimuli), incoherent thought and speech, intense and uncontrollable
anxiety or paranoia, and bizarre behavior. ―Negative‖ symptoms include loss of both emotional
experiences and emotional expressiveness, loss of willpower and initiative, inability to experience
pleasure or interest in things, and withdrawal from contact with others.
Narcissism
People with this personality characteristic have an uncontrollable need to feel important, successful,
and admired by other people. They act as if they are unique and entitled to special favors. They
really don‘t care about how other people are feeling and resent (are jealous of) other people‘s
accomplishments.
Inferences Drawn
On the basis of the review of literature and by examining the secondary data we have drawn certain
inferences and these may be summarized as below:
Regardless the type of work you do and how amicable you are as a person, we can almost guarantee
that you will eventually be in a situation where you have to work with someone you just don‘t like. It
could be a coworker at your job, an employee or team member of a client, a board member of an
organization where you volunteer, or a teacher or coach at your child‘s school.

23. The dynamics may change, but the factors that comprise the interpersonal relationship are the same
across all situations, and when animosity enters the mix it can be a challenge to keep the
relationship civil and productive. This is where emotional intelligence comes into play.
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to understand and empathize with others. According to
Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist who authored, ―Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple
Intelligences,‖ your emotional intelligence is the level of your ability to understand other people,
what motivates them and how to work cooperatively with them.
Characteristics that are believed to be a part of emotional intelligence include:
The Four Domains of Emotional Intelligence
In the book, ―Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ,‖ Daniel Goleman,
psychologist and science journalist for The New York Times, outlines these four domains of
emotional intelligence:
1. Self-awareness (emotional self-awareness, accurate self-assessment and self confidence)
2. Self-management (emotional self-control, transparency, trustworthiness, adaptability,
achievement
orientation, initiative, optimism, conscientiousness)
3. Social awareness (empathy, organizational awareness, service orientation)
4. Relationship management (inspirational leadership, influence, developing others, change
catalyst,
conflict management, building bonds, teamwork and collaboration, communication)
Developing Emotional Intelligence
At its core, emotional intelligence really relates to people skills; how good you are at communicating,
understanding and relating to those around you. It can be argued that if you can improve your level
of emotional intelligence, you will be able to work more effectively with those you may not like or get
along with. In fact, you may even become more successful in all aspects of your life.
Here are some actions you can take to develop your emotional intelligence so all of your
relationships, including the difficult ones, are more productive.
All of these actions will improve your empathy and that can be one of the most valuable traits to
exhibit when working with someone you don‘t like. When you‘re empathetic, you act with
compassion, respect and tolerance. And if those are your prevailing qualities in a challenging
situation, you are certain to make it a productive relationship.
Conclusion
As we are living in the dynamic environment which results in the numerous problems and
challenges that come across by women entrepreneurs which required the women to overcome these
challenges by imbibing the characteristics of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is about
behavior which is regarded as the core area to control beliefs and feelings that automatically affect
our decision making process which is of utmost important for the entrepreneurs. Women
entrepreneurs faced constraints in aspects of financial, marketing production, work place facility and
health problems. Entrepreneurs mainly faced Psychological problems/health problems such as
fatigue, tension, and headache etc. Developing Emotional Intelligence can be a solution to deal with
these problems effectively.
References
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and
Emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership & Organization

24. Development Journal, 23(2), 68-78.
Wong, C., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional
intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership
Quarterly, 13, 243-374.
Boyatzis, R. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
Lusch, R. F., & Serpkeuci, R. (1990). Personal differences, job tension, job outcomes, and store
performance: A study of retail managers. Journal of Marketing.
Porras, J. I., & Anderson, B. (1981). Improving managerial effectiveness through modeling-based
training. Organizational Dynamics, 9, 60-77.
Kothari C.R. Research Methodology.
World Wide Web
A Journey of Women from: Home-maker to Factory-
owner
Abhiruchi Pandey1, Ankita Aron2
Abstract
Indian society which is male dominant finds it hard to accept women empowerment. The globalization and industrialization has
made it possible for the fairer sex to come forward and work distinctively and differently. The support from regulatory bodies,
NGOs and SHGs has helped the local artisans to enhance their regional skills and grow at national level by supporting and
promoting women force. These programs are very helpful for new rural and urban entrepreneurs and youth creating unity of
small-scale enterprises (SSEs) and cottage enterprises.
This paper tries to find out the means and measures to enhance the skills and methods for betterment of women, so that they can
be globally acknowledged and nationally accepted. This paper will focus on various Indian organizations started and supported
by women entrepreneurs and how their empowerment led to the growth of similar trend.
Keywords: NGOs, SHGs, SSE, Cottage enterprisees, Rural and Urban entrepreneurs.
1. Sr. Lecture, MBA Deptt., SRMCEM, Lucknow.
2. Lecturer, MBA Deptt., SRMCEM, Lucknow.
Introduction
Indian society believed or rather still believes that a son is better than a daughter. A son would bring
fame, money and help in livelihood. But now the trend is changing. The mindset is shifting from
male-dominated society towards the acceptance of fairer-sex as the face of a business. To bring
women in the mainstream of economic growth Government of India, declared 2001 as the ―Year of
Women Empowerment‖. Entrepreneurship is first and foremost requirement for the development of
any nation. And thus, the contributions of women entrepreneurs provides for nation building.

25. The paper examines issues related to women as an entrepreneur, the factors that help in their
success and the measures taken by regulatory bodies and non-government organizations towards
their betterment and growth.
Methodology
This paper is based on exploratory and descriptive research, and focuses on answering the following
questions:
1. What are the characteristics of women
entrepreneurs in India?
2. What are the push and pull factors faced by
women entrepreneurs?
3. What are the challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs?
4. What steps have been taken and should be taken
to encourage the women empowerment and
women entrepreneurship in India?
What is an Entrepreneur?
The term entrepreneurship is basically concerned with the change and innovation. The person who
initiates and is ready to take the risk is an entrepreneur. Thus,
―An entrepreneur is an individual who accepts financial risks and undertakes new financial
ventures. The word is derived from the French ― entre‖ (to enter) and ―prendre‖ (to take), and in
general sense applies to any person starting a new project or trying a new opportunity.
The characteristics of an entrepreneur include spontaneous creativity, the ability and willingness to
make decisions in the absence of solid data, and a generally risk-taking personality.
Women Entrepreneurs?
Following the definition of entrepreneurship Women entrepreneur may be defined as the group of
women or single women running an enterprise or an organization in order to earn returns.
Nowadays women are entering into the industries and are taking top-notch positions and replacing
men. Women are operating from in very sphere, whose area is spanning from small business like
beauty parlors, switching shops, boutiques, to big production houses producing goods or services.
Characteristics which make a women entrepreneur
Although entrepreneurship can be practiced by any gender, still few characteristics are important for
women to propel her to reach heights unattainable by her counterparts. A woman from birth is
instilled with the caressing properties like nurturing, teaching, securing etc. which gives them an
elevation in business decisions, only if properly utilized. The ability to multi-task is also helps her to
look into every matter and area.
As a new-born requires attention and care, similarly a self-initiated unit requires her to become
administrative wizard, who would manage all odds to make ensure smooth working.
So few qualities and features that women entrepreneur should possess are:-
1. Self-confidence
2. Achievement Oriented
3. Risk Taker
4. Passion
5. Persistence
6. Ability to deal with pain (work undeterred)
7. Calculated risk-taking
8. Strong family bonding
9. Team Leadership
Push and Pull factors of Women Entrepreneurship

26. Pull factors are factors that induce women towards practicing entrepreneurship.
Few of them are:
1. Desire to do something.
2. Need for independence.
3. Availability of finance.
4. Concessions and subsidies given by the govt.
Push factors are the factors that compel women to undertake the role of initiator,
they are:
1. Unfortunate family circumstances (death of husband & or father).
2. Financial difficulties.
3. Responsibility towards family.
4. Increased level of literacy and education
The Need Of Women Entrepreneurs In India
1) Easy access to finance/credit is the need of women entrepreneurs in India.
2) Information about the external environment which affects the business.
3) Training on business issues and related issues
4) Better understanding and access to local and foreign markets.
5) Care centres & nurseries for children and elders;
6) Building confidence by changing mentality n building positive image.
7) To bring about awareness at government and private level and create entrepreneurial
opportunities
and not just programs that stay on paper.
Some of the top women entrepreneurs of India:
1. Dr Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Ltd.-She founded
Biocon India with a capital of Rs.10,000 in her garage. Her application for funds were turned
down by banks just because women entrepreneurs were a rarity.
2. Ekta Kapoor, creative head of Balaji Telefilms-She has been synonymous with the rage of
soap operas in Indian TV.
3. Neelam Dhawan, Managing Director, Microsoft India- leads Microsoft India. Then she
was keen on joining FMCG majors like Hindustan Lever and Asian Paints, both companies
rejected Dhawan, as they did not wish to appoint women for marketing and sales.
4. Simone Tata, has been instrumental in changing a small subsidary of Tata Oil Mills into the
largest cosmetic brand in India – LAKME, synonymous today with Indian Fashion.
5. Indra Nooyi - Chief Executive, Pepsi Co.- She joined Pepsi Co. in 1994. She turned the
company into a bold risk taker. In 1998, Pepsi acquired Tropicana. In 1997, Pepsi started its own
fast food chain. In 2001, she became President of Pepsi Cola.
The Constraints faced by Women while stepping out-
1. The greatest problem is that they are the weaker section of the society.
2. As women rarely have tangible property, they are unable to provide security for the
external funds and thus suffer from insufficient financial resources.
3. The role of family decides the success of Women as entrepreneur.
4. Often women entrepreneurs lack in the marketing and sales side of business.
5. As the society is male-dominated, women face tough competition.
6. Lack of knowledge of different available sources and bargaining skills.
7. The literacy rate of women in India is low compared to male population.
8. Women are generally risk- averse which is due to low-level education, low-level self-
confidence and self-reliance to the women folk to engage in business.
The Role of Regulatory bodies and NGOs / SHGs

27. Indian Government was concerned for bringing women into the mainstream of economic
development for which, 2001 was declared as the ―Year of Women Empowerment‖. Governemt
supports women entrepreneurs by providing support in the form of incentives and subsidies to
women initiated organisations
Various Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) are working towards the upliftment and
improvement of women in rural and semi-urban areas for which initiatives have been taken to
educate and train fairer-sex regarding the business acumen.
Few examples:
1. Sanhita, an initiative of women activists in West Bengal, was born out of a need for information
activism and networking among grassroots organizations working towards the empowerment of
women. Sanhita aims to increase women‘s access to information.
2. Akshara began informally in 1987 as result of the women‘s movement and its campaigns in
Bombay. It started by producing low cost publications for women‘s organizations and activists.
3. The major objective of Maitreyi is to develop a feminist perspective in understanding women‘s
issues and the women‘s movement, and to sensitize everyone about women‘s issues.
4. Center for Health Education, Training and Nutrition Awareness (CHETNA), mission is to
contribute towards the empowerment of disadvantaged women and children to enable them to
gain control over their own, their families‘ and their communities‘ health. Its trainings target
supervisors, trainers, program managers and practitioners of NGOs and GOs.
Self-Help Groups
The role of SHGs is increasing remarkably as more and more poor women are enrolling themselves
as self-employed to alleviate poverty.
The concept of Self Help Groups fulfills the idea of community participation and equitably
distributed, as sustainable community development requires the active participation of the entire
community. SHGs are voluntary and focuses on sharing knowledge experience to provide emotional
and financial support. It is usually led by its members.
SHGs work towards inter-loaning and encouraging women to come collectively and work towards a
common goal. They are assisted with micro-capital to start with their Small Enterprises. For
example, the Firsipur branch of the Bank of Maharashtra is financing more than 400 self-help
groups in the district. The bank has set up its own in-house NGO to support these efforts.
SEWA- Self Employed Women Association
The Self-employed Women‘s Association (SEWA) is a member-based Indian trade union, whose
philosophy is inspired by Mahatma Gandhi‘s principle of self-reliance. The organization is helping
empower women to achieve full employment, providing them with much-needed work, income, food
and social security.
SEWA is a country-wide network of cooperatives, self-help groups (SHGs), banks and training
centers that help address the multiple constraints that women face. Together this support system
helps to end exclusion, and foster social, economic and political empowerment.
Since SEWA was founded in 1972, its membership has grown to include 1.3 million women. While 54
percent of its members are small and marginal farmers based in rural areas, SEWA‘s members also
include street vendors, construction workers, embroiderers, and textile workers.
SEWA also helps women farmers build their own productive capacity. The SEWA Academy, SEWA
Manager‘s School, and ―life schools‖ conduct workshops that improve literacy and leadership skills.
Given the movement‘s success, SEWA has expanded to other South Asian countries, including
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. SEWA‘s work offers a model for the world. As its
membership grows and it expands its reach, this grassroots movement is empowering women to take
the lead in combating hunger and poverty.
Steps Need To Be Initiated For Women Entrepreneurial Development
In India

28. 1. Proper planning, execution and training, is required at all levels
2. Promoting policies, laws and overall regulatory environment in such a way that women
entrepreneurs see the advantages of and benefits that come with compliance.
3. Taking into account those factors that act as barriers to expansion and growth of women
entrepreneurs.
4. Providing knowledge on recent technology like computers, internet, mobile so as to minimize the
administrative burdens on women entrepreneurs
5. Arranging interactive sessions for women with the entrepreneur‘s association and financial
institutions, etc.
6. Encouraging women entrepreneurs by rewarding.
7. Conducting women development programs to encourage entrepreneurship.
8. Ensuring synergies between (a) women related ministry (b) economic ministry (c) welfare &
social development ministry in the government.
Conclusion
If women are provided relevant education, work experience, improved economic conditions and
financial opportunities they can achieve new heights. This will not only affect the economy of our
country but will also change the status of women in the society. As the 21 st century is progressing
and blooming, this century will be taken century of the entrepreneur in general and of the Women
Entrepreneur in particular. Women entrepreneurship can bring about women empowerment which
would provide social upliftment. Thus, social entrepreneurship will eliminate the ignorance and
poverty.
References:
http://www.articlesbase.com/entrepreneurship-articles/women-entrepreneurship-in-india-
909659.htmlhttp://www.ghallabhansali.com/admin/file/Women%20Entrepreneurs.pdf
http://ssmrae.com/admin/images/551ea2ac7e7ef2e570798fb5bbbee9b5.pdf
http://ezinearticles.com/?An-Insight-Into-the-Emergence-of-Women-Owned-Businesses-As-an-
Economic-Force-in-India&id=1797236
http://www.ifad.org/evaluation/public_html/eksyst/doc/insight/pi/india-13.htm
http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/sewa-a-movement-to-transform-
women%E2%80%99s-lives-in-india-and-beyond/
www.wikipedia.org
www.answers.com
Shod Samiksha Aur Mulyankan- International Referred Research Journal ISSN-0974-2832 VOL. I *
ISSUE—17 RNI : RAJBIL/2009/29954
―Push And Pull Factors Influencing Women
Entrepreneurs
Parul Arora1, Ashish Gaba2
Abstract
Indian women are considered as shakti, which means a source of power. In today‟s world of globalization, entrepreneurship
development for women is the topic which is taken a new flash, in today‟s era. The role of Entrepreneurship in the global

29. economy has received additional attention in recent years and women‟s are choosing Entrepreneurship profession as a
challenge, as an adventure with an urge to do something new and independent and to fulfill the need of family. Women
entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factors which encourage women to have an independent occupation
which helps to achieve their self identity. Various Pull and Push factors which are influencing women entrepreneurs go hand in
hand. Pull factors are encouraging factors like desire to do something, need for independence, availability of finance,
concessions given by the government and on the other hand there are Push factors which are compelling factors like unfortunate
family circumstances, financial difficulties and responsibility towards family.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Pull Factors, Push Factors, Entrepreneurship Development.
1. Lecturer, Future Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly.
2. Lecture, Future Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly.
Objective
Most of the studies on entrepreneurship are based on male characteristics and are focused on actions
that belong to male-gendered area. Only a small number of studies look closely at the female
characteristics of entrepreneurship and their typical actions. It is thus a prerequisite to make precise
conceptualizations of female entrepreneurship and various factors that motive women entrepreneurs
to initialize a business and compete with the male entrepreneurs. This research is a preliminary
investigation in which we identified certain motives for starting business amongst women
entrepreneurs which are Independence, Flexibility, Achievement, Money, Opportunity, Escape,
Family Support and Recognition from other. These motives can be broadly classified into push and
pull elements where statistics show that pull motives attract women entrepreneurs more than the
push motives for starting business.
Introduction
In today‘s world of globalization, entrepreneurship development for women is the topic which is
taken a new flash, in today‘s era. The role of Entrepreneurship in the global economy has received
additional attention in recent years and women‘s are choosing Entrepreneurship profession as a
challenge, as an adventure with an urge to do something new and independent and to fulfill the need
of family. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and
controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least
51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women
entrepreneur has many functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise;
undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of
business and providing effective leadership in all aspects of business.
Factors Influencing Women To Become Entrepreneurs
The factors to motivate women to become entrepreneurs are quite diverse, depending on personal
characteristics, locations, etc. This comes down to satisfaction level, motivation, opportunities, skills
and practicalities and there are various other factors. These factors can be broadly classified as pull
factors and push factors which are:
Pull Factors
The pull factor is generally described as a positive factor for entrepreneurship. The opportunities are
widely open to the persons under this factor, specially the potential entrepreneurs. There is
attractiveness on the options provided. Though this factor equally comes up for men and women, it is
worth mentioning that 80 per cent of the women entrepreneurs are the ones to grab this opportunity.
The pull factor is more of an internal force, rather than forced, you feel more ―led‖ to proceed.
Common pull factors into small business: