Some Examples of Expert Systems

1. University of Education, Okara Campus 1

2. •In 1965 DENDRAL was
used in expert system
•MYCIN was developed in
1976
University of Education, Okara Campus 2

3. WHY MYCIN
 Disease diagnosis and therapy selection
 Advise for non expert physicians with time
consideration and incomplete evidence as
 Bacterial infections of the blood
 Extended to other elements
University of Education, Okara Campus 3

4. PROBLEM BEFORE MYCIN
• ROBERTS AND VISCONTI:-
Only 13% patients are treated rationally
 66% are being given irrational treatment
 21% are being given questionable treatment
• IRRATIONAL MEANS, FOR EXAMPLE:-
 Using a contra-indicated combination
Using the wrong agent for a specific organisms
 Not taking the required culture
University of Education, Okara Campus 4

5. DEVELOPMENT OF MYCIN
• Developed by ADWARD SHORTLIFFE in 1976
a STANFORD UNIVERSITY in the artificial intelligence
in medicine group
• First system that was implemented into the medical
field
University of Education, Okara Campus 5

6. HOW MYCIN WAS TESTED FOR
ACCURACY
• 10 patients for a particular disease were chosen
• Their information was sent to 8 physicians and MYCIN
• All then came up with recommended treatment
• Those recommendations along with what the patient
actually received as treatment was sent to 8
unidentified specialists
University of Education, Okara Campus 6

7. WHO WON FROM THE TEST
• MYCIN won the test
• MYCIN received the highest score as for as
accuracy and effectiveness of diagnosis
University of Education, Okara Campus 7

8. STAGES IN DAIGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT
• Decide if there is significant infection
• Identify the causing organism(s) by clinical and
laboratory evidence
• Decide what antibiotic agent the organisms are
sensitive to
• Prescribe the optimal drug combination for particular
case
University of Education, Okara Campus 8

9. RESULTS
 Never implemented for routine clinical use
 Shown to be competent by panels of experts even in
case where experts themselves disagreed on
conclusions
 Key contributions
 Reuse of production rules( expansion knowledge aquision )
University of Education, Okara Campus 9

10. PROBLEMS
• If the system gives an incorrect diagnosis, who is
to be blamed or sued
• Physicians rely to heavily on system instead of
consulting other experts
University of Education, Okara Campus 10

11. Resources
 Wikipedia Page
 Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system
 Building Expert Systems in Prolog
 Available at: http://www.amzi.com/ExpertSystemsInProlog/xsipfrtop.htm
 Artificial Intelligence - A modern Approach by Stuart Rassell, Peter
Norvig
 PC AI – Expert Systems
 Available at: http://www.pcai.com/web/ai_info/expert_systems.html
 VisiRule Web Demos (A simple example):
http://www.lpa.co.uk/vrs_dem.htm
University of Education, Okara Campus 11