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12 Leaders and Leadership

Understanding and
Managing
Organizational
Behavior
Fifth Edition
Ildayani

Image from opening case

Jennifer M. George
Gareth R. Jones

Idham Syam
Resty Yosna P.
©2007 Prentice Hall
What Is Leadership?
Leadership is the exercise of influence
by one member of a group or
organization over other members to help
the group or organization achieve its
goals

12-2

©2007 Prentice Hall
Leadership
 Leaders are individuals who exert influence
to help meet group goals
– Formal
– Informal
 Leader effectiveness is the extent to which a
leader actually does help

12-3

©2007 Prentice Hall
Early Approaches to Leadership
 Leader Trait Approach
 Behavior Approach
 Fiedler’s Contingency Model

12-4

©2007 Prentice Hall
The Leader Trait Approach
 Intelligence
 Task-relevant
knowledge
 Dominance
 Self-confidence

 Energy/activity
levels
 Tolerance for stress
 Integrity and
honesty
 Emotional maturity

12-5

©2007 Prentice Hall
The Leader Behavior Approach

Consideration
Initiating
Structure

12-6

©2007 Prentice Hall
The Behavior Approach

Leader
Reward
Behavior

12-7

Leader
Punishing
Behavior

©2007 Prentice Hall
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory
of Leadership
 Leadership effectiveness determined by
– The characteristic of individuals
– The situations in which they find
themselves
 Distinct leader styles
– Relationship oriented
– Task oriented
12-8

©2007 Prentice Hall
Situational Characteristics
 Leader-Member Relations
 Task Structure
 Position Power

12-9

©2007 Prentice Hall
Contemporary Perspectives
 Path-Goal Theory
 Vroom and Yetton Model
 Leader-Member Exchange Theory

12-10

©2007 Prentice Hall
Path-Goal Theory

Path-goal theory describes how
leaders can motivate their followers to
achieve group and organizational goals
and the kinds of behaviors leaders can
engage in to motivate followers

12-11

©2007 Prentice Hall
Guidelines for Path-Goal Theory
 Determine what outcomes subordinates are
trying to obtain in the workplace
 Reward subordinates for performing at a
high level or achieving their work goals by
giving them desired outcomes
 Make sure subordinates believe that they
can obtain their work goals and perform at a
high level

12-12

©2007 Prentice Hall
Path-Goal Theory:
Types of Behaviors

Directive

Participative

12-13

Supportive

Achievement
Oriented

©2007 Prentice Hall
Vroom and Yetton Model

Autocratic

Group

12-14

Consultative

Delegated

©2007 Prentice Hall
Criteria for Decision-Making Style
 Nature of the tasks
 Level of task interdependence
 Output being produced
 Characteristics of the employees

12-15

©2007 Prentice Hall
Characteristics of
Transformational Leadership

Charisma

Transformational
Leader

Intellectual
Stimulation

12-16

Developmental
Consideration

©2007 Prentice Hall

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Leader and leadership

Notas do Editor

  1. The two key parts of leadership are exerting influence, and helping to achieve goals. Dua bagian kunci dari kepemimpinan mengerahkan pengaruh, dan membantu untuk mencapai tujuan.
  2. Formal leaders are those managers who are given the authority to influence other members in the organization to achieve its goals. Informal leaders have no formal job authority but can exert just as much influence in an organization as formal leaders. The ability of informal leaders to influence others may stem from special skills or talents they possess – skills the organization’s members realize will help it achieve its goals. Pemimpin formal adalah para manajer yang diberi wewenang untuk mempengaruhi anggota lain dalam organisasi untuk mencapai tujuannya. Pemimpin informal tidak memiliki wewenang kerja formal tetapi dapat mengerahkan seperti banyak pengaruh dalam suatu organisasi sebagai pemimpin formal. Kemampuan pemimpin informal untuk mempengaruhi orang lain mungkin berasal dari keahlian khusus atau bakat yang mereka miliki - keterampilan anggota organisasi menyadari akan membantu mencapai tujuannya.
  3. Each theory of leadership complements the others. There is no one right or only way to become an effective leader. These theories are discussed on the following slides. Setiap teori kepemimpinan melengkapi yang lain. Tidak ada satu cara yang benar atau hanya untuk menjadi seorang pemimpin yang efektif.
  4. Pendekatan Trait Pemimpin berusaha untuk mengidentifikasi abadi ciri kepribadian yang membedakan pemimpin dari pengikut dan pemimpin yang efektif dari yang tidak efektif . Ini adalah daftar sifat-sifat yang relevan . Intelijen - membantu pemimpin memecahkan masalah yang kompleks . ● Tugas - relevan pengetahuan memastikan bahwa pemimpin tahu apa yang harus dilakukan , bagaimana seharusnya dilakukan , dan apa sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk kelompok dan organisasi untuk mencapai tujuannya . ● Dominasi - kebutuhan individu untuk menggunakan pengaruh dan kontrol atas orang lain , membantu pemimpin Upaya saluran pengikut ' dan kemampuan untuk mencapai kelompok dan tujuan organisasi . ● Kepercayaan diri - membantu pemimpin mempengaruhi pengikut dan memotivasi pengikut untuk bertahan dalam menghadapi hambatan atau kesulitan . ● Energi / tingkat aktivitas - tingkat energi tinggi membantu seorang pemimpin berurusan dengan banyak tuntutan atau kegiatan yang dihadapi hari ke hari . ● Toleransi stres mempromosikan kemampuan seorang pemimpin untuk menghadapi ketidakpastian atau ambiguitas melekat dalam setiap situasi pengambilan keputusan yang kompleks . ● Integritas dan kejujuran - indikator bahwa seorang pemimpin akan berperilaku etis setiap saat dan layak kepercayaan dan keyakinan pengikut ' . ● jatuh tempo -a Emosional tanda bahwa seorang pemimpin tidak terlalu egois , dapat mengontrol nya perasaan, dan bisa menerima kritik .
  5. Later, researchers focused what leaders actually do. Researchers at Ohio State University in the 1940s ad 1950s realized that leaders influence followers through concrete behaviors. After analyzing responses to surveys measuring 1800 concrete behaviors, the researchers found that the most leader behaviors involved either consideration or initiating structure. Initiating Structure refers to behavior that a leader engages in to make sure that work gets done and subordinates perform their jobs acceptably. It is also known as job-oriented behavior. Struktur Inisiasi mengacu pada perilaku yang pemimpin terlibat dalam memastikan bahwa pekerjaan akan dilakukan dan bawahan melakukan pekerjaan mereka diterima. Ia juga dikenal sebagai perilaku berorientasi pekerjaan. Consideration is behavior indicating that a leader trusts, respects, and values good relationships with his or her followers. It is also known as employee-centered behavior. Pertimbangan adalah perilaku yang menunjukkan bahwa kepercayaan pemimpin, menghormati, dan nilai-nilai hubungan yang baik dengan nya atau pengikutnya. Hal ini juga dikenal sebagai perilaku karyawan berpusat.
  6. In addition to engaging in consideration and initiating structure, leaders behave in other ways that have important effects on their followers. Leaders also administer reinforcements (rewards) and punishments. Leader reward behavior occurs when a leader positively reinforces subordinates’ desirable behavior. Leader punishing behavior occurs when a leader reprimands or otherwise responds negatively to subordinates who perform undesired behavior. It is generally more effective to use reinforcement to encourage desired behavior than to use punishment to stop undesired behavior. Punishment can have unintended side effects such as resentment. Leadership behaviors can be measured with the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire or the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire. Exhibit 12.1 provides some of the questions. Selain terlibat dalam pertimbangan dan memulai struktur, pemimpin berperilaku dengan cara lain yang memiliki efek penting pada pengikutnya. Pemimpin juga mengatur penguat (reward) dan hukuman. Perilaku hadiah Pemimpin terjadi ketika seorang pemimpin positif memperkuat perilaku yang diinginkan bawahan. Perilaku menghukum Pemimpin terjadi ketika seorang pemimpin teguran atau merespon negatif terhadap bawahan yang melakukan perilaku yang tidak diinginkan. Hal ini umumnya lebih efektif untuk menggunakan penguatan untuk mendorong perilaku yang diinginkan daripada menggunakan hukuman untuk menghentikan perilaku yang tidak diinginkan. Hukuman dapat memiliki efek samping yang tidak diinginkan seperti kebencian. Perilaku kepemimpinan dapat diukur dengan Kepemimpinan Perilaku Deskripsi Angket atau Kuesioner Kepemimpinan Opini. Exhibit 12.1 memberikan beberapa pertanyaan.
  7. Teori fred Fiedler adalah salah satu pendekatan yang paling populer untuk memahami kepemimpinan. Ini membantu menjelaskan mengapa beberapa pemimpin akan lebih efektif daripada pemimpin lainnya dengan mandat sama baik dalam situasi tertentu dan mengapa seorang pemimpin tertentu mungkin efektif dalam satu situasi tetapi tidak di negara lain. Teori Fiedler mengakui bahwa karakteristik pribadi mempengaruhi efektivitas pemimpin. Dia mengidentifikasi dua gaya pemimpin yang berbeda - hubungan-berorientasi berorientasi tugas. Dia mengusulkan agar semua pemimpin yang ditandai dengan satu gaya atau yang lain. Pemimpin berorientasi pada hubungan ingin disukai oleh dan rukun dengan bawahan mereka. Pemimpin berorientasi tugas ingin bawahan mereka untuk tampil di tingkat tinggi dan menyelesaikan semua tugas mereka ditugaskan. Menurut Fiedler, gaya seorang pemimpin adalah karakteristik kepribadian yang abadi. Seorang pemimpin berorientasi pada hubungan tidak dapat dilatih untuk menjadi berorientasi tugas dan sebaliknya.
  8. Tiga karakteristik menentukan bagaimana menguntungkan situasi yang untuk memimpin . Leader-Member Relations mengacu pada hubungan antara pemimpin dan pengikut nya . Jika hubungan yang baik ( penuh kepercayaan dan kesetiaan ) maka situasi yang menguntungkan . Struktur tugas adalah sejauh mana pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan oleh kelompok didefinisikan dengan jelas . Ketika sebuah kelompok memiliki tujuan spesifik yang perlu dicapai dan setiap anggota kelompok tahu bagaimana cara mencapai tujuan , struktur tugas tinggi . Ketika tujuan kelompok tidak jelas , anggota tidak yakin bagaimana untuk pergi tentang melakukan pekerjaan mereka . Ketika struktur tugas tinggi , situasinya lebih menguntungkan untuk memimpin . Kekuasaan posisi jumlah kewenangan formal bahwa seorang pemimpin memiliki . Jika seorang pemimpin memiliki kekuatan untuk menghargai dan menghukum bawahan maka kekuasaan posisi tinggi. Situasi ini lebih menguntungkan ketika kekuasaan posisi tinggi. Semua kemungkinan kombinasi dari tiga hasil variabel dalam delapan situasi kepemimpinan. Ini digambarkan pada slide berikutnya .
  9. Several newer theories have been proposed. They are based on a contingency model that takes into account both the characteristics of leaders and the situation in which they try to lead.
  10. Teori Path-Goal dikembangkan oleh Robert House. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pemimpin yang efektif mengikuti tiga pedoman untuk memotivasi pengikut mereka. Panduan ini berdasarkan pada teori harapan motivasi dan tercatat di slide berikutnya.
  11. Menentukan apa yang bawahan hasil mencoba untuk mendapatkan di tempat kerja Bawahan Hadiah untuk tampil di tingkat tinggi atau mencapai tujuan pekerjaan mereka dengan memberi mereka hasil yang diinginkan Pastikan bawahan percaya bahwa mereka dapat mencapai tujuan pekerjaan mereka dan tampil di tingkat tingg
  12. Perilaku direktif mirip dengan initiating structure. Ini memungkinkan bawahan tahu apa tugas-tugas yang perlu dilakukan dan bagaimana mereka harus dilakukan. Perilaku suportif mirip dengan pertimbangan. Ini memungkinkan bawahan tahu bahwa pemimpin mereka peduli tentang kesejahteraan mereka dan melihat keluar untuk mereka. Perilaku partisipatif memungkinkan bawahan untuk terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan yang mempengaruhi mereka. Perilaku berorientasi prestasi mendorong bawahan untuk melakukan yang terbaik. Ini termasuk menetapkan tujuan sulit bagi pengikut, mengharapkan kinerja tinggi, dan mengekspresikan kepercayaan dalam kemampuan mereka.
  13. 1. Sebuah keputusan yang otokratis membuat gaya berarti bahwa pemimpin membuat keputusan tanpa masukan dari bawahan. 2. Sebuah keputusan konsultatif membuat gaya berarti bahwa bawahan memiliki beberapa masukan tetapi pemimpin membuat keputusan. 2. Sebuah gaya kelompok berarti bahwa kelompok membuat keputusan dan pemimpin hanyalah anggota kelompok. 3. Gaya didelegasikan berarti pemimpin memberikan tanggung jawab eksklusif untuk bawahan. Model ini menunjukkan bahwa pemimpin harus memilih antara alternatif ini berdasarkan sifat situasi dan bawahan yang terlibat.
  14. The Vroom and Yetton model instructs leaders to choose among these alternative decision-making styles on the basis of their answers to a series of questions about the nature of the situation and the subordinates involved. The following criteria must be considered: The nature of the tasks being performed by employees, the level of task interdependence, the output being produced, and the characteristics of the employees involved, such as their skill level. As such, the model adopts the same kind of contingency approach as Fiedler and House’ The Vroom dan Yetton Model menginstruksikan para pemimpin untuk memilih di antara alternatif gaya ini pengambilan keputusan atas dasar jawaban mereka terhadap serangkaian pertanyaan tentang sifat situasi dan bawahan yang terlibat. Kriteria berikut harus dipertimbangkan: Sifat tugas yang dilakukan oleh karyawan, tingkat saling ketergantungan tugas, output yang diproduksi, dan karakteristik karyawan yang terlibat, seperti tingkat keterampilan mereka. Dengan demikian, model mengadopsi jenis yang sama pendekatan kontingensi sebagai Fiedler dan DPR, tetapi berfokus pada memilih pemimpin gaya pengambilan keputusan yang tepat.s, but it focuses on choosing the right leader decision-making style.
  15. Ketiga karakteristik adalah kunci untuk kepemimpinan transformasional. Pemimpin karismatik mengkomunikasikan visi untuk pengikut mereka. Mereka berbagi kegembiraan dan antusiasme dengan pengikutnya untuk mendorong para pengikut untuk mendukung visi mereka. Pemimpin Karismatik cenderung memiliki tingkat kepercayaan diri dan harga diri. Pemimpin transformasional juga mempengaruhi pengikutnya dengan intelektual merangsang mereka untuk menjadi sadar masalah dalam kelompok dan organisasi mereka dan melihat masalah ini dari perspektif baru yang konsisten dengan visi pemimpin. Pemimpin transformasional juga mempengaruhi pengikutnya melalui pertimbangan perkembangan. Pertimbangan perkembangan tidak hanya mencakup perilaku pertimbangan dibahas sebelumnya tetapi juga perilaku yang mendukung dan mendorong pengikut dan memberi mereka kesempatan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang pada pekerjaan dengan memperoleh keterampilan dan kemampuan baru.