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Pvg based smart energy modelling for agricultural sector
1.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 450 PVG BASED SMART ENERGY MODELLING FOR AGRICULTURAL SECTOR Ch.Venkateswra rao1 , S.S.Tulasiram2 , B. Brahmaiah3 1 (PHD Scholar JNTUK, Kakinada, AP, India) 2 ( Professor in EEE Department, JNTUH, Hydrabad, AP, India) 3 (Principal at PIT, Tirupati, India) ABSTRACT In this paper evaluates ways in which they can be made efficient. The role of efficiency standards in achieving this goal and the appropriateness of existing standards is evaluated. With the continuous decrease of the cost of solar cells, there is an increasing interest and needs in photovoltaic (PV) system applications following standard of living improvements. Water pumping system powered by solar-cell generators are one of the most important applications. The fluctuation of solar energy on one hand and the necessity to optimize available solar energy on the other, it is useful to develop new efficient and flexible modes to control motors that entrain the pump. A vectorial control of an asynchronous motor fed by a photovoltaic system is proposed. This paper investigates a photovoltaic-electro mechanic chain, composed of a PV generator, DC-AC converter, a vector controlled induction motor and centrifugal pump. The PV generator is forced to operate at its maximum power point by using an appropriate search algorithm integrated in the vector control. The optimization is realized without need to adding a DC-DC converter to the chain. The motor supply is also ensured in all isolation conditions. Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of such an approach. Results are presented based on MATLAB/SIMULINK. Keywords: Vector Control, Induction Motor, Solar Power, PV system, Water Pumping System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), pp. 450-458 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJEET © I A E M E
2.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 451 I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, the authors present an indirect rotor field oriented control of an induction motor (IM) associated to a water photovoltaic pumping system. The motor is used to drive a centrifugal water pump. A modeling study was performed for the components of the proposed photovoltaic pumping system were established and used in the proposed control scheme. An extensive simulation work was performed to extract the significant results. To show up the high system performances, presented results are discussed and prove how the proposed methodology is an efficient water photovoltaic pumping system control procedure. In the isolated sectors as the islands, the rural zones and the mountains, the use of the renewable energy such as wind energy [7-10], photovoltaic [11-13] and hybrid system [14- 17] is a better solution to produce the needed electric energy for such applications as the pumping systems. The photovoltaic PV water pumping systems are usually composed of a PV generator, power(s) converter(s) and an electric motor which is usually coupled to a centrifugal pump load. Currently, for the power conditioning, the PV generator is followed by a DC-DC converter. Many types are used such as boost, buck and boost-buck converters. Different types of motors are used in the photovoltaic water pumping system. The DC motor is used in the photovoltaic water pumping system with different coupling mode [15], [17], [18]. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) is also used with different control strategies [10], [19]. Some applications of the pumping system call for the asynchronous motor [15], [16]. Many techniques of control have been applied to induction motor as direct torque control (DTC) and field oriented control. The concept of field oriented control (FOC) is firstly developed by Blasche. The FOC is a flux-torque decoupling technique applied to AC machines. Two approaches are possible: the direct field orientation (DFO) based on the rotor flux angle given by a flux observer or estimator and the indirect field orientation (IFO) based on the rotor slip calculation. In this paper an indirect rotor field oriented control is synthesized for an induction motor (IM) associated to a water photovoltaic pumping system in order to produce the required load power. A synchronous boost converter is used in the control scheme to adapt the DC voltage required by the load when the insulation or the load varies. The increasing of the world energy demand, due to the modern industrial society and population growth, is motivating a lot of investments in alternative energy solutions, in order to improve energy efficiency and power quality issues. The use of photovoltaic energy is considered to be a primary resource, because there are several countries located in tropical and temperate regions, where the direct solar density may reach up to 1000 W/m. One of the most popular applications of the photovoltaic energy utilization is the water pumping system driven by electrical motors. The two main restrictions for using solar energy are the high initial installation cost and the very low photovoltaic cell conversion efficiency. The cell conversion ranges vary from 12% of efficiency up to a maximum of 29% for very expensive units [7]. In spite of those facts, there has been a trend in price decreasing for modern power electronics systems and photovoltaic cells, indicating good promises for new installations. Moreover, the maximum power of a photovoltaic system changes with solar intensity, and temperature; and dynamic loads influence the performance by changing continuously the operating point. In order to amortize the initial investments, it is very important to optimize the photovoltaic water pumping system, by the use of power electronics converters to adapt dynamically the electrical impedance to the PV generation for different operating conditions [2, 3]. Various studies have been carried out on optimizing, PV based systems and induction
3.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 452 motor controls [1-20]. DC motors were initially used since they offered easy implementation with cheap power conversion. A number of existing operational pumping systems have shown that these schemes suffer from maintenance problems. To overcome this drawback, brushless permanent magnet motors have been proposed [18]. However, this solution is limited only for Low power PV systems. The induction motor based PV pumping system offers an Alternative for a more reliable and maintenance free system [19]. The motor characteristics are severely affected by the PVG which was considered as a current generator with dependent voltage source. For such applications, where the PV water pumping system is driven by an AC motor (PMSM or IM), a chopper and/or an inverter should be included in order to perform the DC-AC conversion stage. For PV water pumping systems, two types of pumps are widely used, the volumetric pump and the centrifugal pump. It is found that the PVG energy utilized by the centrifugal pump is much higher than by the volumetric pump. In fact, in the case of the centrifugal pumps, the operation takes place for longer periods even for low insulation levels, and the load characteristic is in closer proximity to the PVG maximum power locus. In PV water pumping systems, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is usually used as online control strategy to track the maximum output power operating point of the PVG for different operating conditions of insulation and temperature of the PVG. Different optimization strategies have been proposed to improve the overall system efficiency .In this paper a vectoriel control method has been proposed to ensure the optimization of the whole system showed in Fig. 1. Allowing the improvement of the efficiency maximization. Fig. 1. The proposed IM photovoltaic pumping system configuration II. PV SYSTEM The PV system considered in this paper contains single PV array as shown in Fig. 2(a).In this paper a PV model is considered from [1-20]. The modeling is attempted by (1), where, IPV, VPV are the PV array current and voltage respectively. Rsh and Rs are the intrinsic shunt and series resistances of the array, Isc is being the short circuit current of the array, G is the solar irradiance (W/m2 ), 1910602.1 −×=q C being the electron charge, Boltzman’s constant 23103806.1)( −×=K J/K, p-n junction’s ideality factor 2)( =A , T is array temperature (in 0 K), I0 is
4.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 453 diode reverse saturation current, Tr is cell reference temperature and Irr is reverse saturation current at Tr. For the above PV model, the power-voltage characteristic of the model for different irradiances is shown in Fig. 2(b). ( ) sh sPVPVPVsPV phPV R RIV AKT VRIq III ×+ − − +× −= 1exp0 (1)where [ ] 1000 )( G TTkII rscph −+= and − = TTAK qV T T II r oc r rr 11 exp 3 0 Fig. 2(a): PV system Power(kW) Fig. 2(b): MPPT curves for different irradiances. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) For best utilization, the PV cells must be operated at their maximum power point. To achieve this, according to the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm [7-8], MPPT adjusts the terminal voltage of PV panels to mppV whose value at an instant k, say, is related to the previous instant by
5.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 454 PVPVPVmpp PV PV mppmpp IVPMV dV dP MkVkV ×=== ×+−= ,01.0,0)0(with )(sign)1()( (2) As shown in Fig. 1, since PV panels are directly connected to the dc bus, the dc-link voltage ( dcV ) equals to the output voltage of PV (VPV). Therefore, the voltage signal, mppV , generated by P&O algorithm is, hence forth, treated as the reference dc-link voltage ( * dcV ). The direct conversion of the solar energy into electrical power is obtained by solar cells. A PV generation system is composed by many strings of solar cells in series, connected in parallel, in order to provide the desired values of output voltage. III. PROPOSED WORK The IM Photovoltaic pumping system model The proposed IM photovoltaic pumping system considered in this work is shown in Fig. 1.typical model of proposed system is shown in Fig. 3(a). Photovoltaic based water pumping system is one of the most common applications of distributed energy generation system. The three-phase inverter generates a variable frequency output waveform to drive the IM and the motor drives a centrifugal pump that delivers the water output. In general IM drive can be based on v/f control, indirect field oriented control (IFOC) and slip control. The IFOC and the slip control ensure the decoupling between the flux control and the torque control. Those control methods are necessary in order to ensure the consumption of energy by the machine acting on the electromagnetic torque, Te. Several types of pumps and motors are available on the PV pumping market. The most commonly employed pump type is the Centrifugal pump. Single-stage centrifugal pumps are frequently used in PV shallow water pumping for low head applications. For PV subterranean water pumping and surface water pumping with higher heads, multistage centrifugal pumps are more suitable. Other pump types such as progressive cavity pumps and piston pumps have also been utilized. The centrifugal pump is characterized by its head-flow rate performance curve at the nominal speed. The flow rate is directly proportional to the impeller speed, the head is proportional to the square of the speed and the hydraulic power is proportional to the cube of the speed. The performance curves of the pump with good accuracy at high speeds but they are not very accurate at low speeds and/or with constant head applications. For very low speeds, the pressure produced by the pump is less than the static pressure and the rotation just circulates the water within the pump. When the speed reaches a threshold or base value (ωt) , the pump starts delivering water and the rate of flow of water (Q, liter/min) varies linearly with the speed (ω), as expressed in (1) obtained by curve fitting. Q = aω-b, ω ≥ ωt and Q = 0, ω < ωt Where, a and b are the constants. The control of induction motor is shown in Fig. 3(b).
6.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 455 Fig. 3(a): Typical model of proposed system Fig. 3(b): overall proposed system IV. RESULTS Results are presented based on individual performances of system components and those are: Fig. 4 shows the response of dc-link voltage which is equals to the photovoltaic voltage and from Fig. 4, it is clear that stable dc link voltage is achieved by proposed controller. The replies in depicted dc voltage are mainly due to rapidly change in temperature and solar irradiance. The dc voltage of PV system is almost stable at t=0.6sec. initially (at t=0) it is starting from open circuit voltage because of MPPT algorithm and boost converter.
7.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 456 The corresponding output of boost converter is presented in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5, due to boost controller, it mitigates the ripples in input voltage, i.e., solar panel voltage. From Figures 4 and 5, it proves that system is working in maximum power point level with constant voltage algorithm. Corresponding electromagnetic torque generated by motor and speed of induction motor are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. The motor speed and torques are reached their reference value, after settling dc-link voltage. And from Fig. 6 and 7, clearly observed that speed and torques are gradually increasing because of proper control algorithm implemented in proposed system. And also, noted that due to good and dynamical enhance of proposed system, almost ripples in both speed and torque are zero. Fig. 4: Solar panel voltage Fig. 5: boost converter output voltage Fig. 6: electromagnetic torque of induction motor
8.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 457 V. CONCLUSIONS Control strategies to regulate the flow of water supply of a PV based water pumping system through induction motor is presented in this paper. Hence, proposed system provides cost effective solution for PV based water pumping system for Agricultural sector. Moreover, for best utilization of PV, MPPT is incorporated to system. The power balance between PV generation and load is achieved by maintaining dc link voltage at its reference value (Vmpp) and controlling the speed of induction motor within permissible limits based on vector control. The proposed integrated controller requires only measurements of dc link voltage and load current and no need to measure the power. Through the simulation results it is concluded that performance of the controllers is satisfactory under steady state as well as dynamic conditions. REFERENCES [1] A. Betka and A. Moussi. Performance optimization of a photovoltaic induction motor pumping system, Renewable Energy, No. 29, pp. 2167- 2181, 2004. [2] M. Arrouf and N. Bouguechal. Vector control of an induction motor fed by a photovoltaic generator, Applied Energy, No. 74, pp. 159–167, 2003. [3] J. R. Arribas and C. M. V. González. Optimal vector control of pumping and ventilation induction motor drives, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 49, pp. 889–895, Aug. 2002. [4] Bhat, S. R. Pittet, Andre Sonde, B. S. Performance Optimization of Induction Motor- Pump System Using Photovoltaic Energy Source, IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, Vol. 6, pp. 995-1000, Nov-1987. [5] Trishan Esram, Patrick L. Chapman. Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp 439-449, June 2007. [6] Dezso Sera, Remus Teodorescu, Jochen Hantschel, and Michael Knoll. Optimized Maximum Power Point Tracker for Fast-Changing Environmental Conditions, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 2629-2631, July 2008. [7] Simoes, M. G.franceschetti, N. N. : Arisc-Microcontroller Based Photovoltaic System for Illumination Applications, Proceeding of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition 15 (2000). [8] Akbaba, M.akbaba, M. C.: Dynamic Performance of a Photovoltaic Boost Converter Powered DC Motors-Pump System, In: Proceeding of IEEE International Conference, IEMDC99, 16, 1999. [9] Matsui, M.kitano, T.xu, D.yang, Z.: A New Maximum Photovoltaic Power Tracking Control Scheme Based on Power Equilibrium at DC Link, Proceeding of IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 1999. [10] Shrertha, G. goel, L. : A Study on Optimal Sizing of Stand Alone Photovoltaic Stations, IEEE Trans Energ Conv 13 No. 4 (1998), 373-377. [11] Samin, J. et al : Optimal Sizing of Photovoltaic in Varied Climates, Solar Energy 6 No. 2 (1997), 97–107. [12] Akbaba, M. et al : Matching of Separately Excited DC Motor to Photovoltaic Generators for Maximum Power Output, Solar Energy 63 No. 6 (1998), 375–385. [13] Said, M. M. : Matching of DC Motor to Photovoltaic Generators for Maximum Daily Gross Mechanical Energy, IEEE Trans Energ Conv 3 No. 3 (1988), 465–471. [14] Weiner, D.levinson, A. : Water Pumping Optimal Operation, Elect Mach Power Syst 24 No. 3 (1996), 277–288.
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME 458 [15] Appelbaum, J. : Starting and Steady State Characteristics of DC Motor Powered by Solar Cell Generator, IEEE Trans Energy Conv 1 No. 1 (1986), 17–25. [16] Appelbaum, J.Sarme, M. S. The Operation of Permanent Magnet DC Motor Powered by Common Source of Solar Cells, IEEE Trans Energy Conv 4 No. 4 (1989), 635–642. [17] Swamy, C. L. P. et al : Dynamic Performance of a Permanent Magnet DC Motor Powered by a PV Array for Water Pumping, Solar Energy Mat Solar Cell 36 (995), 187–200. [18] Baht, S. R. et al : Performance Optimisation of InductionMotor-Pump using Photovoltaic Energy Source, IEEE Trans IndApp 23 No. 6 (1987), 995–1000. [19] Chenni, R.makhlouf, M. et al : Detailed Modelling Method for Photovoltaic Cell, Energy 32 (2007), 1724–1730. [20] Yao, Y.bustamente, P.ramshaw, R. S. : Improvement of induction Motor Drive Systems Supplied by Photovoltaic Arrays with Frequency Control, IEEE Trans Energ Conv 9 No. 2 (1994). [21] Prof. Hemant chouhan, Ritesh Kumawat and Dr. H. K. Verma, “Comparative Analysis of Scalar and Vector Control Induction Machine Drive Through Modeling and Simulation”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 39 - 50, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [22] Pradeep B Jyoti, J.Amarnath and D.Subbarayudu, “The Scheme of Three-Level Inverters Based on Svpwm Overmodulation Technique for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drives”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 245 - 260, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [23] Sofia Lalouni and Djamila Rekioua, “Control of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System with Battery Storage”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 190 - 199, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. AUTHORS’ DETAIL Ch. Venkateswara Rao receieved his M.Tech degree from JNTUK, kakinada and U.G from IE (India, Kolkata) in the year 1993. A life member in ISTE.&IAENG. This Author won first prize in Energy conservations Award for the year 2009. He is currently working as a professor in the department of EEE, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Gunupur, Odisha. He guided many UG & PG Projects. He is having overall Industrial & Teaching experience of 18 years. His major Research interests are energy conservations and Smart Grids. S S Tulsiram working as a Professor in the Department of EEE in JNTUH, Hyd. He has 30 years of Teaching experience. He is former Head of the department of EEE, JNTUCE, Kakinada. The Author has Published many papers in International & National Journals/ Conferences. His research interests are Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering & smart grid technology. B Brahmaiah working as a principal in Priyadharsini institute of techonology, Tirupati. He has 30 years of Teaching experience .He worked as Head of the department, EEE & Dean (R&D) in reputed Engineering colleges. Author has Published many papers in International & National Journals/ Conferences. His research areas are Electrical machines, Power Electronics &Electric Drives.
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