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IJARET - Synthesis, characterization of PANIPPy-Y2O3 nanocomposites
1.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN IN – INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET) ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October 2013, pp. 278-287 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJARET ©IAEME SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION AND STUDY OF DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTING CO-POLYMER OF PANIPPY-Y2O3 NANOCOMPOSITES T. K. Vishnuvardhan1*, V. R. Kulkarni2, C. Basavaraja3, S C Raghavendra4, M Revanasiddappa5, Ambika Prasad MVN6 and Do Sung Hu7 1 Department of Chemistry, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore - 560107. 2 Department of Chemistry, Central college Bangalore - 560 001. 3&7 Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea - 621749. 4 Department of Electronics Engineering, Higher Colleges of Technology, Madinat Zayed and Ruwais Colleges, Ruwais, Abu Dhabi, UAE. 5 Department of chemistry, PES School of Engineering Hosur Road, Bangalore. 6 Department of material science, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. ABSTRACT Nanocomposite materials have emerged as alternatives to overcome limitations of microcomposites and monolithics, while posing preparation challenges related to the control of elemental composition and stoichiometry in the nanocluster phase. Conducting polymer composites of PolyanilinePolypyrrole/yttrium oxide (PANIPPy/Y2O3) composites were prepared by insitu polymerization of aniline and pyrrole with varied amounts of Y2O3. The Content of Y2O3 is varied in weight percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Synthesized composites are characterized by infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD). The surface morphology of the composites is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Tunneling electron microscopy(TEM). Thermal analysis of the synthesized composites are also discussed. Electrical conductivity of the compressed pellets depends on the concentration of Y2O3 in PANIPPy. The transport property is discussed for frequency dependent ac conductivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss reveals that the Y2O3 concentration in PaniPPy is responsible. Cole-Cole plot of the PaniPPY/Y2O3 composites is used to predict the relaxation behavior. Key words: PaniPPY/Y2O3 Composites, Dielectric Constant, Copolymer Composites, Cole-Cole Plots Relaxation Time. 278
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME 1. INTRODUCTION Conducting polymers and its blends exhibit a wide range of novel electrochemical and chemical properties that led to their use in a diverse array of applications in sensors[1-2]. Polyaniline, and polypyrrole is one of the most promising candidates for industrial application of conducting polymers. It is formed via simple chemical or electrochemical oxidation of aniline and pyrrole. There is large number of reports explains the polyaniline and its metal oxide [3-5] composites and polypyrrol and its metal oxide or graphine oxide[6-8] composites with systematic characterization of conductivity dielectric and its applicational studies may be found. Conducting polyaniline blends and composites are prepared mostly via the chemical oxidation route, although electrochemical synthesis is also employed in some cases [9-10]. Electrochemical method of synthesis of PaniPPy copolymer synthesized by Bekir et al.,[11] with different electrolyte and in different medium like water and acetonitrile had reported in 1998. Synthesis characterization of panippy copolymer composites are also synthesized by electrochemical method and coated over the steel and carbon rods had been reported by Rajagopalan etal [12-14]. Synthesis of polyaniline and its blends[15-16] also found in the literature and polypyrrole and its blend in the literature are maximum[17-20]. In order to determine the composition, size, structural and thermal properties of the Panippy/Y2O3 nanocomposite structural investigations using X-ray, IR and morphological studies by SEM and TEM techniques were carried out and the results are presented here. The electrical properties of the nanocomposites are also discussed in this paper. 2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Materials and methods We procured pyrrole from Fluka, Aniline from S.d.fine chemicals. Pyrrole monomer is distilled by fusing with KOH and then collected at 131 °C. Fraction obtained is collected and kept in a closed vessel. It darkens on exposure to light so it is stored at 4 °C in the absence of light. Aniline is also distilled and collected at 182-185 °C. We procured anhydrous iron (III) chloride from Fischer (AR-grade), Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) procured from S.d.fine chemicals. The infrared spectra of polymer composites and pure oxide powders were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FTIR spectrophotometer model 1600 series in the range 350 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 in KBr medium at room temperature. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the above synthesized polymer composites were recorded on Philips X-ray diffractometer using CuKα (λ = 1.5406 A°). The shape, size, distrubition of the grains for the above prepared polymer and its composites powder samples, microstructure of the polymer composites have been examined using Phillips XL30 ESEM scanning electron microscopy and Leica-440 Cambridge Sterioscan. For most of the samples 10, 5K and 2.5K magnification are used for clear vision of the morphology. The particle size and morphology of the representative samples from the above prepared PaniPPy Y2O3 composite nanoparticles, the nature of interaction between the conducting and insulating components were determined using high resolution transmission electron microscopic studies (HRTEM; JEM 2010). The isopropyl alcohol is used as a solvent for the preparation of grid with applied voltage of 4000 KV. TGA of PaniPPy/oxide composites were recorded over a temperature range of 26ºC to 1200ºC in nitrogen atmosphere using a STA 409C thermal analyzer, to analyze the degradation pattern of polymer composites. Simultaneously, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) data was also recorded. Reference material used in the TGA/DTA is Alumina with heating rate of temperature is 5 K/min. 279
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME Frequency dependent electrical measurements are made by using the Hawlett-Packard impudance analyzer HP 4194A in the frequency range 102-106 Hz at room temperature and applied voltage maintained at 2V. 2.2 Synthesis of Pani-PPy co-polymer and Pani-PPy/oxide composites 0.02 mole of pyrrole and 0.02 moles of aniline are added drop wise to an 100ml of solution containing 0.06 mole of FeCl3 with continueous stirring. Monomer to monomer ratio is maintained at 1:1 and monomer to oxidant also kept constant i.e., 1:3 to observe the effect of oxide on the polymerization of copolymer. The reaction mixture was stirred continuously at 0 ºC. The black precipitate of the Pani- PPy copolymer formed was collected by filtration and thoroughly washed with distilled water, until the filtrate became colourless. Any unreacted pyrrole/aniline in the copolymer was removed by washing, the precipitate with methanol and the copolymer was dried under vacuum at room temperature. [21,22,23] and designated as FPPZ. During the synthesis of the copolymer, varied amount of Y2O3 powder (n =10,20, 30, 40, and 50% by weight) is added with continueous stirring. The use of 1:1 ratio(w/w) of monomer is for polymerization of aniline and pyrrole for synthesis of copolymers is maintained. PPy compsite samples were prepared with a relatively proportional, molar ratio of 1:3 is mentained. The reaction mixture was agitated continuously for 3 hrs, during this process, the solution was always kept at 0 ºC. The black precipitate of the PaniPPy/nY2O3 compsites formed was collected by filtration and thoroughly washed with distilled water, until the filtrate became colourless. Any unreacted pyrrole in the composite was removed by washing the precipitate with methanol and the composite was dried under vacuum at room temperature obtained PaniPPy nY2O3 composites are designated as FPP10YZ,FPP20YZ, FPP30YZ, FPPY40YZand FPP50YZ. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The FTIR spectra of FPPZ (FPPZ) show intense characteristic peaks indicate the formation of doped copolymer. Which are further confirmed from the Bekir et.al11 reports. XRD of the copolymer shows the one broad peak indicating the homogeneously mixing of the Pani and PPy and more crystalline than the pure PPy or pure Pani from the literature. Further, SEM and TEM image confirms the agglomerated particles of irregular spherical shape of copolymers. 3.1 FTIR Figure 1(a and b) show the above significant absorption bands for pure panippy and one of the representative same of composite of FPP30YZ, composites. The peaks are not clear or ill defined, indicates the aromatic ring vibrations of pyrrole and aniline molecules are in different planes so some of the stretching frequencies are shifted. That is shifting from 1548 cm-1 and 1574 cm-1 after the formation of copolymer which is a characteristic peak for pyrrole ring vibrations. Similarly for 1175, 1047 and 1049, 965 and 935, 790 and 799 cm-1 their corresponding frequencies in pure PPy is 1180, 1046 and 918 cm-1. This indicates that PPy and Pani interact to form copolymer or substituted product is formed. Further oxide peaks are also observed in the composites around 350 cm-1 shows presence of oxide in the composite but there is no chemical interaction. There may be a weak interaction between oxide and the copolymer. There is slight shifting of peaks in the composites may be due to the difference in chain length after the addition of oxide. 280
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME Fig1: Indicates the representative FTIR of a) Pure FPPZ b)FPP30YZ 3.2 XRD Figure 2 (a), (b) and (c) shows the XRD patterns of pure FPPZ FPP10YZ and FPP30YZ samples respectively. They indicate the amorphous nature of PaniPPy/Y2O3 composite samples with varying weights of Y2O3 composites. Presence of sharp peaks reveals the some degree of crystallinity in the sample. With these two representative samples crystallinity increases as the oxide content in the composite increases. As there is a broad peak still indicates after the formation of composites also amorphous nature still existing. Some of the Y2O3 peaks are not defined indicates that copolymer is cover the oxide planes so x-rays are not sufficiently scattered those plane. Figure 2: XRD of Representative Pure FPPZ and FPP10YZ and FPP30YZ respectively 281
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME 3.3 SEM Figure 3 (a) - (d) shows 10K magnification SEM images of the FPPZ, FPP10YZ, FPP30YZ and FPP50YZ samples prepared in FeCl3 medium. Morphology of the growing surface is influenced by the type of oxide and supporting medium. The Y2O3 particles are covered by copolymer of PaniPPy having irregular shape forming compact and globular arrangement. Approximate particle size of the FPPZ, FPP10YZ, FPP30YZ and FPP50YZ samples are 200 nm, 250 nm and 253 nm and 256 nm respectively. Figure 3: SEM of of 10K magnification of the FPPZ FPP10YZ, FPP30YZ and FPP50YZ samples Figure 4: TEM of the FPPZ and Representative FPP30YZ samples 3.4 TEM Figure 4. Shows the TEM of the representative of FPPZ and FPP30YZ composite. The particles appear to be capped one over the other to form chain and finally forms cluster covers the oxide particles. Average grain size is 100 nm. 3.5 Thermal analysis Figure 5 shows TG curve of FPPZ and FPP10YZ sample. Steep TG curve of FPP10YZ composite contain two stages of degradation from room temperature to 550 0C. First stage of degradation starts at room temperature to 150 0C and second degradation curve is from 150 to 550 0 C. The onset temperature and Tmax for the second stage degradation of the composite is 310 and 550 282
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME 0 C. Total weight loss is during the degradation is about 90%. This indicates that the composite is more crystalline and less stable than the FPPZ sample. Figure 6. Indicates the DSC curves forFPPZ and FPP50YZ composite. Curve for pure Pani in the pure Pani-PPy is obtained at around 73 ºC but in case of Pani in PaniPPy/Y2O3 composites appear at 63.32 ºC with broad dip but sharp glass transition temperature (Tg) for FPPnYZ appears at 82.192 ºC may be due to PPy it also consists of one more dip at 428.516 ºC which indicate the overlapping of the oxide decomposition with melting or decomposition of the polymer. Figure 5: Shows TG curve of FPPZ and FPP10YZ Sample. Figure 6. Indicates the DSC curves for FPPZ and FPP50YZ composite 3.6 Electrical conductivity Figure 7 shows the frequency dependent conductivity of the PaniPPy/Y2O3 composites. Frequency independent region is quite shorter than that for the pure FPPZ sample i.e102-104 Hz.(except for FPP30YZ sample for which hardly there is any frequency independent region). Table 1 shows the room temperature conductivity at 100 Hz frequency and crossover frequency values of FPPnYZ sample. Figure 7: Shows the frequency dependent conductivity of the PaniPPy/Y2O3 composites Figure 8: indicates the conductivity as a function of percentage of yttrium oxide in FPPnYZ samples at 100 Hz frequency 283
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME Figure 8 Indicates the conductivity as a function of percentage of yttrium oxide in FPPnYZ samples at 100 Hz frequency. First two oxide composites show lower conductivity than the PaniPPy. FPP30YZ composite show from initial frequency itself continuous and rapid increase in the conductivity values as the frequency is increased. The frequency around which the conductivity starts increasing relatively rapidly could be called as the crossover frequency. Table 1: Conductivity values at 100 Hz frequency and cross over frequency of FPPnYZ samples Composites FPPZ FPP10YZ FPP20YZ FPP30YZ FPP40YZ FPP50YZ Conductivity (S/cm) 1.948 × 10-7 2.501 ×10-8 1.4792× 10-7 2.7592× 10-7 2.9525× 10-7 7.061 ×10-8 Crossover frequency (Hz) 1× 105 1 × 105 3 ×105 --1× 105 1× 105 Table 2: Indicates the dielectric constant and dielectric loss (at 100 Hz) for FPPnYZ composites Composites Dielectric constant Dielectric loss FPPZ FPP10YZ FPP20YZ FPP30YZ FPP40YZ FPP50YZ Pure Y2O2 686 149 376 3454 663 543 5.08 5.12 3.03 3.36 1.44 7.97 5.10 0.653 PaniPPy/oxide composites: The addition of one more monomer (Pani) during the synthesis, i.e, oxidation, leading to a restriction for the growing polymer chain may due to two reasons a) competition in the growing polymer chains or b) the side chain formation. Further, addition of oxide may act as impurity so that growing polymer may further be restricted. Hence, oxide particles are not completely covered by the polymer as observed from SEM and TEM results. Oxide particles are partially covered by the polymers so oxide- oxide interaction may be more leading to lowering of conductivity. Dielectric constant and Dielectric Loss Figure 9 and 10 presents the frequency dependent dielectric constant and dielectric loss for the FPPnYZ composites. Inset of the figure show Dielectric constant and dielectric loss for pure FPPZ. Frequency dependent dielectric loss for FPP30YZ sample show slightly different from the usual curve. Frequency dependent region of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss region is 105 and 107 Hz respectively. 284
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME Figure 9: Presents the frequency dependent dielectric constant and for the FPPnYZ composites Figure 10: Presents the frequency dependent dielectric loss for the FPPnYZ composites Figure 11 indicate the dielectric constant and dielectric loss as a function of percentage of Yttria in FPPnYZ composite samples. It indicates that FPP30YZ composite show highest dielectric constant of 3454 and its dielectric loss value is 1.44. Highest dielectric loss value found for FPP40YZ sample. Figure 11: Iindicate the dielectric constant and dielectric loss function of percentage of Yttria in FPPnYZ composite Figure 12: Depicts the Cole-Cole plots of the as a FPPnYZ samples Relaxation Behaviour In practice, the Cole-Cole plots are often not exactly semicircular but are distorted to varying degrees. Similarly, the peaks in the imaginary impedance Z are not symmetric Debye peaks but are often broadened asymmetrically. The traditional approach to describing such distorted peaks is to regard them as the superposition of an appropriate number of individual Debye peaks, each occurring at different frequency4,5. This introduces the concept of a distribution of relaxation times. In ColeCole plot representation. Cole-Cole plot units used for the X-coordinate should be equal to the Y285
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME coordinate or if the plots become so small, then half the X-axis coordinate is equated to the Ycoordinate and some time if plots are half the semicircular then such plots can be fitted by a polynomial of second order for further calculation of the relaxation time6-10. Relaxation time (τ) is a characteristic time that determines the sluggishness of the dipole response to an applied field. It is the mean time for the dipole to lose its alignment with the field due to its random interactions with the other molecules through molecular collisions, lattice vibrations and so forth8,9. Figure 12 depicts the Cole-Cole plots of the FPPnYZ samples. Inset of the figure shows the Cole-Cole plot of the FPPZ sample. All these samples show almost semicircular curves which is distributed to some extent. Table 3 indicates the relaxation time for FPPnYZ samples. Figure 13. indicates relaxation time as a function of weight percentage of Yttrium oxide in FPPnYZ composites. For FPP10YZ composite show high relaxation time that of others show lower relaxation time. Table 3: Relaxation time of FPPZ and FPPnYZ composites Composites FPPZ FPP10YZ FPP20YZ FPP30YZ FPP40YZ FPP50YZ ࣎ Sec 5.308 x 10-5 1.592 x10-4 7.962x 10-5 7.962x 10-6 1.769 x10-5 5.308 x10-5 CONCLUSIONS Pani PPy copolymer were synthesized and encapsulate the yttria particles. Is ensured by FTIR and XRD surface morphology of the pani ppyY2O3 composites are irregular shape and having particle size around 200-250nm. Polymer chain capped oneover the other over the metal oxide. DSC and TG show the thermal stability of the composites. Pani ppy copolymer oxide composites also shows the conductivity range almost 10-8 to 10-7 s/cm at room temperature. Composites also show the dielectric constants in the range of 150 to 3500 FPP30YZ shows the highest dielectric constant and lowest dielectric loss value. Cole cole plots for the all the copolymer composites show the semi circle and lowest relaxation is also shown to the FPP30 YZ composite. Such attractive electrical properties have scope in sensors and actuators and battery applications such work is under progress. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Abhijit V. Shevade, Margie L. Homer,Charles J. Taylor, Hanying Zhou,April D. Jewell, Kenneth S. Manatt,Adam K. Kisor, Shiao-Pin S. Yen,and Margaret A. Ryan . Electrochem. Soc. 153(11): 2006, H209-H216. A Mirmohseni, A Oladegaragoze. J Appl Polym Sci, 85,2002, 2772. Narsimha Parvatikar, Shilpa Jain, Syed Khasim, M. Revansiddappa, S.V. Bhoraskar, M.V.N. Ambika Prasad Sensors and Actuators B 114(2), 2005, 599-603. N. N. Mallikarjuna, S. K. Manohar, P. V. Kulkarni, A. Venkataraman, T. M. Aminabhavi Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 97, 2005 1868–1874. Kaushik Mallick, Michael J Witcomb,Michael S Scurrell, Andre M Strydom, Gold Bulletin 41,2008 , 3. K VISHNUVARDHAN, V R KULKARNI, C BASAVARAJA and S C RAGHAVENDRA Bull. Mater. Sci., 29, (1), 2006, 77–83. 286
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