Multidisciplinary Research Subjects Volume 1

Editor-in-Chief
DR. DILIPKUMAR A. ODE
Redshine Publication, Lunawada (Guj.)
Associate Editors
DR. BREEZ MOHAN HAZARIKA
DR. SACHIN BALKRISHNA SOMWANSHI
Editors
JIGESHKUMAR D. CHAUHAN
DR. BIRAJLAKSHMI GHOSH
DR. SHYAMSUNDAR BAIRAGYA
DR. SHIRSHENDU SHIL TRIVEDI
ATANU MONDAL
Legal Adviser
Yogeshkumar A. Ode
(Advocate)
L O N D O N | I N D I A
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH-X
Volume-1

MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH-X, VOLUME-1
Edited by: Dr. Dilipkumar A. Ode, Jigeshkumar D. Chauhan, Dr. Birajlakshmi Ghosh,
Dr. Shyamsundar Bairagya, Dr. Shirshendu Shil Trivedi & Atanu Mondal
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH
Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities: Administrative sciences, Advertisement, Anthropology,
Physical anthropology, Archaeology, Criminology, criticism, Cultural Aspects of Development,
Economics, Education, English language, Fine Arts, Geography, History, International Relations,
Journalism, Languages and Literature, Law and Legislature, Library and Archival Sciences, mass
communication, Museology (Museum science), Music, Philosophy, Photography, Physical
Education and sports, Political, Political Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Recreational
& performing arts, Religious Studies, Social Welfare, Sociology, Statistics, Teacher Education,
Tourism Management, Visual Arts, Women Studies.
Management and Commerce: Accounting and Banking, Business and Marketing, business
ethics, Commerce, Database Management System, Economics, Energy Management,
entrepreneurship, finance, Financial Development and management, human resource management,
Human Resources accounting, Insurance and Risk Management, Logistics, Management,
marketing, MIS, Negotiation and counselling, operations management, organizational behaviour,
Production and operation, Quality management, quantitative methods, sales and distribution
management, strategy, Supply chain management, Tourism Management, Travel management.
Medical Science: Cancer, Cardiology, Clinical Biochemistry, Haematology, Immunology,
Medical Informatics, Medicine & Rheumatology, Microbiology, Pharmocol/Forensic
Medicine/Toxicology Surgery, Physiotherapy.
Pharmacy: Critical care, Community, Preventive, Forensic and legal, Addiction, Alternative,
Occupational, Participatory, Sports, Transfusion. Topic of articles is not limited to the above-
mentioned subjects only. We cordially invite research articles of high quality of any subject which
will serve the purpose of greater interest of humanity.
Science, Engineering and Technology: Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural
Engineering, Applied Chemistry, Applied physics, Architecture and Construction, Artificial
Intelligence, Automobile Engineering, Biotechnology, Ceramic Technology, Chemical
Engineering, Civil Engineering, Communication Engineering, Computer Engineering, Computer
Science and Engineering, Earth quake Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Embedded System, Environmental Engineering,
Food Engineering and Technology, Garment Technology, Highway Engineering, Industrial
Engineering, Information Technology, Instrumentation Engineering and Technology, Interior
Design and Decoration, Leather Technology, Electronics Engineering, Library and Information
Sciences, Marine Engineering, Material Science, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical
Laboratory Technology, Metallurgical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Nano Technology,
Petroleum Engineering, Plastic Engineering and Technology, Polymer Engineering, Production
and Industrial Engineering, Robotics, Rural Development and Technology, Software engineering,
Structural engineering, Telecommunication Engineering, Test and Testability, Textile Design,
Engineering and Processing, Textile Technology (Knitting/ Spinning/ Weaving), Urban Studies.

DR. DILIPKUMAR A. ODE
(M.A., M.Phil., M.Ed., Ph.D)
Chief Editor
Redshine Publication, Lunawada (Gujarat)
Dr. Dilipkumar A. Ode M.A., M.Phil(Eco).,
M.Ed.,Ph.D (Eco) Has Had His Higher Education From
Sadar Patel University, M.K.Bhavnagar University &
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University.
He Has 6 Years Teaching Experience at UG & PG Level.
He Published11 Books on Economics. He Published
17 Papers in International Journal, Attended and Presented
9 Papers in State Level Seminar, 18 Papers in National
Level Seminar And 6 Papers in International Level Seminar. He Has Attended
Workshop /Webinar More Than 100. Chief Editor in RedShine Publication and
Published More Than 22 Books. His Main Areas of Specialisation in Macro and
Micro Economics, Labour Economics and International Trade & Public Finance.
About Associate Editors (Chief Reviewers)
Associate Professor
Department of English
D.C.B. Girls’ College, Jorhat (Assam)
Dr. Breez Mohan Hazarika is an Associate
Professor in the Department of English, DCB Girls’
College Jorhat (Assam). He is a Postgraduate from
Savitribai Phule Pune University and obtained his
doctoral degree from Assam University. In his
professional career of twenty-four years, he has acquired
a varied and enriching experience of teaching in the
Undergraduate Programme and represented as a member
of the Undergraduate Board of Studies and the
Honourable Court of the Dibrugarh University (Assam). His area of teaching and
research extends to dramatic literature, Indian English drama, gender and cultural
studies, postcolonial literature, and communication studies. He has authored a
textbook on AECC English Communication for undergraduate students of the all-

India CBCS curriculum. His publications include twelve research papers in the
reputed UGC-CARE Group-I journals, two in the erstwhile UGC approved journals,
and another one in an international peer reviewed refereed journal. Besides these, he
is also the author of five more research articles published in edited books. He is a
recipient of the Organic Linkage Award conferred by the Government of Assam in
2015. He keeps updating his skills by enrolling regularly in the Massive Open
Online Courses (MOOCs) under UGC’s SWAYAM platform.
DR. SACHIN BALKRISHNA SOMWANSHI
Associate Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutics
Pravara Rural Education Society's,
College of Pharmacy (for Women), Chincholi, Nashik-422102 (Maharashtra)
Dr. Sachin Balkrishna Somwanshi completed his B.
Pharm from Savitribai Phule Pune University. He holds
Master degree in Quality Assurance from Nagpur
University. He is currently working as an Associate
Professor, at Loknete Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil (Padma
Bhushan Awardee) Pravara Rural Education Society’s,
College of Pharmacy (For Women), Chincholi, Nashik. He
is highly Professional Academician and Researcher in
Pharmacy filed. He has more than 12 years of teaching
experience at UG and PG levels. He has received The Research Excellence Award
2020 from Institute of Scholars, for outstanding excellence and remarkable
achievements in the field of Research and Publication. He has 35 research and
review articles published in International and National journal of repute. He has
attended and presented his work in several National and International Seminars and
Conferences. He has also attended ATAL-AICTE FDP, STTP, webinar. He is
reviewer for several scientific and international journals. He is life member of
several national and international associations like APTI, IPA, Community
Pharmacists of India, InSc, Registered pharmacist. His research area includes novel
vesicular, microparticulate, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.

About Editors
MR. JIGESHKUMAR D. CHAUHAN
M.Com, M.Ed, PGDCA,UGC-NET, GSET, Ph.D (Pursuing)
Assistant Professor
Christian College of Education, Anand (Gujarat)
&
Research Scholar
Indian Institute of Teacher Education, Gandhinagar (Gujarat)
Mr. JigeshKumar Devendrabhai
Chauhan completed has BBA, M.Com, M.Ed
from Sardar Patel University. He holds PGDCA
degree from C-DAC (Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing). He is Qualified for
assistant professor in UGC-NET (Education) &
Gujarat State Eligibility Test -(Education). He
has passed many competitive exams like for
teacher TET,TAT,IBPS for Bank, Sub Auditor, ITI Instructor, and TRPs (The
Government of India authorised tax professionals called as the Tax Return
Prepares).
Right Now, he is servicing as An Assistant Professor at Christian College of
Education, Anand, he is pursuing Ph.D. He has 5 years of varied teaching experience
at College level & school level in the field of computer. He has published Seven
Research Articles on education in India and J.D.Chauhan has participated and
presented papers in various National and State level seminars and workshops. He is
an Editor in reputed national and international level publishers & more than 17
edited books published by him. Also, owner of NET GSET Telegram Channel (link
for channel t.me/NETGSET). This channel helps UGC Net Set aspirants in subjects
like general paper 1 and Education & Commerce paper 2. His fields of interest are
Guidance and Counselling, Educational Psychology and Research Methodology.

DR. BIRAJLAKSHMI GHOSH
Principal,
Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir, Hooghly (West Bengal)
Dr.Birajlakshmi Ghosh is a commandable scholar and
writer in the field of Education in India.She worked as
Assistant Professor of Political Science Satsuma College,
Kolkata,West Bengal.She worked as Assistant Professor of
Political Science Method in Krishnanagar B.Ed
College.Since 2012 She work's as Principal at B.Ed
Department of Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir,B.Ed and D.El.Ed
College.
She has More than 17Yers Teaching Experience in
General and Teachers Training College.
She has done her M.A in Political,B.Ed. And M.Ed from University of
Calcutta.She obtained M.A in Education And Ph.D in Education from University of
Kalyani.
She has Published 19 Books in the field of Education.She has Research
Article in ISSN Peer Reviewed Journal.She Has Attained and Presented paper in
State, National and International level Seminar, Workshop.
She worked as Head Examinar and Examinar and Paper Setter in Calcutta
University, Kalyani University, Burdwam University, Shidhu-Kanu-Birsha
University and West Bengal University of Teacher's Training Educational Planing
and Administration.
Inspite of that she is working different Projects on Environmental Protection.

Department of Education,
Vinaya Bhavana, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan,
Dist.: Birbhum, West Bengal-731 235
Dr. Shyamsundar Bairagya, M.A. (In Economics,
Education and Environmental Studies), PGDCSA, B.Ed. and
Ph.D. in Education from Kalyani University, Kalyani, Nadia,
West Bengal. He Stood First Class First in Economics in M.A
Examination of the University of Visva - Bharati. He
discharged the service as Head and Professor in Education of
the University of Gour Banga, Malda, and West Bengal. He was
assigned the position of acting Registrar and Officiating Vice
Chancellor of the University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal. Currently he is in
the position of Vice Principal and Associate Professor, Department of Education,
Vinaya Bhavana, Visva Bharati. The Author Supervised 14 Ph.D. scholars and
Attended 50 seminars in National and International level and published 55 papers in
reputed journals. His thrust areas of teaching are Research Methodology,
Educational Technology, Economics of Education and Environmental Education.
DR. SHIRSHENDU SHIL TRIVEDI
Assistant Professor & Head
Department of Zoology
Dr. R.M.L.PG. College, Allipur, Hardoi 241001 UP, India.
Dr. Trivedi got his Master Degree in Zoology
from Kanpur University. He done his Ph.D. Degree
from C.S.J.M. University Kanpur. He published
several Research Papers and Articles in the National
and International Journal of Repute. He has more than
10 years teaching experience in under Graduate and
Post Graduate students. He is engaging in Teaching
and Research since last 10 years. He is an excellent
teacher and writer in the field of Zoology and inter-
related subjects. He is the member of Several important Scientific Associations such
as ISCA, Earth Foundation, Entomological Society of India, Life Science

Association of India etc. Presently, Dr. Trivedi is serving as Assistant Professor and
Head of Zoology Dept. at DR. R.M.L.PG. College (C.S.J.M. University) Allipur,
Hardoi 241001, Uttar Pradesh and also performing several Administrative duties of
the college.
ATANU MONDAL
Research Scholar of Geography
CMJ University, Jorabat (Meghalaya)
Atanu Mondal live in Rajarhat Newtown, North 24
Parganas, West Bengal. I have completed B.Sc from Dum
Dum Motijheel college under Calcutta University in 2007
and M.SC from CSJM University in 2009. Then completed
B.E.D from M.D. University in 2010 and recently
completed P.H.D in 2021 at C.M.J University (Meghalaya)
.I qualified UGC Net in 2013 and presently I am also a
school teacher at Gadamathura Haripriya High School
(H.S) in Patharpratima Block (West Bengal).I am very
interested about social science. I have 8 years teaching
experience at school level and research experience. I am also life member of
different academic bodies in the state and national level. I am specialize in
Agriculture Geography. I published 25 research papers in different reputed journal
and volume. I have attained and presented papers in many national and international
level seminars, workshop.

INDEX
No. Title Author(S) Page
No.
01. Concept And Scope of Physical
Education in Today’s Era
-Dr. Shilpa M. Vala
02. Three Stagnations of Sustainability: In
Exploration of Theoretical Sources
-Atanu Mondal
03. A Study on Impact of E-Commerce on
The Inventory Management of
Restaurant
-Dr. Dipesh Daddelal Uike
-Mr. Dhananjay Y. Lute
04. Impact Of Working Environment on
Employee Performance with Special
Reference to Selected Agriculture Based
Companies of Nagpur
-Dr. Rashmi Gupta
-Ms. Sayali Deshpande
05. A Comparative Analysis of John Dryden
and Alexander Pope as Satirists
-Dr. Breez Mohan
Hazarika
06. Academic Community’s Attitude
Towards Virtual Learning During the
Pandemic Situation
-Dr. Shyamsundar
Bairagya
07. Role Of Digital Technologies in Indian
Agriculture
-Dr. M. Mahalakshmi
08. Historical Study of Buddhist Sculptures
in Indian Museum
-Dr. Jagannath Sawant
09. A Research on Recently Launched Ola
Electric Scooter Challenges and Features
in Popular India
-N. Hariharan
10. Aspects Of Ecofeminism and Eco-
Spirituality in Bahinabai Chaudhry’s
Poetry
-Dr. Rashmi Maniar
-Ms. Vandana Kaushik
-Dr. Priya Raghav

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-X Vol-1 Page 1
DIP: 18.10.1.312608412.001
CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN TODAY’S
ERA
DR. SHILPA M. VALA
Assistant Professor,
Physical Education
Children’s University, Gandhinagar (Guj)
❖ ABSTRECT
Physical Education is accepted in India as an essential and integral part of the
educational programme at all levels. A few, decades ago physical education was thought of in
terms of marching, drills, exercises, and muscle building, But today on the other it consists of a
variety of programmes for the wholesome development of personality and the professional
preparation runs into a course of three years or more. In almost all modern schools physical
education at the Secondary level is a regular curricular subject with periods allotted in the class
time - table and some states have made physical education an examination subject for the lower
standards.
❖ EDUCATION
Education is a fostering, nurturing, and Cultivating process, dealing with the all round
development of the whole man. Education ordinarily is interpreted in terms of Knowledge. To be
more appropriate, education develops the abilities of the individual and the growth of Culture and
morality. Education is defined as "a series of experiences which enables one to better understand
new experiences". I every individual is a part of society. Hence education must be broad enough to
include the welfare of the individual and the good of society. Education should aim at an integrated
and controlled personality. The value of all educational efforts at home, school and in society is
judged by the personality which is the result of the education in thought and practice. Education
should also help the child to adjust itself to the group, develop right habits of thought and living
and to be a Constructive member of the society.
The school is an agency set by society to keep alive in the child those interests which are
sociably desirable. A large part of the time in school is devoted to the growth of intelligence.
Aquisition of knowledge alone should never be an end in itself. Physical exercise has great effect
on the mental development of the individual So general education should have Physical Education
as a part of it Education should help in the proper use of leisure. A proper and wise use of leisure
will enable an individual to attend to his work with a high degree of efficiency. Education can help
in the formation of habits which are socially sound and acceptable. In short, Education is for
behavior.
❖ PHYSICAL EDUCATION
"Physical Education is the sum of man's physical activities selected as a Kind and
conducted as to outcomes" - J. F. Williams and Brownell. Another physical educator says "Physical
education, an integral part of the total education process, is a field of Endeavour which has as its
aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes to
in recent years we find a worldwide realization of the importance of Physical education. Physical
Education is a Judicious blending of the education of body and mind. Plato said that body and mind
should be driven alike like a pair of horses hitched to a shaft. Physical Education in education
through physical activity for the development of physical fitness. Social fitness, moral fitness and
emotional fitness. A balanced. Physical education programme not only contri buts to the
development of the physique but also develops the mental, moral and social qualities. So the co-
education of mind and body should be of paramount importance. Physical education activity
disseminates the principles of democratic citizenship.
❖ PHYSICAL TRAINING
There was in existence a common misconce. ption about physical education for a long time
in India. Physical education was confused with physical Training. Physical Training is a term
mostly associated with the Defense forces. When the Ex-army men handled the physical education
classes in schools they were usually called physical training classes or drill classes. The
terminology, Physical Training has a limited meaning and implies training of the body. The
Physical Training Programme was a regimented programme similar to that of the military. It was
meant to make the individual physically fit by a regular routine of conditioning exercises. This term
has been outmoded in modern scientific physical education and no physical training can have any
value unless it contributes also to mental and moral education.
❖ PHYSICAL CULTURE
Physical culture is another terminology frequently but incorrectly used to represent physical
education. The term Physical culture was popularly used in the Nineteenth century. Physical culture
aims mainly at the building up of a strong and beautiful body which forms only one aspect of the
total programme of physical education. A big muscular body should not be the end of all physical
exercises. Physical education is a much broader and meaningful term.
❖ HEALH EDUCATION
Health has been defined by the World Health Organisation as "a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Health is the
foundation upon which rests the happiness of the people and the strength of a nation. A good
programme of physical education activities contri butes to a healthy functioning of the human
crgans and thereby assists the maintenance and improves ment of health. Medical experts are of the
unanimous opinion that exercise helps one to keep healthy and one who is in as good physical
condition is less liable to any disease than others. Physical education should be co-ordinate with
health education at all possible levels but keep its own distinctive functions clear. A condensed
definition of health states "Health is that quality of life that enables the individual to live most and
serve best." A planned study of health must necessarily be a part of school education. Health
education Comprises health knowledge, health habits and health attitudes. In a wider sphere should
encompass individual health, family health, community health and national health.
The Woods Committee report on Health Problems in Education has brought out the
following as the aims of health education.
1. To instruct children and youth so that they may conserve and improve their own health
2. To establish in them health habits and principles of living which throughout their school life
and in later years, will assure them abundant vigor and vitality which provide the basis for
the greatest happiness and service in personal, family and community liberal
3. To influence parents and other adults, through the health education programme for children,
to better habits and attitudes, so that the school may become an effective agency for the

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
promotion of the social aspects of health education in the family and community as well as
in the school itself.
4. To improve the individual and community life of the future; to insure a better second
generation, and a still better third generation; a healthier and fitter nation and race. "
Health education programme in schools broadly has three phases, namely, Health Service,
Health Supervision and Health Instruction.
❖ HEALTH SERVICES:
Health Services from an important part in the School health Education Programme. In modern
days Health Service is getting increasing importance in the School Health Programme. A health
service programme for schools normally Consist of the medical examination of pupils, protection
from communicable diseases, first aid services, correction of postural defects etc. Medical
examination with the necessary follow-up system forms the essence of health service. Every school
conducts a medical examination of the pupils at the time of admission. This helps a correct
estimation of the health condition of the pupil’s general health, vision and hearing, abnormalities,
handicaps etc. Based on the medical report necessary action shall be taken by the school authorities
with the combined efforts of the medical officer and the parents. The Medical Inspection will be of
no use if no remedial action is undertaken. So the follow-up system is of greater importance than
the medical examination of the pupils.
Health Supervision:
This guarantees to the cleanliness and the hygienic condition of the school and its environs
in which the child is to stay throughout the day, to study and play. The school environment should
be conducive to and congenial for the physical, mental and social health of the pupils. The proper
authorities should provide proper facilities for games, well ventilated class rooms with seating
arrangements, good sanitary facilities, good dining rooms, etc. In must be the responsibility of all
connected with the school including the pupils, teachers and servants to keep the school buildings,
class rooms, the school compound, garden etc clean and attractive.
❖ HEALTH INSTRUCTION:.
The pupils in schools must be given instruction in health knowledge so as to develop their
health habits. D. K. Barce says, "Health instruction is that organisation of learning experiences
directed towards the development of favorable health knowledge, attitudes and practices." Health
instruction does not require a deep study of the different diseases or a deep knowledge of medicine
but certain elementary knowledge pertaining to personal cleanliness, prevention of communicable
disease care of the eyes, ears, hair, first aid, etc. Personal cleanliness sate guards the pupils against
many diseases. The body and the clothes must be clean. An indivi dual equipped with a reasonable
knowledge of health is not merely satisfied with his healthy condition but realizes his responsibility
for the health of others in the Community. He works for the national health.
❖ RECREATION
"Recreation is worthwhile. Socially a accepted leisure experience that provides immediate and
inherent satisfaction to the individual who voluntarily participates in an activity". Hutchinson.
Recreation has been summed up by Dr. Edgren in four appropriate phrases, "Doing things, making
things, acquiring things and learning things." Recreation is a fundamental human need like food,
clothing and shelter. Any socially accepted activity whether passive, active or emotional, pursued
doing leisure time by an individual or by a group for fun, pleasure, and self satisfact ion can be
brought under the term recreation. Recreation encompasses a great variety of activities such as
outdoor and indoor games, sports, amusements, parties, arts and crafts, gardening, dancing, music,
hiking, camping, hobbies, nature games and so on. Recreational activities are endless and an

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
attempt should not be made to limit them to a small list of activities. Participation is voluntary and
spontaneous without aiming at any reward. The joy of achievement should be supreme tonal
programmes.
Through technological ingenuity the modern man has great reduced his work and created a vast
amount of leisure, it still remains a problem how to use this abundance of leisure profitably.
Recreation has expanded tremendously because of its value and increasing importance in society.
Recreation is made available to the Community mainly through private, public and Commercial
agencies.
Recreation has its physical, mental, moral, social and emotional benefits for the
development of a well balanced personality. Education and recreation are becoming more
compatible and they tend towards the same goal. The objects of education and recreation are almost
synonymous. Recreation needs trained leaders and hence courses in recreation should be instituted
in physical education Colleges. A trained physical educator can make his contribution to the health
and recreation programmes of the school and the community. Since recreation is still in its
embryonic stage in India, the physical educator is the fittest man to give leadership in this field. The
Physical Educate on teacher should play a prominent role in health education and recreation
leadership. Everyone should be educated for leisure so that he may live fully throughout his life
One of the important functions of Physical Education in schools must be to guide the young in
desirable and wholesome leisure pursuits to prevent the degeneration and degradation of society by
involvement in vicious activities like drunkenness, gambling, criminal wandering, etc. "An
education which trained acts, aimless young people for work, but not for play, for labor but not for
leisure, for toil but not for recreation, was a half - done job. "
❖ REFERENCES:
1. 1.Leon A.S., & conneectt, J.(1991). Physical activity and 10.5 year mortality in the
multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT). The International Journal of
Epidemiology, 20,690-697
2. Kusaka, Y.,Kondou , H., & Morimoto, K. (1992). Healthy life styles are associated
with higher natucheral killer cell activity. Preventive medicine, 21;602-615
3. Bouchard, C., at al.(Edc)(1994). Physical activity, fitness and health. Champaign, IL;
Human kinetics
4. Dintiman, G.B., Ward, B., & Tellez, T. (1997).Sports speed II. Champaign, IL;
Human kinetics
5. Lee R., & Nieman, D.(1993). Nutritional assessment. Madison, WI: Brown and
Benchmark.

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
DIP: 18.10.1.312608412.002
THREE STAGNATIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY: IN EXPLORATION
OF THEORETICAL SOURCES
ATANU MONDAL
Ph.D. Research Scholar
CMJ University, Jorabat, Meghalaya.
❖ ABSTRACT
The Three stagnations of notion of (social, economic, and environmental) sustainability,
which is usually depicted as three splitting rings with maximum utility at the center, has become
extensively adopted. This paper examines and analyzes key historical sustainability literature in
order to determine the origins and theoretical basis of this concept. This indicates that there is no
fixed start point for this three-stagnation idea, but instead a gradual resurgence from numerous
reviews of the economic established order from both social and ecological outlooks in initial
academic literature on the one hand, and the United Nations' quest to overcome economic
growth as a remedy to social and ecological issues on the other. Nevertheless, the idea of three
pillars seems to transcend this. We have yet to come across a theoretically sound definition of the
three stagnations. This is assumed to be owing in part to the historical history of the
sustainability debate, which has spawned many diverse schools of thought. Attempts to a
fundamentally strict operationalization of ‘sustainability' are hampered by the lack of this
theoretically strong idea.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Economic development, Stagnations, sustainability
❖ INTRODUCTION
It's value noting that these rival terminology are frequently alternated, and our choice for the
term "stagnations" is somewhat subjective. As seen in Fig. 1, this threefold definition is typically,
but not always, delineated as three observational examinations of society, environment, and
economy, with sustainability at the link. This
image appears in scholarly papers, policy
paperwork, corporate literature, and online as a
descriptor of ‘sustainability,' and while it is
frequently referred to as a ‘Venn diagram,' it
frequently absences the precise logical data
identified with like a design. Various expressions
also include three physically portrayed as layered
concentric circles or actual ‘stagnations,' or as
discrete groups for sustainability targets or
exhibitors without the use of visual aids. While
appealing for their plainness, the meaning
communicated by these diagrams, as well as the
larger "stagnation" notion itself, is frequently
ambiguous, preventing it from being effectively
utilized. It might be stated that the ‘three-
Fig. 1 Left, typical representation of
sustainability as three intersecting circles.
Right, alternative depictions: literal
‘pillars and a concentric circles approach

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
stagnation' view of ‘sustainability' (or ‘sustainable development') is a prevailing perspective within
the literature if we overlook the lack of theoretical consistency and ambiguity of competing
concepts. However, the intellectual origins of this term, as well as the point at which it entered the
consensus, are unclear, and its exact meaning is disputed. ‘‘Any of the...discussion about
sustainability...is structured around...the three-circle rubric without much serious consideration on
how it translates into a more complete knowledge of sustainability, and how it doesn't," as
Thompson puts it. (Thompson et al., 2017).
❖ HISTORIC SOURCES OF ‘SUSTAINABILITY’
In order to realize how the concept of "sustainability" became widespread in the 1980s, it's
critical to look at its broad roots. The fact that the majority of the work whose ideas flow into the
tale predates the term "sustainable" adds to the perplexity.
Senior political economists like Smith, Mill, Ricardo, and Malthus, who pondered the
restrictions of both economic and population progress in the shadow of the industrialization and
acknowledged the intrinsic exchange between wealth gain and social justice, are also relevant
(Lumley and Armstrong 2004; Caradonna 2014). Natural scientists and ecologists of the 19th and
early 20th centuries also availed to the schism between anthropocentric conservationists, who
endorse for ecological protection for long-term availability, and biocentric conservationists, who
endorse for nature conservation because of its inherent value (Callicott and Mumford 1997).
❖ A PAIR REVIEW OF ‘ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT’
Early post-World war ii, there was widespread agreement in the Western world that
international measures to promote the "development" of "less developed countries" were urgently
needed (Arndt 1987, p49). Outside of Marxist debate, the word "economic development" evolved
from relating to resource extraction in an imperial environment to an increase in material
excellently manifested by a rise in the flow of products and services, as well as per capita income
growth (Arndt 1981). As a consequence, beginning in the 1950s, the terms "economic
development" and "economic growth," which had occurred a main goal of Western economic
policy, were nearly interchangeable, notwithstanding the fact that the former term was mostly given
to impoverished areas (Arndt 1987, p51). Truman's 'Point Four,' issued in 1949, was the first wide
range of technical aid development system; capital creation ideas followed, and by 1961, the UN
had identified "International Trade as the fundamental avenue for economic growth" (ibid. p72). A
thorough evaluation of economic development initiatives being executed in developing countries
for their lack of environmental concerns was connected with an environmental critique of the
Western economic growth paradigm. Caldwell examines at a number of unsuccessful development
initiatives that were presented at the Airlie House Conference on Ecological Aspects of
International Development in 1968. Caldwell, Caldwell, Caldwell, Cal (Caldwell, 1984). Many
projects faced with the inclination to prioritize short-term benefits over genuine environmental
concerns, whether for biodiversity or ecosystem services.
❖ ASSIMILATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM: THE INSTITUTIONALIZING
OF ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT’
"Sustainable development" was defined as "way to fulfill present demands without risking
future generations' ability to satisfy stated or implied needs." Considering the significance of global
attempts like the Rio Declaration and Brundtland Report in pushing "sustainability" into the
accepted of policy debate, the unanimousness-building technique used has been questioned.
Tulloch claims that these texts are to blame for turning a "small counter-hegemonic radical
movement" into a forum for justifying and disguising transnational neoliberal policy (Tulloch
2013). Furthermore, the UN's strategy is based on the premise that poverty generates environmental
decay, which can be mitigated by reducing poverty; poverty can be minimized by decreasing

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poverty; and poverty can be decreased by poverty reduction, developing countries require economic
growth, which wants freer markets (Castro 2004). At best, this rationale is simple (La le 1991), and
at trounce, it is laundering an essentially ideological objective under the garb of kind need (Tulloch
2013), obviously contradicting the prior growth censorious works. Similarly, in his classification of
environmental lectures, Dryzek labels sustainability as a "reformist" discourse, as opposed to
"radical" discourses urging structured shift, like the limits discourse (Dryzek 2005, pp13–16).
❖ ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMICS, AND THE SOCIETY: THREE
STAGNATIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY ARISE?
Still the shortage of literature inquiring the ideas of ‘sustainability' and ‘sustainable
development,' one conceptualization, the ‘three stagnations' of environmental, economic, and social
sustainability, has acquired broad momentum. The balancing of trade-offs between obviously
identically needed goals within these three categorizations is often how this is done, though the
methods used change.
❖ THE IUCN
This was the first time the term "sustainable development" appeared in written form whenever the
IUCN, in collaboration with the UNEP and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), released its "World
Conservation Strategy" in 1980, subtitled "Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable
Development" (IUCN, UNEP, WWF 1980).The necessity for economic development, with its
social and economic purposes, to bring conservation into consideration by addressing resource
constraints and ecosystem maximum bearing drove this early vision of sustainable development.
While the three stagnations are not bluntly mentioned, their foundations are evident, and
sustainable development is characterized as ‘‘taking into account social and ecological measures as
well as economic ones" (ibid. pI). It is important to note that these three factors are not used as a
framework, and no conclusions are drawn from them.
❖ THE UNITED NATIONS
Agenda 21 (1992) articulates separate social, economic, and environmental dimensions of
‘sustainable development,' which are likely latent in the Brundtland Report (1987), however
cultural and political/institutional dimensions are also evident. Agenda 21 does address the
‘‘economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development" (8.4.1), but no
theoretical reason or context is provided (UN 1992).
The CSD issued a testing ground selection of 130 indicators the next year, with the goal of
having a "decent range of metrics" by 2000. The four components provided at the 1995 workshop
were used to classify these signals (UN 1996). Notwithstanding this, the CSD does not apply these
four aspects consistently. Three "strongly supporting components" of sustainable development,
"economic growth, social development, and environmental sustainability," were identified in a
1997 report on improvements as of Rio, with the vision of attaining "consistent success of sustained
economic development, enriched economic equality, and environmental sustainability" (UN 1997,
pp4–5), but no mention of the conflicts between these strands.
❖ DISCUSSION
After reviewing numerous of the before long literature in the hopes of learning more about the
origins of the "three-stagnation" example, I was disappointed to find no definitive answers. While
Barbier's (1987) work looks to be the forerunner of the widely used circles diagram and creates a
basis for encouraging the maximum of the goals of three systems, subject to implicit trade-offs, it
varies from later applications, particularly in its handling of the economic system.

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There are two ways in which the pillars have been imagined in the numerous works described
below. The first method, which has been taken by Cocklin (1989), Hancock (1993), and Basiago, is
to show the individual dimensions as discrete, though interconnected systems, as Barbier did
(1995).
❖ COMPETING REALITIES
Passet had previously utilized the systems method and may have modified if necessary, to its
use. This strategy often provides three different systems, each with its own set of ‘targets,' and the
interconnections between these processes ought to be controlled in order to achieve these goals as
well as the overarching aim of sustainability or sustainable development. Barbier (1987) and
Cocklin (1989) provide the best examples of this, emphasizing the integration of systems and the
management of trade-offs between them. Hancock (1993) and Basiago (1995) use a systems
approach as well, but the assumption is that the individual systems reinforce and improve one
another. Campbell (1996) also highlights the need of forgiveness. We'd put the UN's and IUCN's
methods here, which, while eschewing the terminology of systems in general, talk about these
separate dimensions getting particular purposes.
❖ HISTORICAL EMERGENCE?
It may be claimed that the historical sources of this corpus of literature are to blame for many of
the theoretical perspectives of the three pillars, as well as sustainability itself. As mentioned earlier,
the historical roots and origin of the term "sustainability" are far from straightforward; Kidd marks
out six separates but connected forces of concepts feeding into the concept (Kidd 1992), and there
may be others. We can see why the literature on sustainability is so extensive and convoluted, as
Kidd points out, since it is deeply embedded in fundamentally distinct notions. Around the same
time, many distinct schools co-opt the vocabulary of "sustainable," resulting in such a tiered
discourse. Various fundamentally separate schools co-opt the terminology of' sustainability' around
the same time, from development specialists to ecological economics and systems ecologists.
❖ SUSTAINABILITY’ VS. ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT’
I've avoided concentrating on the conflicting vocabulary of ‘sustainability' and ‘sustainable
development' even since the two are mostly so intermingled in the literature that it's hard to tell
them separately. However, it is because of this confluence that economic growth-centered
‘development' occurs an inherent aspect of ‘sustainability,' obviating the need to ask: Development
of what? Who is development for? Because of this planned uncertainty, every player can use this
hazy term for their own purposes.
Sneddon contends that ‘sustainable development' has achieved a ‘‘theoretical dead-end," and
that, for clarification, the concept of ‘sustainability' must be separated from its counterpart
(Sneddon 2000). He questions the reshaping of ‘development' as sustainable, highlighting the
countless socio-ecological injustices perpetrated across its history, as well as its obliviousness to
deep-seated structural difficulties. Earned its popularity as a term, ‘sustainability' bears
significantly less historical load, and its requirement for a particular context raises theoretical
difficulties including for whom and of what. Nevertheless, looking at more latest studies, it appears
that little has moved, and the current formulation of the Sustainable Development Goals has also
established the concept of ‘sustainable development.'
❖ CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated that the logical foundations of the idea of the "three stagnations of
sustainability" are far from obvious, and that there seems to be no one origin from which it
emanates in our efforts to understand its beginnings.

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The challenge in establishing level set for the characterization of sustainability that keep
entrenched in theory is a result of the absence of rigor in the underlying assumptions of
sustainability and the three-stagnations example. These applications would have to be context-
specific, which would necessitate proper examination of both geographical and functional
boundaries. Even though the UN SDGs' aims and indicators are optimistic, there is a lack of depth
in terms of a clear, strong theoretical foundation on which to build them, as well as the worth
judgments made along the route.
Notwithstanding the fact that this study is primarily retrospective and focuses on historical
literature, it raises key themes that are always relevant today. The need to critically scrutinize the
models we use to comprehend remains crucial. Finally, it's important to recall that, due to its
diverse and varied historical beginnings, sustainability is both topic definite and ontologically open,
in this manner any severe operationalization necessitates detailed explanation of how it is
perceived.
❖ REFERENCES
1. Altieri MA (1987) Agroecology: the scientific basis of alternative agriculture, 1st edn.
Westview, Boulder
2. Altieri MA (1995) Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture, 2nd edn. Westview
Press, Boulder
3. Arndt HW (1981) Economic development: a semantic history. Econ Dev Cult Change
29:457–466
4. Arndt HW (1987) Economic development: the history of an idea. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago
5. Arushanyan Y, Ekener E, Moberg A˚ (2017) Sustainability assessment framework for
scenarios—SAFS. Environ Impact Assess Rev 63:23–34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2016.11.001
6. Azapagic A, Perdan S (2000) Indicators of sustainable development for industry: a general
framework. Trans IChemE 78:243–261. https://doi.org/10.1205/095758200530763
7. Barbier EB (1987) The concept of sustainable economic development. Environ Conserv
14:101. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0376892900011449
8. Barbier E (2011) The policy challenges for green economy and sustainable economic
development. Nat Resour Forum 35:233–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-
8947.2011.01397.x
9. Barbier EB, Burgess JC (2017) The sustainable development goals and the systems
approach to sustainability. Econ Discuss Pap 28:1–24. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-
ejournal.ja.2017-28
10. Barbier EB, Markandya A (2013) A new blueprint for a green economy. Routledge,
Abingdon
11. Basiago AD (1995) Methods of defining ‘‘sustainability’’. Sustain Dev 3:109–119.
https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3460030302
12. Basiago AD (1999) Economic, social, and environmental sustainability in development
theory and urban planning practice.
13. Environmentalist 19:145–161. https://doi.org/10.1023/A: 1006697118620
14. Berr E (2015) Sustainable development in a post Keynesian perspective: why eco-
development is relevant to post Keynesian economics. J Post Keynes Econ 37:459–480.
https://doi.org/10. 1080/01603477.2015.1000173
15. Boyer R, Peterson N, Arora P, Caldwell K (2016) Five approaches to social sustainability
and an integrated way forward. Sustainability 8:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090878

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16. Bradley Guy G, Kibert CJ (1998) Developing indicators of sustainability: US experience.
Build Res Inf 26:39–45. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/096132198370092
17. Brand U (2012) Green economy—The next oxymoron? GAIA Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 21:5
18. Brown BJ, Hanson ME, Liverman DM, Merideth RW (1987) Global sustainability: toward
definition. Environ Manage 11:713–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867238

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DIP: 18.10.1.312608412.003
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE INVENTORY
MANAGEMENT OF RESTAURANT
DR. DIPESH DADDELAL UIKE
Professor
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Management Studies and Research (DAIMSR)
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,
Maharashtra, Nagpur, India.
MR. DHANANJAY Y. LUTE
Student
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Management Studies and Research (DAIMSR)
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,
Maharashtra, Nagpur, India.
❖ ABSTRACT
The study main purpose is to know the influence of e-commerce on the inventory management of
the restaurants. Now a day many restaurants have turned their traditional way of doing business
and now they are using the technology or software to do their business. As customers are
changing their way of interaction with the restaurants so restaurants are also improving. Now
customers want to give order by not going to the restaurant rather from anywhere. So the
restaurants are also accommodating online apps and software to fulfil the needs of the
customers. However, because restaurants deal with perishable goods or food items they have to
be very cautious also regarding the wastage of their raw materials or finished products. As
perishable food items have very limited life span. If raw materials or finished food items are not
properly managed, then restaurants don’t have any options but to throw the things and it will be
very costly for the restaurants to run. E-commerce has given them the chance to get online
orders. And this online orders give them enough time for the plan and fulfilling the needs of the
customers. The study has investigated that the restaurants have been benefitted after the
implementation of the e-commerce system and earning profits.
Keyword: Impact, E-commerce, Inventory, Management, Restaurants
❖ INTRODUCTION:
Inventory is a term which means the storage file of the goods a company is presenting for sale
and the modules that make up the whole goods. In other terms, we can say inventory is poised of
assets which will be shown in future in the common course of the operations of business. The
resources which companies store as inventory in expectation of need are as follows:
➢ Semi-finished goods
➢ Raw items
➢ Finished products
Inventory management is the min support of any operations of business. With the creation of
technology and accessibility of software applications that is driven process, inventory management

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has experienced a radical change. In any organization or business, all the functions of organizations
are connected to each and interlinked and are always overlapping. Few key elements such as
inventory, logistics and supply chain management form the support of the delivery function of the
business. Thus, these all functions are very important for marketing executives and financial
personnel also.
Inventory management is extremely necessary function which determines the status of the
supply chain and have impact on the financial status of the balance sheet. Each organization
continuously strives to attain ideal inventory to be able to fulfil its needs and prevent the under
inventory which can influence the financial condition.
The main focus of this paper is the e-commerce maintain by the restaurants and their effect on
the inventory management, the restaurants deal with the perishable products and that why the study
of management of perishable inventory is the main focus of the study. Perishable goods have a
different shelf life and it is of no use after the expiry date of the goods, these become wastage, it
means that if the proper management of the perishable goods or raw food items are not done then it
will incur a cost to the restaurants, which could have prevented.
❖ RELATED STUDIES:
Currently, the food business in India is approximately 350 billion dollars, and every day this
industry is upcoming with creative ideas so that they can provide good satisfaction to customers
and can retain them also in the long term. This situation has caused a great competition among the
online food delivery systems and specific restaurants giving free delivery services to door steps
(Saxena, 2019).
Jyotishman Das (2018), has done an investigation in ordering food through online systems and
in delivery services. the author has a goal of investigating the consumers’ views about the various
services consumers receive from various portals. The online food delivery system market is not
developed still have numerous challenges. Such kind of difficulties can only be resolved by
considering law as a method, along with combined efforts of the various online apps of food
delivery, restaurants, customers thus making an outstanding carryout atmosphere (Lan, 2016).
Inventory control means a tactical exercise of purchasing and keeping or storing raw materials at a
less price without disturbing the production and distribution of the materials. It is a method of
scrutinising when, what and how much quantity to have in store for a specific time period (Saleemi,
1997).
Abad (2003) observed the difficulties of dynamic pricing. The author has also investigated
the problems of lot-sizing for people who resells perishable products and the price of the goods can
be diverse within the cycle of inventory by taking into account the goods age and drop in value
linked to it. In the current universal market, retailers’ effective and reactive supply chain could be
attained by making accurate and timely decisions related to the orders’ quality and preserving
inventory in reasonable market circumstances.
Broekmeulen and Van Donselaar (2009) investigated the replenishment policies related to
the perishable single echelon inventory system by stochastic demand and a static life period.
Adachi (1999) has put forth a model related to perishable inventory by including various selling
prices of goods which are perishable under the stochastic demand.

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❖ OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the inventory management of the restaurants.
2. To study the working of e-commerce in running restaurants.
3. To study the role of e-commerce in the inventory management.
❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Overall, 30 restaurants from Nagpur city were selected for the studies who were using e-
commerce. The main goal of the study was to find out the impact of e-commerce on the inventory
management of the restaurants. The data collection was done through survey by standard
questionnaire and the secondary data has been gathered by websites, inventory records, e-
commerce apps and sales. The main purpose of the study was to know the influence of e-commerce
on inventory management. Five-point rating scale was used to get the response.
❖ DATA ANALYSIS:
The data collected from the restaurants are used for data analysis. Data analysis is done through
the analysis tools such as bar charts and excel sheets. The study was on how the e-commerce helps
the restaurant to manage their inventories properly. As, now they have all information about the
orders and their customers. This could be useful in knowing the daily inventory of the raw material
required for fulfilling the orders of the customers. This dynamic information helped the restaurants
to manage and keep track of the inventory. The study was done on the restaurants of Nagpur City.
Five-point rating scale was used to collect the response. So that their thoughts about the influence
of the e-commerce on the inventory could be known. So, the main purpose of the study was to find
out the influence of the e-commerce on the management of the inventory by the restaurants.
The factors which were considered for the study was status of the product, control over
inventory, surplus inventory, cost reduction, informed decisions, dead stock reduction, inventory
practices and availability of goods. For getting the information, restaurant’s owner, manager, chef
and inventory personnel were asked the questions about inventory management. Apart from that
customer were also asked about the services provided by restaurants to them. Do they get the timely
delivery of the food item or not? Finally, the collected information was designed in charts and
analysis was done.

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From the above Chart-1, it can be observed that most of the restaurants have the opinion
that with the introduction of the e-commerce the exact status of the raw materials or the food items
can be known perfectly. The reasons are as the e-commerce gives them the exact numbers of the
food items sold and the total number of food items they have sold throughout the days. This
number helps them to know to purchase the raw materials accordingly. Which helps them to keep
that much only which is required.
From the Chart-2, it can be observed that e-commerce helps you in controlling your
inventory. As we can see that maximum restaurants have an opinion that they have got good
control over the inventory. Noe their inventory is at the perfect level wherein all the raw materials
are used properly for the cooking. As the restaurants deal with the perishable products so, it
becomes mandatory that the raw materials should be used within a given time period. Now, because
restaurants have the information about products sold and how many they can sold so, they maintain
the level of inventory accordingly.
From the Chart-3, most of the restaurants have said that with the help of e-commerce they
have reduced the surplus in inventory. Which otherwise was wasted due to improper information.
now the restaurants don’t generate the surplus because of lack of information about the raw
materials. They ordered that much which is required by them. And no wastages because of the
excess amount of the raw material which is not required.
From the Chart-4, the restaurants are able to reduce the inventory management costs. Now
they do not keep much items in their inventory. The more the items, more management will be
required by them. As a result, more money will be invested to carry out the inventory related
activities. Which is now not required as there is no excess rather there is only required amount kept
by the restaurants. Less labours are required to carry out the things and less wages are given.

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From the Chart-5, the restaurants the owners can now take more informed decisions,
because with the help of e-commerce they have complete information about the customers’ orders
and they know how many food items they have to deliver. Most if the customers’ orders came in
advance which helps them to prepare themselves in advance and can do the material requirement
calculations in advance. These give them the power of taking good decisions which is based on the
prior information.
From the Chart-6, the restaurants with the help of their online orders have reduced their
dead stocks which was generated because of excess inventory which was not required but was
ordered and cannot be utilised on time. As we know that the restaurants have to consume the raw
materials on time because they are dealing with the perishable things. If not consumed on time
everything will be wasted.
From the Chart-7, now restaurants are
utilising most effective inventory
practices. Maximum restaurants have
adopted the new techniques of
managing the inventory. Because no
restaurants want to waste their money
in managing excess inventory which if
not used on time will be wasted. So,
taking help of softwares for customers
and suppliers real time data can be
obtained and can be disclosed with the
suppliers so that suppliers can also
deliver the raw materials on time and
there would not be any need to ask the
raw materials fifteen days before rather
according to need few days before also
raw materials can be delivered by the
suppliers to the restaurants.
From the Chart-8, the restaurants now
are able to make customers happy by
timely availability of the products to them. E-commerce have given them opportunity of getting the
customer’s order in advance which gives them enough time to prepare themselves for fulfilling the

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customers’ orders. And customers need not have to wait long to get their product. This has made
customers happy and given them good experience about restaurants.
❖ CONCLUSION:
From the study it can be concluded that the e-commerce has affected the inventory management of
the restaurants very positively and the restaurants have been benefited by the implementation of the
e-commerce. Restaurants are now more successful in managing their inventory and getting profits
out of them and reducing the costs that was incurred because of the lack of information, lack of
coordination, overstock, dead stock etc. maximum restaurants have been taking the advantages of
the e-commerce and simultaneously improving their restaurants inventory also, so that they can
earn profit and can provide good services to their customers for long time.
❖ REFERENCE:
1. Abad, ―Optimal pricing and lot-sizing under conditions of perishability, finite production
and partial back-ordering and lost sales, European Journal of Operations Research 144, pp
677–685, 2003.
2. A. Saxena, ―An Analysis of Online Food Ordering Applications in India: Zomato and
Swiggy, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN
2250-0588, Volume 9 Special Issue, 2019.
3. Broekmeulen, R.A.C.M., and K. H Van Donselaar, ―A heuristic to manage perishable
inventory with batch ordering, positive lead times and time-varying demand, ‖ Computers &
Operations Research, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 3013-3018, 2009.
4. H. Lan, L. Yanan, W. Shuhua, ―Improvement of Online Food Delivery Service Based on
Consumers ‘Negative Comments, Canadian Social Science, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 84-88, 2016.
5. J. Das, ― Consumer Perception towards ‗Online Food Ordering and Delivery Services: An
Empirical Study, Journal of Management (JOM) Volume 5, Issue 5, pp. 155–163,
September-October 2018.
6. Saleemi, N. A, - Quantitative techniques Simplified, Saleemi publications Ltd, Nairobi
Kenya. 8. Stroud, K.A. Engineering Mathematics 4th Edition, 1999.

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DIP: 18.10.1.312608412.004
IMPACT OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE
PERFORMANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SELECTED
AGRICULTURE BASED COMPANIES OF NAGPUR
DR. RASHMI GUPTA
Professor
Masters of Business Administration
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Management Studies and Research,
Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur (Maharashtra)
MS. SAYALI DESHPANDE
Student
Masters of Business Administration
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Management Studies and Research,
Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur (Maharashtra)
❖ INTRODUCTION
Working environment plays an important role in employee performance. There is an immense
impact of working environment on employee performance either towards positive or negative
outcome (Chandrasekar, 2011). The workplace environment impacts on employee motivational
level and their quality of performance (Healthy.V., 2006). Having a proper work place environment
helps in reducing the number of absenteeism and increase the performance in the todays
competitive and dynamic business world (Serbessa, 2019). When employees are physically and
emotionally fit, they have more desire to work and their performance outcome also increases. The
importance of work environment in a company is the most important part because it will be able to
improve employee performance. Dewi (2015), found that there is a significant influence between
work environment and employee performance (Hardiyono, 2017).
Working Environment is the sum of the interrelationship that exist within the employee and the
environment in which the employee work. Opperman (2002) defines working environment is a
composite of three major sub-environment the technical, the human and the organizational
environment. Sinha (2001) stated that employee’s performance is depending on the willingness and
also the openness of the employee itself on doing their job. He also stated that by having this
willingness and openness of employee in doing their job it could increase employee productivity
which also lead to the performance. Franco (2002) defines performance that relies on internal
motivation but presence of internal factors such as necessary skills, intellectual capacity and
resources to do the job clearly. As a result a appropriate working environment in order to make sure
the performance meet the required standard. (Waktola, Boosting Employee Performance; Impact of
Working Environment on Employee Performance: Case study on Ethio-Telecom at ambo branch,
2019).
A healthy working environment makes good business sense and is characterized by respect that
supports employee engagement and creates a high performance culture that encourage innovation
and creativity (Kohun, 2002). Organization deemed as a positive place to work will more likely

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have a competitive edge since they are in a better position to attract and retain highly skilled
employees. This is a significant consideration in the current tight labor market. A positive
workplace environment is likely to result in less employee turnover, fewer cases of fraud, better
safety practices, easier to attract and retain qualified employee and improved employees wellbeing
(Cunneen, 2006).
❖ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This paper is focused on how employee’s performance can be increased by developing a
conducive work environment and what are the impacts on employee performance. The reason for
selection of the topic is working environment plays an important role towards employee
performance as the work environment has direct impact on the employee performance,
productivity, health, comfort, job satisfaction, and moral. An improper and unfavorable work
environment leads to work stress where as a good conductive environment will boost the
performance of employee as well as the organization.
❖ TYPE OF RESEARCH: -
It is a Descriptive type of research.
❖ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To study on the work environment of the organization.
2. To study how work environment (physical and social environment) influence on employee
performance.
3. To find the impact of working environment on employee performance.
❖ HYPOTHESIS
Hypotheses is the prediction made on dependent and independent variables in the research.
Hypotheses is found out in terms of the particular dependent and independent variable that are used
to study. Here in this study the dependent variable is employee performance and the independent
variable is working environment
H0: There is impact of working environment on employee performance.
H1: There is no impact of working environment on employee performance.
❖ RESEARCH DESIGN INCLUDING SAMPLE DESIGN
In this research, Descriptive research method is used and its aims to accurately and systematically
describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when, and how
questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research can use a wide variety of research method
to investigate one or more variables. It one of the three basic types of research design and is
qualitative research method. The population used in the study is the employees from Agricultural
sector in Nagpur
Population: Approximate 500 employees
Sampling Unit: Employees working in lower to middle level management
Sample Size: 50 Employees
Sampling Technique: Simple Random Sampling
❖ DATA COLLECTION
The method of collecting data is divided into two different sections, namely primary data and
secondary data.
Primary Data: The Primary Data is collected through Questionnaire.

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Secondary Data: The Secondary Data is collected through literature review, journals, articles, books
etc.
❖ METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS: -
The data analysis is the study which will be done on the basis of descriptive analysis method.
The data is analyzed through graphical representation with the help of pie chart and bar graph.
❖ DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Aspects of Working Environment
1. There is a culture of teamwork and co-operation within the organization
Culture of team work and cooperation
Interpretation:
In table and graph, when respondents were asked that there is a culture of team work and
cooperation within the organization the majority of respondents that was 62.7% i.e. 32 respondents
were agree, 19.6% i.e. 10 respondents were neutral to the question, 11.8% i.e. 6 respondents were
strongly agree, 3.9% i.e. 2 respondents were strongly disagree with the question and the lest was
2% i.e. only one respondent was disagree
Aspects of Working Environment 1 2 3 4 5
Comfort 5 4 6 17 19
Resting Area 10 6 7 15 13
Lighting 3 2 8 15 22
Availability of equipments 3 6 8 12 22
Ventilation 4 2 11 25 9
Temperature 5 7 6 24 9
Furniture 3 4 4 19 21

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2. The culture and emotional climate of the organization is positive and supportive
Interpretation:
In the table and graph , when the respondents were asked that The culture and emotional climate of
the organization is positive and supportive the majority of respondents that was 56.9% i.e. 29
respondents were agree with the question, 13.7% i.e. 7 respondents were strongly agree, 21.6% i.e.
11 respondents were neutral for the question only one respondent that is 2% were strongly disagree
and 5.9% i.e. 3 respondents were disagree with the question.
3. Your work is properly recognized and rewarded by your senior in the organization
Interpretation:
In the table and graph 4.5 when the respondent were asked that Your work is properly recognized
and rewarded by your senior in the organization the majority of respondents that was 58.8% i.e. 29
respondents were agree with the question, 7.8% i.e. 4 respondents were strongly agree, 15.7% i.e. 8
respondents were neutral for the question, 13.7% i.e. 7 respondents were disagree and 3.9% i.e. 2
respondents were strongly disagree with the question.
4. Your views, ideas, and opinions are considered while discussion

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
Interpretation:
In the table and graph, when the respondents were asked that Your views, ideas, and opinions are
considered while discussion majority of the respondents that was 58.8% i.e. 39 respondents were
agree with the question, 5.9% i.e. 3 respondents were strongly agree, 21.6% i.e. 11 respondents
were neutral for the question 3.9% i.e. 2 respondents were strongly disagree and 9.8% i.e. 5
respondents were disagree with the question.
5. There is a good bond between you and your colleagues and supervisors
Interpretation:
In the table and graph, when the respondents were asked that is There is a good bond between you
and your colleagues and supervisors’ majority of the respondents that was 60.8% i.e. 31
respondents were agree with question, 15.7% i.e. 8 respondents were strongly agree, 19.6% i.e. 10
respondents were neutral for the question, and 3.9% i.e. 2 respondents were strongly disagree and
there were no respondents that were disagree with the question.
6. Do you feel motivated in your work place
Interpretation:
In the table and graph ,when the respondents were asked that do, they feel motivated in their work
place majority of the respondents that was 72.5% i.e. 37 respondents said yes, 13.7% i.e. 7
respondents said no and 13.7% i.e. 7 respondents replied maybe to the question.

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7. You receive constructive feedback to improve your work
Interpretation:
In the table and graph, when the respondents were asked that You receive constructive feedback to
improve your work majority of the respondents 62.7% i.e. 32 respondents were agree with the
question, 3.9% i.e. 2 respondents were strongly agree with the question, 23.5% i.e. 12 respondents
were neutral with the question, 2% i.e. only one respondent was strongly disagree and 7.8% i.e. 4
respondents were disagree with the question.
❖ CONCLUSION
One of the main motivating factors for employee, besides having good benefits, is the work
environment. Employee needs a healthy atmosphere in order to work optimally. Many employee
may have the necessary skills to meet the requirements of a position, but if they are not in a
comfortable work environment, they not react their potential A negative work environment reduces
employee motivation and enthusiasm, thus damaging the productivity, performance of the
company, and significantly affecting the physical and mental health of professionals. In a company
with toxic work climate, the probability of employee turnover is greater. There for it is critical that
the company invest time and effort in fostering a suitable work environment that satisfies the
development of individuals and growth as a part of team results in a much better optimization of
time and resource.
❖ REFERENCES
1. Bernardin, H. (2013). Human Resource Management: An Experimental Approach. New
York: McGraw-Hill .
2. Bhavya Patil, D. D. (2017). A Study on Working Environment and its Impact on Employee
Performance in Hospitality Industry, Belagavi. International Journal of Research and
Scientific Innovation (IJRSI).
3. Chandrasekar, K. (2011). Work place environment and its impact on organization .
4. Colquitt, J. A. (2013). Improving Performance and Commitment in The Workplace .
McGraw-Hill.
5. Cunneen, P. (2006). How to improve performance management . People Management.

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
DIP: 18.10.1.312608412.005
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF JOHN DRYDEN AND ALEXANDER
POPE AS SATIRISTS
Associate Professor
Department of English
D.C.B. Girls’ College, Jorhat (Assam)
❖ ABSTRACT
Satire is a literary genre for exposing, ridiculing, and criticising the human absurdities,
eccentricities, vices, and follies. Samuel Johnson defines satire as a poem in which wickedness
or folly is criticised. Chris Baldick refers to satire as a mode of writing that exposes the failings
of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule or scorn. J.A. Cuddon describes a satirist as
one who is a self-appointed guardian of standards, ideals and truth; of moral as well as aesthetic
values. Satires can be classified into three types –Juvenalian, Mennippean, and Horatian –
named after its pioneers. Satires serve as eye openers because they tell people about their
wrongdoings or the injustices in the society. Satirists hold a mirror where people can see the
reflection of the mistakes, and figure out workable results solutions for negative issues. John
Dryden and Alexander Pope are two celebrated names in the history of English satirical
writings. The research article aims to make a comparative analysis of John Dryden and
Alexander Pope as satiric poets. It will seek to identify their points of similarity and differences
as practitioners of the genre of satire.
Keywords: Satire, Satirists, Similarities, Differences, John Dryden, Alexander Pope.
❖ Introduction
Satire is a literary genre for exposing, ridiculing, and criticising the human absurdities,
eccentricities, vices, and follies (Elliot, 2004). Samuel Johnson, in his “Dictionary” (2007), defines
satire as a poem in which wickedness or folly is criticised. Chris Baldick, in The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Literary Terms” (2001), refers to satire as a mode of writing that exposes the failings
of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule or scorn. J.A. Cuddon, in the Penguin
“Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory” (1992), describes a satirist as one who is a “self-
appointed guardian of standards, ideals and truth; of moral as well as aesthetic values.” Cuddon
adds that a satirist, “takes it upon himself to correct to correct, censure and ridicule the follies and
vices of society and thus to bring... a desirable and civilised norm” (p. 780). Satires can be
classified into three types –Juvenalian, Mennippean, and Horatian – named after its pioneers. The
Juvenalian satire is basically a political satire for attacking the corrupt politicians. The Mennippean
satire targets the vices of holy men and the superficial ecclesiastical practices and beliefs. The
Horatian satire mildly censures the wickedness of the people so that they can contemplate upon
their wrongdoings. Satires serve as eye openers because they tell people about their wrongdoings or
the injustices in the society. Satirists hold a mirror where people can see the reflection of the
mistakes, and figure out workable results solutions for negative issues.
John Donne and Alexander Pope are two most outstanding satirists in English literature.
Dryden’s satires have the force of a personal feeling and a permanent appeal of a great literature.

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His satiric influence is not only felt in his own times, but in the subsequent eras satirists like
Alexander Pope and Lord Byron have drawn inspiration from him. His satirical works include Mac
Flecknoe (1678), “Absalom and Achitophel (1681), and “The Medall” (1682). “Mac Flecknoe” is a
mock-heroic poem where Dryden satirises Thomas Shadwell as the inheritor of dullness for his
literary pretensions. “Absalom and Achitophel” is a satire on the contemporary politics. In “The
Medall,” Dryden censures the politics of sedition started by the Whigs.
Alexander Pope is distinguished for a number of satires. His most powerful satires are “The
Rape of the Lock” (1712), “The Dunciad” (1728) and “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot” (1732). In “The
Rape of the Lock,” Pope’s subject matter is the fashionable, artificial, snobbish English society of
the eighteenth century. Through his protagonist Belinda’s long toilet, easy-going life, and the mode
of idle gossips and the game of ombre in high societies, Pope clearly exposes and mocks the
prevalent fashionable society for its desolation and ridiculous vanity. In “The Dunciad,” he directs
his satire on the mediocre authors of Grub Street. Similarly, in “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot,” Pope
censures the minor poetasters and pseudo critics.
❖ OBJECTIVES
The research article aims to make a comparative analysis of John Dryden and Alexander Pope
as satiric poets. It will seek to identify their points of similarity and differences as practitioners of
the genre of satire.
❖ METHODOLOGY
The present study adopts an analytical method of research to make a comparative analysis of
John Dryden and Alexander Pope as satirists. The satirical poems of both these English poets will
serve as the primary sources of data. Books on the history of English literature, and other relevant
library and digital resources will be relied upon for the secondary sources of information.
❖ DISCUSSION
John Dryden and Alexander Pope have taken the art of satire to a different level and largely
succeeded in making it diverting and thoroughly enjoyable. Both these Restoration artists follow
the mock-heroic mode of metrical verse to pen their satirical compositions. They align with each
other as Dryden and Pope adopt the epic style developed by the epic masters, Homer, Virgil and
Milton. They use the borrowed style only for serving their aim of satire to ridicule and contempt.
The mock-heroic affords them to mitigate the aggressiveness tone of their satire with a soothing
calmness, filled with fun. It allows them the space to create a comical setting so that their virulent
attacks remain at the level of acceptance, even to those against whom the satires are directed. John
Dryden’s poems “Mac Flecknoe” (1678) and “Absalom and Achitophel” (1681), and Alexander
Pope’s mock-heroic poem “The Rape of the Lock” (1712), bear testimony to the skilful application
of the mock-heroic style for realising their satirical intents. There are no English satirists who could
handle the mock-heroic with success, the way Dryden and Pope used to write their great satires.
As satirists, Dryden and Pope have been weighed down with the task to chastise, censure,
reprimand, and reprove. They have to contribute to reform the vices of mortal beings by means of
correction. Both these remarkable satirical poets are informed of the function of a satire. Their
interpretation of satire as a vehicle for censuring and educating people, in a delightful fashion, for
the marked improvement of their manners and morals, ideals and vision, stands completely clear.
With a fair understanding of his craft, Dryden went on to create some outstanding political and
literary satires. Effectively, he pours out his criticism of the decadent political and literary trends of
the Restoration era. Alexander Pope reflects Dryden’s example of writing excellent satires by
exposing the vanities and eccentricities of the fashionable English aristocratic society and the

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
superficial writings of the eighteenth century. Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel” and Pope’s
“The Rape of the Lock” chronicle the attainments of these two great masters of satire.
The parallels in style and perspective between John Dryden and Alexander Pope proceeds to
a conclusion after travelling some distance. Dryden’s program of operation diverges from that of
Pope. His satires are designed to target individuals with whom Dryden has significant conflicts of
opinion. On the other hand, Alexander Pope refrains from selective targeting of individual entities.
His satire is society specific. His censure focuses on a particular segment of the society. The
absurdities and vices of the aristocratic and artificial English society or the ordinary authorship of
the eighteenth century remain the destination of his satires. His critiques of certain personalities as
in the “Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot” and the “Dunciad” may be deemed as mere deviations. Otherwise,
his satires have no intention of spitting venom on any identities. His satirical productions have a
singular agenda, to acknowledge and reform social impairments and frailties.
John Dryden does not merely strike an individual at the personal level, but the vicious
bitterness is discharged directly. Pope’s assault is, however, not so straightforward, except in some
extraordinary instances, as in “Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot.” He keeps it in an incredibly polished
manner as in the mock-heroic poem, “The Rape of the Lock.” Conversely, Dryden heaps
vehemently personal invectives on Thomas Shadwell in his poem “Mac Flecknoe.” In this satire,
Dryden draws the figure of Shadwell as a scholarly dunce, a representative of dullness and
stupidity, and as an embodiment of nonsense. Dryden crowns him as the deserved inheritor of
Flecknoe for carrying the specious elements of an academic. He spares neither Shadwell’s hulking
frame nor his academic sterility. But the toxin injected from Pope’s satiric pen is not pernicious. In
his “The Rape of the Lock,” Pope uses a refined style to castigate the stupidities and prides of the
courtly families. The way he exposes the levities of Belinda, the woman representing the hollow
pretences of the nobility, is nowhere near Dryden’s vicious attacks of Thomas Shadwell in “Mac
Flecknoe.”
Another point of departure from John Dryden and Alexander Pope lies in their various
treatments of machinery in their satires. Both these English satirists employ an epic style in their
satiric pieces. In epical poetry, machinery is an integral component of its structure. Dryden’s
machinery, as observed in “Mac Flecknoe,” subsists of twelve pious owls and an ambush set up by
Bruce and Longville to pull down the impassionate Bard. Pope’s machinery in “The Rape of the
Lock” consists of sylphs and gnomes adopted from the Rosicrucian order. It is much more perfect
and original, and adds grace and colour to the poem. It constitutes an essential element of his satire.
But Dryden’s machinery, on the other hand, cannot stake claims to such superiority.
The two literary stalwarts, Dryden and Pope, diverge from each other in their satiric range.
The range of Alexander Pope looks much broader than that of Dryden. Pope’s satirical views fixate
on the community in its varied contours. Whereas, Dryden’s satiric lens direct only to a singular
incident or character. As a matter of fact, Dryden’s satiric perspective functions under a narrow
realm. Pope’s territory deals with a broad spectrum of the society, and incorporates the paramours
and the belle of the age in their extraneous foppishness and internal flippancy, as also the
unqualified authorship of the day. Dryden’s satires like “Mac Flecknoe” cannot gain the epical
dimension, but Pope’s mock-heroic poem “The Rape of the Lock” can assert of epical grandeur and
magnitude in the true sense of the term.
Even in the employment of the heroic couplets, Dryden and Pope are in two distinct tracks.
A heroic couplet is a verse measure having rhymed decasyllables, and composed in iambic
pentameters. The rhyme scheme of the heroic couplet is that both the lines rhyme together

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
(Cuddon, 1998). Dryden scores a point or two over Pope because his heroic couplets are less
inhibited and more diverse. On the other hand, Pope seems to be more rigid in his treatment of the
heroic couplet rhyme. His rigidity is evident from the fact that he remains planted in the two-lined
stanzas. Dryden, however, is more innovative and adventurous. He is open to experimentation and
sometimes uses the triplets and the alexandrine in his satires. But, as a versifier and a metrical
executioner, Alexander Pope is miles ahead of Dryden. Pope’s satires bear the hallmark of
authority and perfection.
❖ CONCLUSION
Thus, the above analysis confirms the positions of John Dryden and Alexander Pope as
great satiric artists in the broad body of English poetry. Their satirical works have taken the genre
of satire to dizzy heights. Both the artists share a common platform in terms of approach and
attitude, use of the epic style, and in exposing the human vices for the betterment of society. They
differ in their methodology or point of action. Dryden’s satiric lens seems to focus more on the
individual, whereas Pope is contended in chastising the absurdities and eccentricities of the
aristocratic society and the pretensions of fake authors. They also diverge in their range and in
craftsmanship. Despite their obvious differences, they have not only enriched English satirical
writing, but have set the bar for other satiric writers of the world to emulate them.
❖ REFERENCES:
1. Baldick, Chris (2001). “The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms.” Delhi: OUP.
2. Cuddon, J.A. (1992). “Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory.” New Delhi:
Penguin Books.
3. Daiches, D. (1968). “A Critical History of English Literature, Vol. 3.” UK: Martin Secker
and Warburg Ltd.
4. Dryden, J. (1992). “The Works of John Dryden.” Berkley: University of California Press.
5. Elliott, Robert C. (2004). “The Nature of Satire.” Encyclopaedia Britannica.
6. Johnson, S. (2007). “Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work That
Defined the English Language.” NY: Walker & Company.
7. Legious, E. and Cazamian (1964). “History of English Literature.” UK: Littlehampton Book
Services Ltd.
8. Pope, A. (2019). “The Works of Alexander Pope.” Sydney: Wentworth Press.

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
DIP: 18.10.1.312608412.006
ACADEMIC COMMUNITY’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIRTUAL
LEARNING DURING THE PANDEMIC SITUATION
Department of Education,
Vinaya Bhavana, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan,
Dist.: Birbhum, West Bengal-731 235
❖ INTRODUCTION
An epidemic is an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the
same time. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread across a more comprehensive geographical
range than an epidemic and has affected a significant portion of the population. The COVID 19
pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents an unprecedented
challenge to daily human life. At this time, many countries are banning gathering and locking their
population to control the spread of the havoc of this highly communicable disease. COVID 19 has
rapidly affected our day-to-day life. During this pandemic period, the lockdown has compelled
many educational institutions to cancel their classes, examinations, internship. COVID 19 has
created many challenges and opportunities for educational institutions to strengthen their
technological knowledge. The lockdown has given them a ray of hope for the teaching-learning
process to continue by online mode. The students learned from the virtual learning. Virtual
learning can be more effective in several ways.
❖ EMERGENCE OF THE STUDY
Virtual learning is an alternative way of our teaching-learning process during the pandemic
situation. Education is the backbone of our world. In this situation, most educational institutions
have tried to ensure the continuation of the teaching-learning process. So, all educational
institutions have to change their education system. They have shifted to the virtual model of their
teaching-learning process. All academic communities like students, teachers, learner's parents, and
headteachers interact using various tools and techniques. This method of learning is also referred to
as a virtual teaching-learning system. Many questions are rising in the researcher's mind about the
academic communities' attitude towards virtual learning during the pandemic. Still, now it is a
significant and sensitive issue. Therefore, in order to know the attitude of academic communities
towards virtual learning during the pandemic situation. So, the researcher has decided to take up a
systematic study of academic communities' attitudes towards virtual learning during the pandemic.
After reviewing the above literature, it has been found that so many studies were done regarding the
effectiveness of virtual learning in a pandemic situation, which discussed opinions of pre-service
teachers, in-service teachers, higher education students. However, no studies have been done
regarding academic communities like elementary and secondary students, headteachers, student
parents, and doctors about pandemic situations. So, the researchers decided to work on this topic,
which is about virtual teachers and students' community and academic community attitude in a
pandemic situation.
❖ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• To analyse the learner’s attitude towards virtual learning in the pandemic situation.
• To analyse the teacher’s attitude towards virtual learning in the pandemic situation.

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
• To analyse the parent’s attitude towards virtual learning in the pandemic situation.
• To analyse the Headmaster’s attitude towards virtual learning in the pandemic situation.
Population
Academic communities like learners, teachers, learner's parents and headteachers of 20 high
schools of Rampurhat Subdivision have been selected as population.
Sampling Technique
The process of simple random sampling technique was followed in this study.
Sample
Eighty (80) virtual learners, twenty (20) Teachers, twenty (20) learners’ parents and twenty
(20) headteachers were considered for the sample of the study
Tools used in the Study
A questionnaire and an observation schedule were prepared for measuring the academic
community's attitude towards virtual learning.
❖ FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
• Most of the virtual learners believe that virtual learning is an alternative way of learning
during pandemic situations. They are flexible in their virtual learning during the pandemic
situation. However, some of the learners are unable to decide to give their opinion
positively or negatively.
• Most virtual learners are satisfied with their virtual learning during the pandemic
situation.
• Most Virtual learners have their gadgets like mobile phones, tablets at their learning
place. So, they have carried out their virtual learning without any problem during the
pandemic situation. However, some learners do not have any gadgets to carry out their
virtual learning.
• Most virtual learners are satisfied with the quality and quantity of virtual learning
materials.
• Suppose most of the virtual learners faced the problem of internet issues. Nevertheless, in
this situation, most of the learners accepted virtual learning for their self–learning.
Moreover, these learners have proper knowledge about their virtual learning.
• In a pandemic situation, most virtual learners are satisfied with schools’ responses to their
virtual learning.
• Most of the virtual learners have a positive attitude towards virtual learning during the
pandemic situation.
• Most of the teachers are satisfied with their teaching-learning process during the
pandemic situation.
• Most of the teachers have their gadgets and learning suitable place at their home. So they
have carried out their virtual classes without any problem during a pandemic situation.
• Most of the teachers faced internet problems while taking virtual classes. However,
during the pandemic, they have a positive attitude toward their virtual teaching-learning
process.
• Most teachers agree to take their students' work virtually, so they positively affect virtual
learning during the pandemic.
• Most learner’s parents are satisfied with their child's virtual learning during the pandemic
situation.

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
• Most learner’s parents think about their child's virtual learning that more engaging of
child's schoolwork like – assignment, presentation, assessment etc. with their virtual
learning.
• Most of the learners' parents positively affect their child's virtual learning during the
pandemic situation.
• Most of the Headmasters are satisfied with their students’ responses during the pandemic
situation. However, some of the headmasters were unable to give their opinion positively
or negatively. They cannot properly connect with their students.
• Most headteachers agree to send school notifications like mid-day meals or other notices
to every student virtually during the pandemic.
• Most of all, academic communities like learners, teachers, learners, parents, headteachers.
They have a favourable opinion about virtual learning during the pandemic situation.
❖ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Education is the backbone of our society. In this pandemic situation, virtual learning is the
only way of our education. This pandemic has disrupted our everyday lifestyle. Virtual learning
has emerged as an alternative to traditional face-to-face classes. All academic communities like
learners, teachers, parents, and headteachers also struggle with their new education system. Virtual
learning has been to increase the retention of information for our academic communities. During
the pandemic, the education system was challenged worldwide and forced educators to shift to the
virtual model of the teaching-learning process. At this time, education institutions are currently
based only on virtual methods of learning. In this present study, the researcher will analyse the
attitude of academic communities. Through some review of related literature, researchers find there
is some knowledge gap in the study about virtual learning in the teaching-learning process during
the pandemic. There is a need for changing this lack and make the study fulfil.
❖ CONCLUSION
The present study analyses the attitude of academic communities towards virtual learning
during the pandemic situation. The study reveals students' preference for virtual learning as it
provides them much freedom to connect with their c earners. The learners are more engaged with
their study materials. Virtual learning is more flexible and comfortable for learners and their
parents. The study indicates that virtual learning technology is using so much easy for academic
communities. Virtual learners have a positive attitude about their virtual learning during the
pandemic situation. They are flexible and comfortable using the virtual learning materials.
Moreover, the study affirms the usefulness of virtual learning, such as ease of study from any
remote area, which is not possible in traditional face-to-face learning. Most academic community
members are satisfied with the virtual teaching-learning process. Moreover, they have a positive
attitude toward virtual learning during the pandemic situation.
Academic communities are comfortable with virtual class design structure and materials; the
quality and quantity of class content, technical support, and overall experience with virtual classes
delivery impact the teaching-learning experience and determines the ultimate success of the virtual
model of education. Moreover, all educational institutions need for providing adequate technical
training to teachers and learners for their virtual learning classes. It is important to note that the
study showed the attitude of academic communities toward virtual learning during the situation. All
academic communities’ opinions were reflective and supportive of each other.

ISBN: 978-1-312-60841-2
❖ REFERENCES
1. Zaid, S. M. (2021). Virtual Learning of Deaf Students: We Miss Pupils, We Hate
Covid19. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(11),
5197-5201.
2. Almarzooq, Z. I., Lopes, M., & Kochar, A. (2020). Virtual learning during the COVID-19
pandemic: a disruptive technology in graduate medical education.
3. Trakru, M., & Jha, T. K. (2019). E-Learning effectiveness in higher
education. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 6(5),
96-101.
4. Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of
Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5-22.
5. Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature
review of online teaching and learning practices. European Journal of Teacher
Education, 43(4), 466-487.
6. Radha, R., Mahalakshmi, K., Kumar, V. S., & Saravanakumar, A. R. (2020). E-
Learning during lockdown of Covid-19 pandemic: A global perspective. International
journal of control and automation, 13(4), 1088-1099.
7. Srivastava, M. K., Kumar, R., & Khare, A. (2021). Effectiveness of online learning
and its comparison using innovative statistical approach. Recent Advances in Computer
Science and Communications (Formerly: Recent Patents on Computer Science), 14(4),
1236-1241.
8. Environment: New Opportunities and Challenges under the COVID-19 Pandemic. In 2020
The 4th International Conference on Education and Multimedia Technology (pp. 167-171).
9. Budur, T. (2020). The role of online teaching tools on the perception of the students during
the lockdown of Covid-19. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational
Studies, 7(3), 178-190.

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