Natural resource -PENINSULAR PLATEAU

NATURAL RESOURCES
PENINSULAR PLATEAU
JHARKHAND
EFFECTS OF MINING ON ENVIRONMENT IN THE STATE OF JHARKHAND, INDI A
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI
GROUP MEMBERS:
• HAMZAH MERAJ
• NAZIA KHAN
• AIMAN NASEEM
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

PLATEAU

•A plateau is a flat-topped table land.
•Plateaus occur in every continent and take up a third of the Earths land.
•They are one of the four major landforms, along with mountains, plains, and hills.
•Plateaus, like mountains may be young or old. The Deccan plateau in India is one of the oldest
plateaus.
•Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in mineral deposits. As a result, many of the mining
areas in the world are located in the plateau areas.
PLATEAU
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELH

PHYSIOGRAPHIC
DIVISIONS OF INDIA

PENINSULAR PLATEAU

PENINSULAR PLATEAU
FEATURES OF THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU
1. It covers a total area of about 16 lakh sq
km (India as a whole is 32 lakh sq km)
2. The average height of the plateau is 600-900
m above sea level.
3. Most of the peninsular rivers flow west to east
indicating it’s general slope.
4. The Peninsular Plateau is a one of the oldest
landforms of earth
5. Peninsular Plateau is an aggregation of several
smaller plateaus, hill ranges interspersed with
river basins and valleys.

Plateaus in the Peninsular Plateau
• 2.1 Marwar Plateau
• 2.2 Central Highland
• 2.3 Bundelkhand Upland
• 2.4 Malwa Plateau
• 2.5 Baghelkhand
• 2.6 Chotanagpur Plateau
• 2.7 Meghalaya Plateau
Deccan Plateau
• 3.1 Maharashtra Plateau
• 3.2 Karnataka Plateau
• 3.3 Telangana plateau
• 3.4 Chhattisgarh Plain
PENINSULAR PLATEAU

MARWAR PLATEAU
It is the plateau of eastern Rajasthan.
The average elevation is 250-500 m above sea level
•It is made up of sandstone, shales and limestones
of the Vindhayan period.
CENTRAL HIGHLAND
•It is to the east of the Marwar or Mewar Upland.
•It is a rolling plateau with rounded hills composed of
sandstone. Thick forests grow here.

BAGHELKHAND
•Situated in Madhya Pradesh
•Made of limestones and sandstones on the west
and granite in the east.
•The region is uneven with general elevation varying
from 150 m to 1,200 m.
MALWA PLATEAU
•The Malwa Plateau roughly forms a triangle based
on the Vindhyan Hills, bounded by the Aravali Range
in the west and Madhya Bharat Pathar to the north
and Bundelkhand to the east.
•This plateau has two systems of drainage; one
towards the Arabian sea, and the other towards the
Bay of Bengal
•It is composed of extensive lava flow and is covered
with black soils.

BUNDELKHAND UPLAND
•It is the old dissected (divided by a
number of deep valleys) upland of the
‘Bundelkhand gneiss’ comprising
of granite and gneiss.
•Spreads over five districts of Uttar
Pradesh and four districts of Madhya
Pradesh.
•Average elevation of 300-600 m above
sea level
•The area is marked by a chain of hillocks
(small hill) made of granite and
sandstone.

THE CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU
 The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in
eastern India, which covers much of
Jharkhand state.
 The total area is approximately 65,000
square kilometres.
 Its height ranges from 1100 m – 300 m.
 Important rivers – Damodar, Son, Bokaro,
Subarnarekha, Kanchi, Gaya, Koel, Karo,
Raru, Lilajan, Sankh etc.
 Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of
minerals like mica, bauxite,copper,
limestone, iron ore, and coal.
 Important Cities -- Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro,
Ramgarh, Karanpura Jamshedpur, Asansol,
Durhapur, Bardhaman, Ranchi etc

Jharkhand
"The Land of Forests"

GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND
The major part of Jharkhand state is situated in Chota Nagpur Plateau, and is
covered with dense forests.
Jharkhand forms part of the Chhotanagpur plateau province of the
Deccan Peninsula and is very rich in natural resources. Nearly 50 % of the
country’s minerals are located in the state — iron and coal being important
among the main. About 30 % of its geographical area is covered with forests.

Most of the workforce is engaged in agriculture, mining, quarrying, wage labour and
other livelihood based on forest produce.
As the repository of 40 per cent of the nation’s minerals, the State hosts some of the biggest
names in the domestic and global corporate turf from ArcelorMittal, Tata Steel, Jindal Steel &
Power, Jindal South West to the Ruias of Essar.
In the name of national interest the Jharkhand area is witnessing a gigantic industrialization
and development process for the exploitation of its natural and human resources.

FOREST COVER IN JHARKHAND
Jharkhand is land of natural resources
and because of its extensive forest, it is
referred as the ''Land of forests''.
About 29.61% of geographical area of
Jharkhand is covered with forests.
Today, the forest area extends to
23,605.47 sq. km.
Reserved Forest (RF): 4,387.20 sq. km.
Protected Forest (PF): 19,184.78 sq.km.
Unclassed Forest (UF): 33.49 sq. km.
Total: 23,605.47 sq. km.
(Courtesy: Dept. of Forests and Environment, govt. of Jharkhand)

Forest cover map of Jharkhand

(Abandon)
The Jharkhand Flora Mostly Consists Of Dry
And Moist Deciduous Forests.
Among The Important Trees That Form An
Important Part Of The Fauna At Jharkhand
Are Sal, Jackfruit, Jamun, Kendu,
Gambhar, Shisham, Mahua, Katha, Lac,
Pesar, Mango, Aasan, Baheda And
Bamboo.
JHARKHAND FLORA
FAUNA OF JHARKHAND
Wolf
Elephant
Sambhar
Wild boar
Python
Squirrel
Blue bull
Jackal
Malabar giant
Tiger
Deer
Langur
Rhesus
Python
Wild cat, etc.
Among the major animals that form an
integral part of Jharkhand fauna are:

The mineral resources of the
state are as follows:
• Coal and Coal Bed Methane,
• Iron Ores, both Hematite &
Magnetite
• Poly-metallic base metal
ores like those of copper,
lead zinc, silver & gold as
well as separate deposits of
gold.
• Bauxite
• Limestone of various types
• Mica & associated precious
& semi precious Minerals &
gems,
• Graphite

• Soap stone (type of
metamorphic rock)
• Uranium & other Radio-
active Minerals
• Kyanite
• China Clay
• Dimensional, Decorative and
Ornamental stones.
Kyanite
Ornamental stonesChina Clay

TYPES OF SOILS IN JHARKHAND
Red soil: Damodar Valley, Rajmahal area
Micacious soil (contains mica particles):
Koderma, Jhumeri tilaiya, Barkagaon and
areas around Mandar hill.
Black soil: Rajmahal area
Sandy soil: Hazaribagh and Dhanbad
Laterite soil: Western part of Ranchi,
Palamu and some parts of Singhbhum
and Santhal Parganas
Black soil

S.N.
NAME OF RIVER BASIN/ SUB-RIVER
BASIN
1 Subernarekha River Basin
2 Kharkai River Sub- Basin
3 South Koel River Basin
4 Barakar River Sub-Basin
5 Damodar River Basin
6 Sankh River Basin
7 North Koel River basin
8 Punpun River Basin
9
Sone(Stem)- Kanhar and Kao-Gangi
River Composite Basin
10 Mayurakshi River Basin
11 Ajay River Basin
12 Ganga Stem Basin
13 Gumani and Koa- Bhena basin
14 Belsai Chandan Chir River basin
15 Harohar River Basin
16
Small Streams Draining Independentally
outside State
NAME OF RIVER BASIN/ SUB-RIVER BASIN

EFFECTS OF MINING ON
ENVIRONMENT IN THE STATE
OF JHARKHAND, INDIA
THE GREAT MINING MESS
The Fire Within - Coal Mining of Jharkhand

EFFECTS OF MINING ON ENVIRONMENT
IN THE STATE OF JHARKHAND, INDIA
• Mining is a very profitable
business and it also creates
employment opportunities.
• It benefits everyone including the
government and that is why the
mining industry is widely
supported.
The Fire Within - Coal Mining of Jharkhand
Jaduguda uranium mine, Jharkhand:
Exposed local people to radioactive
hazards.
Jharia coal mines, Jharkhand:
Underground fire leading to land
subsidence and forced displacement of
people.

OPEN CAST MINING (extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal
from an open pit) is supposed to have the maximum impacts on the ecology. In this
system land is required not only for mining area but also for dumping of overburden
rock mass.
The impacts of mining are mentioned below.
1. Removal of vegetation (flora) has created pressure on fauna to leave the area required for mining
and other purposes. (deforestation)
2. Dust in atmosphere contributed to various activities may retard the growth of some of the plant
species in surrounding areas.
3. Noise and vibrations due to blasting, operation of the machines and transportation have
driven away small animals including wild animals and birds from nearby forests.
4. Topography and scenario has changed due to digging of open pits and dumping of
overburden weathered rock mass in the form of large heaps.
5. Ground water contamination
The Fire Within - Coal Mining of JharkhandJAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

Excessive underground mining, especially of coal, is causing subsidence of land in
many areas as a result of which such lands have been rendered unsafe for
habitation, agriculture and grazing.
In 1980’s the coal mining industry became identified as
a major cause of damage to the environment, with
more than 80 sq. kms. of land being destroyed every
year. JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

FORMATION OF SINKHOLES / LAND SUBSIDENCE
Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface owing to
subsurface movement of earth materials.

THE GREAT MINING MESSJAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

IMPACT ON FOREST

IMPACT ON FOREST:
• Because of the high demand it has
taken its tall on the state- rampant
mining for decades has turned large
tracts of forests into wastelands.
• Eliminating of existing vegetation
and alteration of soil profile due
to mining operations, including
shifting of overburden and reject
dumps, have caused severe soil
erosion and ground water level
has gone down and degraded
the productive capacity of
the lands in the area.

SARANDA, once so dense that even the sun’s rays
couldn’t penetrate it, has Asia’s largest Sal forests
and is an important elephant habitat.
Today, uncontrolled mining for iron ore, both
legal and illegal, is destroying not just the
forest, but also the wildlife, apart from the
livelihoods of the local tribal communities.
The forest cover in the DAMODAR
valley coalfield, once 65 per cent,
stands at only 0.05 per cent today.
According to the Forest Survey of India’s State
of Forest Report, during an assessment published in
1997, Jharkhand had 2.6 million ha of forest.
In 1999, it had 2.2 million ha, a loss of 0.4
million ha of forest cover.
During the 80’s, coal
companies acquired thousands
of hectares of forests in
Jharkhand for mining operation
in DAMODAR VALLEY.

EXPLOITATION OF VAST POTENTIAL OF FORESTS DUE TO THE FOLLOWING CAUSES
1. Commercial Demand
2. Raw Materials for Industrial
Use
3. Development Projects
4. Growing Food Demand
5. Fuel Requirement
6. Rapid explosion of human
and livestock population

IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY

Mining activities has badly affected the biodiversity in the state, like soil
cover, animals, birds, plant species etc.
Unsustainable mining of natural resources have been a key factor for
degradation of biodiversity.

METHODS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES

METHODS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
1. Instead of deforestation, representation should
keep in mind. We should take help from the Govt,
for plantation programmes. Everybody should
take part in plantation and care the plants.
2. People should at once stop the over utilization
of natural resources instead they must be
properly used.
3. We should make habit for waste disposal,
compose and to restore biodiversity.
4. Mixed cropping, crop rotation, and proper use
of fertilizer, insecticide and pesticides should be
taught to farmers. Encourage the use of manures,
biofertilizers and organic fertilizers.
5. We should protect wildlife. Though hunting is
not allowed even then the persons are doing so.
For this educated young should teach the lesson
of wildlife act. JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

6. We must develop energy saving
methods to avoid wastage of energy.
We should remember "energy saved
is energy produced."
7. Use drip irrigation and sprinkling
irrigation to improve irrigation
efficiency and reduce evaporation.
8. Utilize renewable energy sources as
much as possible. Encourage use of
solar cooker, pump etc.
9. We should recycle the waste and
waste water for agriculture purposes.
10. Install rain water harvesting
system in houses, colonies.
11. Try to educate local people for the
protection and judicious use of
natural resources.

Following steps may be adopted to
conserve mineral resources:
1. Making finished products to last
longer
2. Use of less precious substitutes.
3. Renovation, recycling and reuse of
metals.
4. Applying effective techniques to
recover materials from minerals.
5. Search of new earth’s treasures.
6. Protection of existing mineral
deposits.
CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

CASES: POLLUTION

DAMODAR POLLUTION
In fact, the Damodar, the ‘sorrow
of Bengal’ has now a become a
cause of sorrow for the entire
nation. It is probably one of the
most polluted rivers in the
country today, thanks to mining
operations and industries that
have sprouted on its mineral-
rich banks.
The Damodar river basin is a
repository of approximately 46%
of the Indian coal reserves.

“River of Sorrow” “River of Agony”
SUBARNAREKHA RIVER : FUTURE
IS BLEAK
The only streaks visible in the river are
those of domestic, industrial or -
incredibly - radioactive pollution.
Quarrying of construction material,
such as granite, basalt, quartzite,
dolerite, sandstone, limestone,
dolomite, gravel, and even sand, has
created vast stretches of wasteland in the
river basin.
Subarnarekha also has to bear
radioactive waste that enters the
river through seepage from tailing ponds
of the Uranium Corporation of India at
Jadugoda
It is quite like a sewage
canal shrunken and filled
with filth and rubbish,
emanating obnoxious
odours.

GOVERNMENT ACTION
Government action has been all but absent in the
basin.
Although the National River Conservation
Plan (NRCP) intends to clean domestic waste
generated from Jamshedpur, Ranchi and Ghatsila,
industrial pollution and runoff from mines is
supposed to be tackled by respective State Pollution
Control Boards.

JHARKHAND MOVEMENT

JHARKHAND MOVEMENT
Coal mining in this region had started in the year 1856 itself. In the year 1907, the
Tata Iron and Steel Factory was established in Jamshedpur.
The Jharkhand region has much economic importance as it contributes to 75 per
cent of the revenue of Bihar. The government began acquiring the lands
of the tribals, which left the tribals with very less compensation.

The government also felt that as the soils of the regions are poor, industrialization of such area
would also help in providing employment for the local people. However, there was large
influx of outsiders due to the industrial development and the local people began to feel
inferior that they were not being employed in sufficient numbers.
In 1971, the nationalization of mines resulted in violence, 50,000 miners of Jharkhand were
fired and replaced by outsiders.
The government acquired lands for building dams and reservoirs. According to some
observers, very little of the water and electricity produced were supplied
to the region.

REFERENCE
Ambient SPM concentration around rock crushing industries of Daltonganj, Gumla towns, Jharkhand
and associated health effects. 2003, by D. Mishra, D. K. Bhattacharya and V. C. Barla. InEnvironmental
Management in Mines, edited by B. K. Shrivastva, R. Kumar and A. Jamal.
Priyadarshi, N.: Arsenic in Damodar poisoning West Bengal. Indian Express, July 12, 1998.
Priyadarshi, N. 2004. Distribution of arsenic in Permian Coals of North Karanpura coalfield, Jharkhand.
Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 63, 533-536.
Areeparampil, M.SJ. (!995). Displacement due to mining in Jharkhand, in Mining Environment, B.D.
Bhagat and D.N. Thakur (Eds.), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Singh, J. (1985), Upper Damodar Valley: A study in Settlement Geography, Inter-India Publication, New
Delhi.
Citizens report- Rich lands and poor people (2008), Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.

…………JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

Natural resource -PENINSULAR PLATEAU

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