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Hypertension
1.
2. High blood pressure is a common condition
in which the long-term force of the blood
against your artery walls is high enough that
it may eventually cause health problems,
such as heart disease.
Usually hypertension is defined as blood
pressure above 140/90, and is considered
severe if the pressure is above 180/120.
3. Affects ~50 million people in the US
Types:
› 1. Primary
Chronic high blood pressure without a source or
associated with any other disease
Most common form of hypertension
› 2. Secondary
Elevation of blood pressure associated with
another disease such as kidney disease
4. Genetics-some people are prone to hypertension simply based
off of their genetic makeup
Family History- your risk for high blood pressure/hypertension
increases if it is in your family history
Environment
Inactivity
Stress
Obesity
Alcohol
High Sodium Diet
Tobacco Use
Age
Menopausal Medications
5. Thickening of the heart muscle
Increased workload of the heart
May lead to other conditions such as:
› Heart attack
› Stroke
› Renal (Kidney) Failure
› Loss of vision
6. Diagnosed through repeat blood pressure
readings
Primary Hypertension does not have
symptoms other than high blood pressure
Secondary Hypertension
› Most likely caused by Renal Disorders,
symptoms you will see:
Decreased urine formation
Increased sodium and water retention
7. Step 1:
› Lifestyle modifications
Diet and exercise
Limit alcohol and tobacco use
Reduce stress factors
Step 2:
› If lifestyle changes are not enough, drug therapy
will be introduced
8. Lisinopril
Captopril
Enalapril
Ramipril
Perindopril
Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical produced
by the body that primarily circulates in the blood. It
causes the muscles surrounding blood vessels to
contract, thereby narrowing the vessels. The
narrowing of the vessels increases the pressure
within the vessels causing increases in HTN.
Angiotensin II is formed from angiotensin I in the
blood by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE). (Angiotensin I in the blood is itself formed
from angiotensinogen, a protein produced by
the liver and released into the blood..) angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are
medications that slow (inhibit) the activity of the
enzyme ACE, which decreases the production of
angiotensin II. As a result, blood vessels enlarge or
dilate, and blood pressure is reduced
9. Atenolol
Bisoprolol
propranolol
Beta blockers prevent the stimulation
of the adrenergic receptors responsible
for increased cardiac action. Beta
blockers are used to control heart
rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high
blood pressure.
Ex.) only certain receptors are affected
due to nonselct antagonist that block
beta 1 and beta 2 causing “
bronchconstriction and inhibited
glycogenolysis
10. Angiotensin II is a very
potent chemical formed in the
blood that causes muscles
surrounding blood vessels to
contract, thereby narrowing
the vessels. This narrowing
increases the pressure within
the vessels and can cause
high blood pressure
(hypertension)
Candestran
Irbesartan
lorsartan
Angiotensin II receptor
blockers (ARBs) are
medications that block the
action ofangiotensin II by
preventing angiotensin
II from binding to angiotensin
II receptors on the muscles
surrounding blood vessels. As
a result, blood vessels
enlarge (dilate) and blood
pressure is reduced
11. Veraparnil
Diltiazem
Amlodipine
Felodipine
nifedipine
Calcium channel
blockers are
prescription
medications that relax
blood vessels and
increase the supply of
blood and oxygen to
the heart while also
reducing the heart's
workload
12. Chlortalidone
indapamide
decrease reabsorption
of sodium by the
kidney and thereby
increase loss of water
and sodium. They also
increase urinary
secretion of chloride,
potassium, and
bicarbonate ions. Ex:
Loop diuretics.
13. Doxazosin
Prazosin
terazosin
Alpha blockers relax
certain muscles and help
small blood vessels
remain open.
NE tightens the muscles
in the walls of smaller
arteries and veins. The
tightening of the vessels
keeps them opened and
relaxed.Resulting in
increased blood flow
and lowers blood
pressure