The document summarizes key developments during the Industrial Revolution in England, including improvements to farming techniques that increased food production, the mechanization of textile manufacturing which brought machinery and the factory system, the development of steam power using coal which allowed factories to operate, and infrastructure changes like paved roads and railroads which facilitated transportation and further industrial growth. These changes transformed the economy from agriculture to industry and greatly increased production.

2. A change in the way work was done. A change from making
goods by hand, to using machines.

4. •Large unfenced fields that was divided into
narrow strips of land used by multiple
farmers
•Farmers had some good land and some
poor land
•Used 3-crop rotation which left one field
fallow (empty)
•Animals grazed on common land
•Villagers got wood from the forest
•Fields lacked proper drainage
Result: Farmers only produced enough to feed
their family – Subsistence Farming

5. • Charles Townshend – Learned that crop rotation led
to longer lasting fertile soil- Now, could use all the land
• Use of chemical fertilizers
It began with an Agricultural Revolution in the 1700s. New ways of planting
and growing crops were introduced.

6. Old way of
planting seeds
The Seed Drill
Mechanization
•Jethro Tull – Invented a Seed Drill– a cart with a
dropper that would plant seeds more efficiently.
•New Iron Ploughs and Threshing machine
Selective Breeding
•Farmers only allowed
the strongest and best
animals breed
•Increased the size of
cattle from average
168Kg in 1710 to 363 Kg
in 1795!

7. This led to:
1. ______________________________
2. __________ ___________________
3. _____________________________
4. ______________________________
Enclosure Movement: Rich landowners bought land of village farmers
and enclosed it with fences.
Discovery of more productive farm methods
to increase production
Larger profits for wealthy farmers
Small farmers now unemployed – move to
the cities to find work
Cities grew - Urbanization

8. Before
Enclosure
After
Enclosure

9. Farmer Mark
Farmer Ken and Amanda
Farmer Dana
Farmer Andrew
Yeah…
I’ll work
for you!
How will my
family of 8
children
survive?
Through the Enclosure Act of
Parliament, I am now the owner
of all of this land! Farmer
Andrew, Will you work for me?
They’re taking
our farm… what
are we going to
do?
The Future is Wool! Andrew,
you will be my new Sheep
herder… the rest of you can
take a hike!
Without
my farm,
where will
I work?
Entrepreneur
Peter

10. Welcome to the city!
This is my factory. You
will earn 4 pounds a
week!
Where will
we live?
I have to work
in there?

11. You can live in my
tenement building…
you can have a
room for 10 pounds
a week!
But we only make
4 pounds per
week!
We’ll just have to get
the children to work!
I have to
live in
there?

12. “England… has been fortunate in
possessing the natural conditions
necessary for success… we recognize
that England is rich in these
advantages, that she has coal and iron
lying close together, that her sheep give
the best wool, that her harbors are
plentiful, that she is not ill-off for rivers,
and that no part of the country is farther
than 70 miles from the city.”
- George
Warner

13. A. England had resources - ________,
_______, _______, ________ and
_______________.
B. England had a wealthy upper class
and middle class that used their
capital to build mines and factories
and buy machines and large farms
for profit.
C. England’s economy was strong
because it had colonies that
supplied resources.
D. England’s naval superiority was an
advantage because it protected
trade routes.
harbors
a good climate
workers
coal
iron
Why did the Industrial
Revolution start in England?

14. Food surplus
Increased population
Improved diets
Better health
Lower death rate
Growing cities

15. From Agricultural Revolution to Industrial Revolution

16. •Britain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed.
•Traditionally, __________ and _________ labor were used to do work.
1733 – John Kay –
“Flying Shuttle”
A shuttle sped back and forth on wheels. The
flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood to
which yarn was attached, doubled the work a
weaver could do in a day.
1764 – James Hargreaves –
“Spinning Jenny”
A spinning wheel used to weave yarn. It
allowed a spinner to work 8 threads at a
time.
human animal

17. 1769 – Richard Arkwright –
“Water Frame”
Used water-power from rapid streams to
drive spinning wheels.
Richard Arkwright:
“Father of the Factory System”
Richard Arkwright:
“Father of the Factory System”
Film Clip: Mills
6:09-8:50
Film Clip: Mills
6:09-8:50

18. 1779 – Samuel Crompton –
“Spinning Mule”
Combined the features of the spinning jenny
and the water frame to make thread that was
stronger and finer.
1787 – Edmund Cartwright - “Power Loom”
Run by water-power. Sped up weaving.
•___________ and ___________ had been used to move wheels that would then
move machine parts in mills.
Wind water

19.  Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production
 Needed to be run by __________ - Had to be near a river.
 The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of spinning and
weaving out of the house and into the _____________.
 Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.
 Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production
 Needed to be run by __________ - Had to be near a river.
 The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of spinning and
weaving out of the house and into the _____________.
 Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.
waterpower
Factory

20. •1765 –________________ – “Steam Engine” - Development of a cheap,
convenient source of power
• _________ was discovered to burn hotter and longer than wood and was
used to create steam that would be compressed in engines in order to move
parts of machinery such as rotors or levers.
James Watt
Coal

21. Road Transportation
John McAdam – Paved Roads – Early 1800s
Equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a smoothed layer
of crushed rock. Previously, rain and mud often made roads impassable and men were known to
drown in potholes.
Steam Locomotives
George Stephenson – “The
Rocket” - 1829

22.  Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to
transport material and finished products.
 Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers
and miners.
 Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to
transport material and finished products.
 Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers
and miners.

23. The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which
could transport their products to distant cities.
 By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.
The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which
could transport their products to distant cities.
 By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.

24. steel

25. New inventions
Better metals
Growth of factories and mines
Development of steam powered engines