1. World War II and Its Aftermath (1931–1949)

2. Chapter 20: World War II and Its Aftermath (1931–1949) Section 1: The Path to War Section 2: War in Europe Section 3: A Global Conflict Section 4: Turning Points Section 5: Allied Victories

11. Jesse Owens

19. German Aggression In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the Anschluss. The western democracies took no action. Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in western Czechoslovakia. At the Munich Conference, British and French leaders again chose appeasement. In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia. The democracies realized that appeasement had failed. They promised to protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next target. Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalin. German forces invaded Poland. Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany. 1

20. Hitler/Soviet Pact

23. Aggression in Europe to 1939 1

40. Early Axis Gains By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe. 2 Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland. Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Soviet forces seized Finland. Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark. Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium. France surrendered to Hitler. Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans. Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia. Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.

42. Benito Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was " His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire ". Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period after this until his death, he was the leader of the Italian Social Republic. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress and anti-communism in combination with censorship and state propaganda. In the years following his creation of the fascist ideology, Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures.

43. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the taming of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, and public transport. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. He is also credited with securing economic success in Italy's colonies and commercial dependencies. Although he initially favored siding with France against Germany in the early 1930s, Mussolini became one of the main figures of the Axis powers and, on 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II on the side of Axis. Three years later, Mussolini was deposed at the Grand Council of Fascism, prompted by the Allied invasion. Soon after his incarceration began, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape to Switzerland, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.

45. On 3 October 1935, Italian soldiers commanded by General Emilio De Bono invaded Ethiopia from Eritrea and started the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The war lasted seven months before Haile Selassie I went into exile and the Italians declared victory. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations, Italy was named as the aggressor, and some sanctions were imposed. However, not much was ever done to end hostilities. In May 1936, Ethiopia became part of Italian East Africa and remained as part of the colony until World War II. In 1941, the Ethiopian Empire was liberated by a combination of Ethiopian partisans and British and Commonwealth forces. The major offensives launched against the Italian colonial forces came from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and from British East Africa. Haile Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa five years to the day from when he was forced into exile. After World War II, Eritrea was incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire. Eritrea remained a part of Ethiopia even after the dissolution of the monarchy. In 1993, Eritrea won its independence from Ethiopia. International Fascism: The Italian Empire in 1939.

47. Norman Rockwell’s Art in The Saturday Evening Post The Four Freedoms 1941 1. Freedom of Speech 2. Freedom of Religion 3. Freedom from Want 4. Freedom from Fear

48. Growing American Involvement When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its neutrality. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy. Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.” Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The United States declared war on Japan. Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United States. 2

58. Turning Points The Allies opened a second front in Europe with the invasion of Paris. They freed France and were then able to focus on defeating Germany and Japan. (mid-1944) The Red Army took the offensive and drove the Germans out of the Soviet Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered irreplaceable losses of troops and equipment. (late 1942) From North Africa, the Allies invaded Italy. The invasion weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front. (mid-1943) The British stopped Rommel’s advance and drove the Axis forces back across Libya into Tunisia. (late 1942) During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would turn the tide of battle and push back the Axis powers. EL ALAMEIN INVASION OF ITALY STALINGRAD INVASION OF FRANCE 3

59. World War II in Europe and North Africa 3

68. WAR!

74. Map of Doolittle’s 30 Seconds Over Tokyo

78. 1941 Dec. 7 Japan bombed U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Dec. 8 The United States, Great Britain, and Canada declared war on Japan. 1942 Feb. 15 Singapore fell to the Japanese. Feb. 26-28 Japan defeated an Allied naval force in the Battle of the Java Sea. April 9 U.S. and Philippine troops on Bataan Peninsula surrendered. April 18 U.S. bombers hit Tokyo in the Doolittle raid. May 4-8 The Allies checked a Japanese assault in the Battle of the Coral Sea. June 4-6 The Allies defeated Japan in the Battle of Midway. Aug. 7 U.S. marines landed on Guadalcanal.

79. 1943 Nov. 20 U.S. forces invaded Tarawa. 1944 June 19-20 A U.S. naval force defeated the Japanese in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. July 18 Japan's Prime Minister Tojo resigned. Oct. 20 The Allies began landing in the Philippines. Oct. 23-26 The Allies defeated Japan's navy in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines. 1945 March 16 U.S. marines captured Iwo Jima. June 21 Allied forces captured Okinawa. Aug. 6 An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Aug. 8 The Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Aug. 9 An atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Aug. 14 Japan agreed to surrender unconditionally. Sept. 2 Japan signed surrender terms aboard the battleship U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

87. The European Theater

93. Norman Rockwell A General Purpose Vehicle: GP =Jeep

97. D Day Beaches

110. “ Nuts!”