ECOLOGY BSED 2M PUP SAN PEDRO 2015-2016

1. Grace Padriagao
Evangeline Barrios
Kristine Cabangon
Katherine Rose Velasco

6. The sun, which drives the water cycle,
heats water in the oceans. Some of it
evaporates as vapor into the air; a
relatively smaller amount of moisture is
added as ice and snow sublimate directly
from the solid state into vapor.
Rising air currents take the vapor up into
the atmosphere, along with water from
evapotranspiration, which is water
transpired from plants and evaporated
from the soil.
The vapor rises into the air where cooler
temperatures cause it to condense into
clouds.

7. Air currents move clouds around
the globe, and cloud particles
collide, grow, and fall out of the
sky as precipitation.
Some precipitation falls as snow
and can accumulate as ice caps
and glaciers, which can store
frozen water for thousands of
years.

10. We usually refer to the cycling of carbon and
oxygen in our atmosphere together because of
how they are extremely interconnected.
With the exception of certain bacteria all
animals, including aquatic, animals need oxygen
to survive.
Even though our bodies are 80% water, Carbon
is the most abundant element our bodies. It is
carbon that combines to produce sugars
necessary for energy.
A cycle is a constant chain of events; there is no
beginning and no end.
A Process is a series of steps involves in
creating something.

11. The Carbon/Oxygen Cycle involves
three major processes and one minor
process: photosynthesis,
respiration, combustion and
decomposition.
Photosynthesis:
Green plants/trees take in
Carbon Dioxide and water using
the chlorophyll in their leaves and
energy from the sun they release
Oxygen, sugar and water vapor.

12. Respiration:
Animals take in simple sugars and
oxygen and release carbon
dioxide, water and energy
Combustion:
This is the process of burning.
When combustion occurs CO2 is
released into the atmosphere.
Natural combustion includes
volcanic eruptions, however most
pollution problems occur because
cars and factories release CO2 by
their burning fossil fuels.

13. Decomposition: Is a minor part of the
Carbon/Oxygen cycle
Decomposition is when any organic
matter (plants, animals) breaks down
chemically into all the simple elements
that they are made of and these
elements return back to the
environment.
For example: When an animal dies all the
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, water, calcium
etc. return to the soil and air during
decomposition.
Certain bacteria aid in the decomposition
process. (Decomposers).

16. Organisms require nitrogen to
produce amino acids. Nitrogen
makes up seventy-eight percent
of the atmosphere, but most
organisms can not use this form
of nitrogen, and must have the
fixed form. The nitrogen cycle
produces the fixed form of
nitrogen these organisms need.

17. Step 1: A special type of
bacteria called nitrogen fixing
bacteria take in atmospheric
nitrogen and produce ammonia
(NH3).
Step 2: Other bacteria use this
ammonia to produce nitrates
and nitrites, which are nitrogen
and oxygen containing
compounds.
.

18. Step 3: The nitrates and
nitrites are used by plants to
make amino acids which are
then used to make plant
proteins.
Step 4: Plants are consumed by
other organisms which use the
plant amino acids to make their
own.

19. Step 5: Decomposers convert
the nitrogen found in other
organisms into ammonia and
return it to the soil.
A few of these type of bacteria
return nitrogen to the
atmosphere by a process called
denitrification, however this
amount is small.

22. Phosphorus is an essential
nutrient for plants and animals
in the form of ions PO4
3- and
HPO4
2-. It is a part of DNA-
molecules, of molecules that
store energy (ATP and ADP) and
of fats of cell membranes.
Phosphorus is also a building
block of certain parts of the
human and animal body, such as
the bones and teeth.

23. Phosphorus can be found on earth in water,
soil and sediments. Unlike the compounds of
other matter cycles phosphorus cannot be
found in air in the gaseous state. This is
because phosphorus is usually liquid at
normal temperatures and pressures. It is
mainly cycling through water, soil and
sediments. In the atmosphere phosphorus
can mainly be found as very small dust
particles.
Phosphorus moves slowly from deposits on
land and in sediments, to living organisms,
and than much more slowly back into the soil
and water sediment. The phosphorus cycle is
the slowest one of the matter cycles that
are described here.

24. Phosphorus is most commonly found in rock
formations and ocean sediments as
phosphate salts. Phosphate salts that are
released from rocks through weathering
usually dissolve in soil water and will be
absorbed by plants.
Because the quantities of phosphorus in soil
are generally small, it is often the limiting
factor for plant growth. That is why humans
often apply phosphate fertilizers on
farmland. Phosphates are also limiting
factors for plant-growth in marine
ecosystems, because they are not very
water-soluble. Animals absorb phosphates by
eating plants or plant-eating animals.

25. Phosphorus cycles through plants
and animals much faster than it
does through rocks and sediments.
When animals and plants die,
phosphates will return to the soils
or oceans again during decay.
After that, phosphorus will end up
in sediments or rock formations
again, remaining there for millions
of years. Eventually, phosphorus is
released again through weathering
and the cycle starts over.

28. Prepared by: Grace Padriagao