phrases and clauses

1. Phrases and
Clauses
THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF SENTENCES

2. PHRASE
a group of words that
does not have both a
subject and a verb

3. CLAUSE
a group of words with
both a subject & verb

4. What’s the
difference between
a phrase & a clause?

5. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
a complete thought that
can stand alone

6. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
group of words with both
a subject and verb;
cannot stand alone or it
is a fragment

7. Independent clauses = a foundation
and the frame of the house.

8. dependent clauses = like the windows or
doors (they enhance what is already there,
but can’t function alone)

9. Sentence Building
Independent & Dependent
Start constructing with
___________________.
Improve sentence structure by adding
_____________________.

10. Clause Identification
1. Cross of prep phrases.
2. Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs.
3. Single underline the subjects.
4. Each separate section with a subject and verb
is PROBABLY a different clause!
5. IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT

11. DEPENDENT CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE STARTERS
1) THAT
2) WHO
3) WHOM
4) WHOSE
5) WHICH

12. EXAMPLES
The dog who lives by me is nice.
The show that I watch is good.
Jerry Spinelli is the author who
wrote Maniac McGee.

13. DEPENDENT CLAUSES
ADVERB STARTERS
after in order that until
although since when
as so that whenever
because than where
before though wherever
if unless while

14. Examples
1. After I danced,
2. Because he was hungry,
3. Until I get an A+,
4. When I get my new pony,
5. Since I love SpongeBob,

15. SENTENCE TYPES
1. SIMPLE
2. COMPOUND
3. COMPLEX
4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX

16. SIMPLE SENTENCE
one independent clause
I like SpongeBob.

17. COMPOUND
2 or more independent
clauses
I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

18. COMPOUND
2 or more independent
clauses
I like SpongeBob; I like Plankton.

19. How do we punctuate compound
sentences?
1) Semicolon
2) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS)
SpongeBob makes Krabby patties.
(join these)
They are quite delicious!

20. Two ways to punctuate
compound sentences!
• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties;
they are delicious.
• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties,
and they are delicious.

21. COMPLEX
dependent + independent
Because he makes me laugh,
I like SpongeBob.

22. DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters
ADVERB STARTERS
after in order that until
although since when
as so that whenever
because than where
before though wherever
if unless while

23. DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters
ADJECTIVE STARTERS
1) THAT
2) WHO
3) WHOM
4) WHOSE
5) WHICH

24. What’s the difference?
• Adjective
• Adjective phrase
• Adjective clause

25. Dependent clause punctuation
Add a comma when a
dependent clause starts a
sentence!
Because he makes me laugh,
I like SpongeBob.

26. Dependent clause punctuation
Add a comma when a
dependent clause starts a
sentence
When I want entertainment, I watch
SpongeBob.

27. Dependent clause punctuation
Add a comma when a
dependent clause starts a
sentence
If I get a choice of shows,
I watch SpongeBob.

28. Dependent clause punctuation
Do not use a comma when the
dependent clause does not begin
the sentence!
I like SpongeBob because he makes
me laugh.

29. Now, write complex sentences!
Start a sentence with the dependent clause.
Then, rewrite the sentence to end with the
dependent clause.
Use the dependent clause
starter: when
Remember, your clause must have a subject
and a verb!

30. Here’s my example!
When Gary runs away from home,
SpongeBob is devastated.
SpongeBob is devastated
when Gary runs away
from home.

31. Write two more complex
sentences!
Use the dependent clause starter: if
If you are hungry,
you should visit the Krusty Krab!
You should visit the Krusty Krab
if you are hungry.

32. Could you turn our complex
sentence into a compound-
complex sentence?
If you are hungry,
you should visit the Krusty Krab!

33. COMPOUND COMPLEX
2 INDEPENDENT
+
1 DEPENDENT

34. EXAMPLES
Because they make me laugh,
I like SpongeBob,
and I like Plankton.

35. Turn these into complex
Patrick is annoying…
Plankton wants the Krabby Patty
recipe…
The Hashslinging Slasher visits

36. COMMAS
AFTER INTRODUCTORY WORDS
AFTER INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
AFTER INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES
BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION

37. Introductory Words
Unfortunately, I love chocolate.
Therefore, I eat it often.
Also, I like ice cream.
But, I am allergic to it.
Thus, I should not eat it.
Once, I saw a Yettie.
Next, I saw Bigfoot.
Finally, I caught a leprechaun!

38. Introductory Phrases
To be or not to be, that is the question.
Inside the small garden, there is a
gnome.
(prep phrases of 4 or more)

39. Introductory Dependent Clauses
When I grow up, …
Before I become president, …
Since I am so short, …
Until I study for my test, …

40. BETWEEN INDEPENDENT
St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland,
but he was originally British.
St. Patrick was captured by Irish raiders,
and he worked as a slave for 6 years.
St. Patrick had a dream to escape, so he
walked 200 miles to the shore.