1) The document discusses Japan's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 and the role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in achieving that goal. 2) It outlines a new Japanese government project to study the feasibility of CCS technology, including investigating potential CO2 storage sites and studying an integrated transportation and storage system using shuttle ships. 3) The project aims to examine the environmental impacts of CO2 absorbents and facilitate the introduction of zero carbon emission power plants equipped with CCS in Japan.

1. Toward Zero Carbon Emission
Thermal Power Plants
Kentaro Doi
Director
Low-carbon Society Promotion Office
Global Environment Bureau
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Global CCS Institute
Japan Regional Members’ Meeting 2014
June 19, 2014
1

2. Japan’s GHG reduction goal in 2050
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
温室効果ガス排出量（億トンCO2）
エネルギー起源CO2排出量（米国エネルギー省 オークリッジ国立研究所）
エネルギー起源CO2排出量（国際エネルギー機関）
エネルギー起源CO2排出量（環境省）
温室効果ガス排出量（環境省）
（100歳） （80歳） （60歳） （40歳） （20歳） （0歳）
（ ）内の年齢は、各年に生まれた人が2050年を迎えたときの年齢。
高度成長期 バブル景気
第一次オイルショック
リーマンショック第二次オイルショック
＋温暖化対策
▲80%（90年比）
人口減少のみ考慮
▲21%（90年比）
日本の温室効果ガス排出量と長期目標
○Japan will pursue the goal of 80% reduction in GHG emission by 2050 in order to fulfill the
responsibility as an industrialized country, as is stated in the forth Basic Environmental Plan
(revised in April 2012)
○To achieve the 80% reduction goal, global warming measures including innovative energy
efficiency and maximum use of renewable energy will be important
Japan’s GHG emission trends and the long term goal
200
600
800
400
1000
1200
1400
GHGemission(milliontCO2)
Energy originated CO2 emissions (US DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Energy originated CO2 emissions (IEA)
Energy originated CO2 emissions (Ministry of the Environment Japan)
GHG emissions (Ministry of the Environment Japan)
(100) (80) (60) (40) (20) (0)
The number in the parentheses ( ) represents the age of the person in 2050 who born in the year
above
High growth
period
Bubble economy
Global Financial
Crisis
The first Oil crisis
The second Oil crisis
2

3. Global Environment Committee under the Central Environment Council
presented the picture of 80% GHG reduction in 2050 as follows:
• In the end-use sector, large-scale energy saving and electrification
would be realized particularly in Building and Transportation sectors,
which leads to approx. 40% reduction in final energy consumption.
• Energy would be decarbonized, which leads to renewable energy
deployment accounting for approx. half of primary energy supply.
• 200 Mt-CO2 would be captured and stored per year.
How 80% GHG reduction in 2050 would look like
Cited from: “Report on Policies and Measures beyond 2013”
by Global Environment Committee under the Central Environment Council (June 2012)
GHG Emissions
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1990 2010 2050
温室効果ガス排出量（百万トンCO2）
非エネルギー起源
エネルギー転換
運輸貨物部門
運輸旅客部門
業務部門
家庭部門
産業部門
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1990 2010 2050
温室効果ガス排出量（百万トンCO2）
CCS
非エネ
ガス
石油
石炭
Capture and Storage of CO2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1990 2010 2050
最終エネルギー消費量（百万石油換算トン）
貨物輸送
旅客輸送
業務
家庭
産業
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1990 2010 2050
最終エネルギー消費量（百万石油換算トン）
水素
熱
電力
太陽熱
バイオマス
ガス
石油
石炭
▲40%
Innovative Energy Saving
Final Energy Consumption Primary Energy Supply
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1990 2010 2050
一次エネルギー供給量（百万石油換算トン）
地熱
海洋エネルギー
風力
太陽光
太陽熱
水力
廃棄物・廃熱
バイオマス
原子力
ガス
石油
石炭
Thorough Deployment of Renewable Energy
FinalEnergyConsumption
(Mtoe)
GHGEmissions(MtCO2eq)
Fleet
Transport
ation
Passeng
er
Transport
ation
Commercial
Buildings
Housings
Industries
PrimaryEnergySupply(Mtoe)
Geothermal
Ocean
Energy
Wind Energy
PV
Solar Thermal
Hydropower
Waste/Waste
Heat
Biomass
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal
Non-
Energy
CCS
Gas
Oil
Coal
3

4. Conclusion of Director-general level meeting on
thermal power plant bidding by TEPCO (April 2013)
Since effective actions consistent with national plans and targets, are needed in the power sector, promote the
development of a sector-wide framework in which;
・The goals are consistent with national plans
・Main business operators including PPSs are participating
・Responsible body is clearly defined (focusing on retail stage)
（２）Consistency with national targets and plans
①In relation to mid-term target：If the business operator takes actions under the sector-wide framework or plans to take
measures including mitigation in abroad to offset the net increase emission over a natural gas power plant, it is judged as
consistent with national targets and plans.
②In relation to 2050 target：The government will accelerate development of the technologies which is targeted to be
commercialized by around 2020, conduct survey on potential CO2 storage sites as a prerequisite for CCS, identify
requirements for CCS Ready plants, and request business operators to study continuously including technological
development in order to put carbon capture facilitations towards commercialization.
*Apart from above, Development of “Guidelines for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in energy conversion sector”
Evaluate from a stand point below where necessary and reasonable
（１）Adoption of BATs (Best Available Technologies)
・The government will identify and publish “Development and commercialization status of cutting-edge power
generation technologies” by size and by fuel types, as s reference for business operators’ consideration and
will request business operators to adopt BATs
○Coal power plant may be awarded a contract if the Thermal power plant bidding is done by TEPCO
○Coal power plant has strength in stable operation and economic efficiency but weakness in
environmental aspects
１．Effective global environmental countermeasures in the power industry
２． Treatment of CO2 within environmental assessment
4

5. ・ In order to achieve Japan’s long term target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80%
by 2050, zero carbon power plants are absolutely necessary.
・Especially, coal fired power plants, etc., continue to release large amounts of CO2 during its
long lifetime, are recommended to implement CCS for reducing CO2 emission.
～Toward Zero Carbon Emission Thermal Power Plants～
Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)
1. Investigation of potential CO2
storage site (A joint project with
METI)
・Identify potential CO2 storage sites
in waters surrounding Japan,
including deep sea areas.
2. Feasibility Study for the
introduction of environmentally
friendly CCS technology
・Study an integrated transportation
and storage system based on
shuttle shipping.
・Assess environmental impact of
CO2 absorbent.
New Project by Ministry of the Environment, Japan (Budget for FY2014 : 1,243 Million Yen)
Introduction and Promotion of CCS Equipped Zero Carbon Emission Power Plants
5*CCS: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage

6. <Background>
Zero-carbon power plants, as well as drastic energy-saving and maximum use of renewable energy,
are essential to reduce GHG emissions by 80% by 2050.
Major emission sources that keep releasing large amounts of CO2 during their long-lifetime,
especially coal-fired power plants, etc., are recommended to implement CCS.
To introduce CCS, environmental conservation should be considered by taking Japan-specific
factors into account, --- for example, major emission sources spreading throughout Japan, highly-
developed coastal areas, etc.
<Purpose>
Examining the components and whole system of shuttle ship transportation and injection concept,
which is seen as a feasible technology to efficiently transport CO2 between onshore emission
sources and offshore storage sites.
Examining environmental impacts of amine solutions that are used to separate and capture CO2.
Investigating the effective introduction of CCS (public acceptance, economic evaluation, etc.)
<Goal>
Integrated CCS demonstration project consisting of CO2 separation and
capture at emission sources such as coal-fired power plants, CO2
transportation via shuttle ship, injection from the ship under the seabed and
monitoring.
Feasibility study for the introduction of environmentally friendly CCS technology
6

7. Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System
•Study of shipping models and schedules
•Preliminary design of a vessel and its components
•Technical studies of components and whole system of
transportation and injection, etc.
Task 3. Investigation of an Effective Introduction
• Summarization of advantages and challenges of an environmentally friendly CCS
• Feasibility study and business incentive evaluation
• Strategic examination to enhance public acceptance and consensus building
• Exploration of overseas deployment, etc.
Injection wellImpermeable
layer
Saline aquifer
Flexible riser pipe
CO2 shuttle-ship
Coal-fired
power plant,
etc.
CO2
Capture
plant
Offshore area (deep water)
Task 4. Investigation for deploying demonstration projects
•Review of sites appropriate for integrated CCS demonstration
•Study of monitoring methods for deep-water sea area
•Plan of integrated CCS demonstration project based on Task1-Task3, etc. 7
Task 1. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts in the CO2 Capture Process
• Evaluation of amine emissions
• Investigation on methods to mitigate amine emissions
• Risk assessment methodology and guidelines, etc.
Outline of the Project

8. Project leader
Dr. Makoto Akai (AIST)
Ministry of the Environment
contract
Advisory Committee for
introducing environmentally
friendly CCS
Subcommittee for
shuttle-ship
transportation and
injection technologies
Subcommittee for
environmental impact of
CO2 separation and
capture absorbent
Advice
Report
Consortium
Mizuho Information & Research
Institute, Inc. (organizer)
National Institute of Advanced
Industrial science and Technology
Toshiba Corporation Chiyoda Corporation
JGC Corporation Quintessa Japan
Quintessa
CO2 capture process （emission
test and design of plant etc.）
Plan of integrated CCS
demonstration project Examination of public acceptance
Shuttle Ship transportation and
injection system, Demonstration site
Summarization of advantages and
challenges of environmentally friendly
CCS, Study of monitoring methods
Risk assessment of CO2 capture
process, Investigation of an effective
introduction, consortium secretariat
Actor Network of the Project
8

9. <Details>
① Understanding environmental load of CO2 capture process
Understanding the actual status of environmental effects of amine
solutions during the use phase and the disposal phase is required.
② Evaluation of amine emissions
Quantitative analysis of amine compounds in emission tests under
continuous operation of Mikawa Post Combustion Capture Pilot
Plant will be carried out.
③ Assessing environmental risk
Taking into account the results of ①,② and ④, we will determine
the chemical substances subject to risk assessment, define the
scope of the assessment, and conduct risk assessments.
④ Investigation of methods to mitigate amine emissions
Using the newly constructed system which enables control of
amine emission to a low level, optimum operation parameters will
be investigated and mitigation of the amines emissions will be
confirmed to study emission reduction methods.
⑤ Drafting guidelines
To minimize environmental impacts of CO2 capture process, and to
encourage plant owners to construct and install the equipment
appropriately, we will draft guidelines, which include guideline
values for environmental risk assessment.
⑥ Front-end design for CO2 capture demonstration project
In order to construct and execute the demonstration facility after
FY2016, front-end design of CO2 capture facility, with the capacity
to capture around 1000 tons of CO2 per day or more, will be
designed.
<Background and goals>
 CO2 absorbents (amine solutions) may affect the
environment when released in the atmosphere.
 Nitrosamine, a group of some amine derivatives,
may have risks to human health.
 To draft guidelines for risk assessment, which
include guideline values, by grasping the
environmental load through the assessment of
risks of CO2 capture process.
 To study the impact of emissions from amine
solutions on environment and flue gas
composition, and the emission reduction
technologies.
Toshiba Mikawa
Post Combustion Capture Pilot Plant
（at Omuta, Fukuoka Prefecture）
Task 1. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts in the CO2 Capture Process
9

10. <Background and goals>
Why we need offshore CO2 storage
 Major CO2 sources exist along the coasts.
 Japanese coastal waters are actively used.
Key Benefits of CO2 shuttle ship transportation system
1. Mitigation of source-sink matching
2. Easy to early start-up and project expansion (flexible about changes in plan, etc.)
Objectives
 Clarifying the requirements for the whole system and its components
 Preliminary designing of the whole system
 Planning the system operational verification test (SOVT) for onboard FRP pickup and coupling
CO2 Carrier
Satellite
Communication buoy
Pickup buoy
Pickup float
Coupler + Winch
Riser end fitting
Bend stiffener
Flexible riser pipe + Umbilical cable
Pipe protector
Anchor Bend restrictor Christmas tree
Signal & Battery charging wire
Mooring wire
Battery
Pickup rope
Pickup wire
CO2 Shuttle Ship Transportation & Onboard Injection System
Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System
10

11. Sub-tasks Details
1. Research of cases on
Ship Transportation of
CO2
• Research of cases on ship transportation
of CO2
• Identifying the appropriate cases for CO2
shuttle ship transportation system
2. Study of the
requirements for CO2
transportation and
injection
• Extraction of requirements for
transportation and injection and planning
the preliminary master plan / shipping
plan for the shuttle ship transportation
system that meets the requirements
3. Technical study of the
system components
and the whole system
• Study of the design conditions of the
system components and equipments
based on the requirements (given by Sub-
task 2)
• Technical study of the whole system (See
right)
4. Preliminary design of
the key components
• Preliminary design of the key components
for onboard direct injection of CO2
5. Preliminary design of
the shuttle ship
• Preliminary design of the shuttle ship
including the key onboard equipments
• Preliminary logic design of DPS*
• Identifying the technical challenges
6. Study of the
contingency plan
• Identifying the emergency situations
• Contingency planning
7. Planning the System
Operational
Verification Test
(SOVT)
• Planning the SOVT for onboard FRP*
pickup and coupling
• Liquefied CO2 flow test
• Research of subsea equipments
Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System
Buffer Tank
CO2 Capture
Liquefaction
Loading
Shuttle ship
Cargo Tanks
Injection Pump
FRP Pickup Equipments
FRP* Pickup Buoy
Wellhead
Injection Wells
Sink
Christmas Tree
Communication Buoy
Equipments
FRP Coupler
OnboardCO2Injection
Umbilical Cables
Compression
Drying
CO2Liquefaction&Loading
ScopeoftheCO2shuttleshiptransportationsystem
*DPS: dynamic positioning system
*FRP: flexible riser pipe
CO2 Shuttle Ship Transportation
System
11

12. <Background and goals>
 Consensus building among all stakeholders including
general public is important to effective start-up CCS
projects.
 To identify the issues of CCS consensus-building, we will
summarize the advantages and challenges of
environmentally friendly CCS, investigate and analyze
the policies, economy and public acceptance that affect
the consensus-building, and explore overseas
deployment of CCS.
Framework of Task 3
<Details>
Summarization of advantages and challenges of
environmentally friendly CCS
 Definition of environmentally friendly CCS
 Summarization of the advantages and challenges
based on a long-term energy & electricity supply-
demand analysis
Economic evaluation
 Evaluation of the whole business and life cycle CO2
emission focusing on CO2 storage with shuttle-ship
transportation.
 Evaluation of incentives for CCS operators.
Examination of public acceptance
 Establishment of a scheme for consensus building
featuring public involvement and knowledge
management.
 Identification of stakeholders’ awareness and
knowledge-gaps between experts and non-experts.
 Design and development of required software and
systems.
Investigation of an effective introduction
 Identifying of secondary effects of environmentally
friendly CCS.
 Summarization of possible challenges and
communication methods.
Exploration of overseas deployment
 Exploration of how to deploy CCS under Joint
Crediting Mechanism (JCM) in developing nations.
 Establishment of stakeholder relationships. 12
Task 3. Investigation of an Effective Introduction
Summarization of
advantages and
challenges of
environmentally friendly
CCS
Economic evaluation
Examination of
public acceptance
Investigation of an
effective introduction
Exploration of
overseas deployment
Stakeholders regarding CCS
Domestic
International
General Public
Project Developers
Companies
exceptProject Developers
NGO
Experts
(Academic experts, etc.)
Government
Governments,Companies
etc.
Clarification of meaning and
importance of environmentally
friendly CCS
Policies and
impacts
necessary for
CCS deployment
Establishment of
scheme for enhancement
of public acceptance
Clarification of meaning of CCS
in overseas deployment
Subtasks Goals of Subtasks
Media

13. Study on monitoring methods
<Background and goals>
 Shuttle-ship transportation distance, availability,
monitoring methods, etc. depend on the location and
properties of the demonstration site.
 Preliminary assessment for potential environmental
impacts and establishment of CO2 monitoring
technologies in deep-water are required.
 It is important to understand the basic properties of CO2
hydrate barrier layers in deep-water, which has potential
to seal CO2 leakage routes.
 For successful integrated CCS demonstration project, we
have to plan it by examining each issue and optimizing
the whole system.
<Details>
① Review of demonstration sites
 Review of demonstration sites appropriate for
environmentally friendly CCS demonstration
 Consideration of transportation distance from the
capture site and marine-weather and -
environment, etc.
② Study of monitoring methods
 Development of pCO2-pH tandem sensors and
anti-biofouling technologies optimum for deep sea
monitoring
 Development and validation of a simulator to
estimate CO2 leakage point and its amount
 Development and validation of a 3-phase (solid-
liquid-gas) flow simulator based on lab
measurement of bubbles leaking from geological
layers into water
 Evaluation of basic properties of CO2 hydrate
barrier layers through lab tests and simulations
③ Plan of integrated CCS demonstration project
 Review of issues and risks of each element and
optimization of the whole system, targeting the
integrated project ranging from CO2-separation
and -capture at coal power plants, shuttle-ship
transportation, storage, and monitoring
13
Autonomousunderwater vehicle
(AUV)Multi-point
anchoredstation
pCO2-pH tandem sensor
Dispersionin
seawater
Dispersionin
geological
formation
CO2 hydrate barrierlayer
Task 4. Investigation for Deploying Demonstration Projects

14. Thank you for your attention !
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